initial checkout from wrc

119 files changed, 25485 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/0.S b/0.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fe8335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0.S
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+** @file	?
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	?
+*/
+
+#define	ASM_SRC
+
+	.arch	i386
diff --git a/0.c b/0.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5dae52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0.c
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/**
+** @file	?
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	?
+*/
+
+#define	KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
diff --git a/0.h b/0.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..217b580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+** @file	?
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	?
+*/
+
+#ifndef ?_H_
+#define ?_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/BuildImage b/BuildImage
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c281af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BuildImage
diff --git a/MK b/MK
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..347f885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MK
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Run 'make', saving all output into a file named LOG
+#
+# usage:
+#	MK  [args]   - prints timestamps and status
+#	MKV [args]   - echoes and saves 'make' output
+#
+
+# remember this so we know what to do
+name="`basename $0`"
+
+# starting timestamp
+time1="`date`"
+
+if [ "$name" = "MK" ]
+then
+	# run make, save output, check status
+	echo -n + make $* '> LOG 2>&1 ... '
+	if make $* > LOG 2>&1
+	then
+		echo done
+	else
+		echo check LOG for build errors
+	fi
+else
+	# just do the make and save a copy of the output
+	echo + make $* '2>&1 | tee LOG'
+	make $* 2>&1 | tee LOG
+fi
+
+# ending timestamp
+time2="`date`"
+
+echo  Start: $time1
+echo "End:  " $time2
diff --git a/MKV b/MKV
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..347f885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MKV
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Run 'make', saving all output into a file named LOG
+#
+# usage:
+#	MK  [args]   - prints timestamps and status
+#	MKV [args]   - echoes and saves 'make' output
+#
+
+# remember this so we know what to do
+name="`basename $0`"
+
+# starting timestamp
+time1="`date`"
+
+if [ "$name" = "MK" ]
+then
+	# run make, save output, check status
+	echo -n + make $* '> LOG 2>&1 ... '
+	if make $* > LOG 2>&1
+	then
+		echo done
+	else
+		echo check LOG for build errors
+	fi
+else
+	# just do the make and save a copy of the output
+	echo + make $* '2>&1 | tee LOG'
+	make $* 2>&1 | tee LOG
+fi
+
+# ending timestamp
+time2="`date`"
+
+echo  Start: $time1
+echo "End:  " $time2
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67353ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+#
+# Makefile for the 20245 operating system.
+#
+
+########################################
+# Compilation/assembly definable options
+########################################
+
+#
+# General options:
+#   CLEAR_BSS           include code to clear all BSS space
+#   GET_MMAP            get BIOS memory map via int 0x15 0xE820
+#   OS_CONFIG           OS-related (vs. just standalone) variations
+#   FORCE_INLINING      force "inline" functions to be inlined even if
+#                       we aren't compiling with at least -O2
+#   MAKE_IDENTITY_MAP   Compile vmtables.c with an "identity" page
+#                       map table for the first 4MB of the address space.
+#
+
+GEN_OPTIONS = -DCLEAR_BSS -DGET_MMAP -DOS_CONFIG
+
+#
+# Debugging options:
+#   ANNOUNCE_ENTRY      announce entry and exit from kernel functions
+#   RPT_INT_UNEXP       report any 'unexpected' interrupts
+#   RPT_INT_MYSTERY     report interrupt 0x27 specifically
+#   TRACE_CX            context restore tracing
+#   SANITY=n            enable "sanity check" level 'n' (0/1/2/3/4)
+#   T_*                 tracing options (see below)
+#
+# Some modules have their own internal debugging options, described
+# in their introductory comments.
+#
+# Define SANITY as 0 for minimal runtime checking (critical errors only).
+# If not defined, SANITY defaults to 9999.
+#
+
+DBG_OPTIONS = -DRPT_INT_UNEXP
+# DBG_OPTIONS += -DTRACE_CX
+
+#
+# T_ options are used to define bits in a "tracing" bitmask, to allow
+# checking of individual conditions. The following are defined:
+#
+#   T_PCB                   PCB alloc/dealloc
+#   T_VM                    VM-related tasks
+#   T_QUE                   PCB queue manipulation
+#   T_SCH, T_DSP            Scheduler and dispatcher
+#   T_SCALL, T_SRET         System call entry and exit
+#   T_EXIT                  Process exit actions
+#   T_FORK, T_EXEC          Fork and exec actions
+#   T_INIT                  Module init function tracing
+#   T_KM, T_KMFR, T_KMIN    Kmem module tracing
+#   T_SIO, T_SIOR, T_SIOW   General SIO module checks
+#   T_USER, T_ELF           User module operations
+#
+# You can add compilation options "on the fly" by using EXTRAS=thing
+# on the command line.  For example, to compile with -H (to show the
+# hierarchy of #includes):
+#
+#	make EXTRAS=-H
+#
+
+TRACE_OPTIONS = -DT_INIT -DT_USER -DT_ELF -DT_KMIN -DT_VM
+
+USER_OPTIONS = $(GEN_OPTIONS) $(DBG_OPTIONS) $(TRACE_OPTIONS) $(EXTRAS)
+
+##############################################################
+# YOU SHOULD NOT NEED TO CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW THIS POINT!!! #
+##############################################################
+
+#
+# Compilation/assembly control
+#
+
+#
+# We only want to include from the common header directory
+#
+INCLUDES = -I./include
+
+#
+# All our object code will live here
+# 
+BUILDDIR = build
+LIBDIR = $(BUILDDIR)/lib
+
+#
+# Things we need to convert to object form
+#
+SUBDIRS := 
+
+#
+# Compilation/assembly/linking commands and options
+#
+CPP = cpp
+CPPFLAGS = $(USER_OPTIONS) -nostdinc $(INCLUDES)
+
+#
+# Compiler/assembler/etc. settings for 32-bit binaries
+#
+CC = gcc -pipe
+CFLAGS = -m32 -fno-pie -std=c99 -fno-stack-protector -fno-builtin -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -MD $(CPPFLAGS)
+# CFLAGS += -O2
+
+AS = as
+ASFLAGS = --32
+
+LD = ld
+LDFLAGS = -melf_i386 -no-pie -nostdlib -L$(LIBDIR)
+
+AR = ar
+#ARFLAGS = rvU
+ARFLAGS = rsU
+
+# other programs we use
+OBJDUMP = objdump
+OBJCOPY = objcopy
+NM      = nm
+READELF = readelf
+PERL    = perl
+
+# delete target files if there is an error, or if make is interrupted
+.DELETE_ON_ERROR:
+
+# don't delete intermediate files
+.PRECIOUS:	%.o $(BUILDDIR)/boot/%.o $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/%.o \
+	$(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o $(BUILDDIR)/user/%.o
+
+#
+# Update $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.X if variable X has changed since the last time
+# 'make' was run.
+#
+# Rules that use variable X should depend on $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.X.  If
+# the variable's value has changed, this will update the vars file and
+# force a rebuild of the rule that depends on it.
+# 
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/.vars.%: FORCE
+	echo "$($*)" | cmp -s $@ || echo "$($*)" > $@
+
+.PRECIOUS:	$(BUILDDIR)/.vars.%
+
+.PHONY:	FORCE
+
+#		
+# Transformation rules - these ensure that all necessary compilation
+# flags are specified
+#
+# Note use of 'cpp' to convert .S files to temporary .s files: this allows
+# use of #include/#define/#ifdef statements. However, the line numbers of
+# error messages reflect the .s file rather than the original .S file. 
+# (If the .s file already exists before a .S file is assembled, then
+# the temporary .s file is not deleted.  This is useful for figuring
+# out the line numbers of error messages, but take care not to accidentally
+# start fixing things by editing the .s file.)
+#
+# The .c.X rule produces a .X file which contains the original C source
+# code from the file being compiled mixed in with the generated
+# assembly language code.  Can be helpful when you need to figure out
+# exactly what C statement generated which assembly statements!
+#
+
+.SUFFIXES:	.S .b .X .i
+
+.c.X:
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -g -c -Wa,-adhln $*.c > $*.X
+
+.c.s:
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -S $*.c
+
+#.S.s:
+#	$(CPP) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $*.s $*.S
+
+#.S.o:
+#	$(CPP) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $*.s $*.S
+#	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $*.o $*.s -a=$*.lst
+#	$(RM) -f $*.s
+
+.s.b:
+	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $*.o $*.s -a=$*.lst
+	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary -e begtext -o $*.b $*.o
+
+#.c.o:
+#	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $*.c
+
+.c.i:
+	$(CC) -E $(CFLAGS) -c $*.c > $*.i
+
+#
+# Location of the QEMU binary
+#
+QEMU = /home/course/csci352/bin/qemu-system-i386
+
+# try to generate a unique GDB port
+GDBPORT = $(shell expr `id -u` % 5000 + 25000)
+
+# QEMU's gdb stub command line changed in 0.11
+QEMUGDB = $(shell if $(QEMU) -help | grep -q '^-gdb'; \
+	then echo "-gdb tcp::$(GDBPORT)"; \
+	else echo "-s -p $(GDBPORT)"; fi)
+
+# options for QEMU
+#
+# run 'make' with -DQEMUEXTRA=xxx to add option 'xxx' when QEMU is run
+#
+# does not include a '-serial' option, as that may or may not be needed
+QEMUOPTS = -drive file=disk.img,index=0,media=disk,format=raw $(QEMUEXTRA)
+
+########################################
+# RULES SECTION
+########################################
+
+#
+# All the individual parts
+#
+
+#
+# We have a bit of a chicken/egg problem here. When we create the
+# user.img file, a new version of include/userids.h is generated
+# in build/new_userids.h; this is compared to the existing userids.h
+# file, and if they differ, it is copied into include/userids.h.
+# This, unfortunately, should trigger a rebuild of anything that 
+# includes <userids.h>, but that is all of the user/*.c files along
+# with kernel/kernel.c. We could move the user.img creation earlier,
+# which would automatically be incorporated into the build of the
+# kernel, but it wouldn't automatically trigger recreating the
+# userland stuff. We settle for having the build process tell the
+# user that a rebuild is required.
+#
+
+all:	lib bootstrap kernel userland util user.img disk.img
+
+# Rules etc. for the various sections of the system
+include lib/Make.mk
+include boot/Make.mk
+include user/Make.mk
+include kernel/Make.mk
+include util/Make.mk
+
+#
+# Rules for building the disk image
+#
+
+disk.img: $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel.b $(BUILDDIR)/boot/boot user.img BuildImage
+	./BuildImage -d usb -o disk.img -b $(BUILDDIR)/boot/boot \
+		$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel.b 0x10000 \
+		user.img 0x30000
+
+#
+# Rules for running with QEMU
+#
+
+# how to create the .gdbinit config file if we need it
+.gdbinit: util/gdbinit.tmpl
+	sed "s/localhost:1234/localhost:$(GDBPORT)/" < $^ > $@
+
+# "ordinary" gdb
+gdb:
+	gdb -q -n -x .gdbinit
+
+# gdb with the super-fancy Text User Interface
+gdb-tui:
+	gdb -q -n -x .gdbinit -tui
+
+qemu: disk.img
+	$(QEMU) -serial mon:stdio $(QEMUOPTS)
+
+qemu-nox: disk.img
+	$(QEMU) -nographic $(QEMUOPTS)
+
+qemu-gdb: disk.img .gdbinit
+	@echo "*** Now run 'gdb'." 1>&2
+	$(QEMU) -serial mon:stdio $(QEMUOPTS) -S $(QEMUGDB)
+
+qemu-nox-gdb: disk.img .gdbinit
+	@echo "*** Now run 'gdb'." 1>&2
+	$(QEMU) -nographic $(QEMUOPTS) -S $(QEMUGDB)
+
+#
+# Create a printable namelist from the kernel file
+#
+# kernel.nl:   only global symbols
+# kernel.nll:  all symbols
+#
+
+kernel.nl: $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel
+	nm -Bng $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel.o | pr -w80 -3 > kernel.nl
+
+kernel.nll: $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel
+	nm -Bn $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel.o | pr -w80 -3 > kernel.nll
+
+#
+# Generate a disassembly
+#
+
+kernel.dis: $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel
+	objdump -d $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel > kernel.dis
+
+#
+# Cleanup etc.
+#
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf $(BUILDDIR) .gdbinit *.nl *.nll *.lst *.i *.X *.dis
+
+realclean:	clean
+	rm -f LOG *.img $(UTIL_BIN)
+
+#
+# Automatically generate dependencies for header files included
+# from C source files.
+#
+$(BUILDDIR)/.deps: $(foreach dir, $(SUBDIRS), $(wildcard $(BUILDDIR)/$(dir)/*.d))
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(PERL) util/mergedep.pl $@ $^
+
+-include $(BUILDDIR)/.deps
+
+.PHONY:	all clean realclean
diff --git a/QRUN b/QRUN
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c42c44d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QRUN
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Run qemu-system-i386 on the baseline OS
+#
+
+#
+# other options:
+#	-nographic
+#	-display gtk
+#
+
+QEMU=/home/course/csci352/bin/qemu-system-i386
+
+exec $QEMU \
+	-serial mon:stdio \
+	-drive file=disk.img,index=0,media=disk,format=raw
diff --git a/boot/Make.mk b/boot/Make.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7396fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/boot/Make.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#
+# Makefile fragment for the bootstrap component of the system.
+# 
+# THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE Makefile - run GNU make in the top-level
+# directory, and this will be pulled in automatically.
+#
+
+SUBDIRS += boot
+
+###################
+#  FILES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+BOOT_SRC := boot/boot.S
+
+BOOT_OBJ := $(BUILDDIR)/boot/boot.o
+
+# BLDFLAGS := -Ttext 0x7c00 -s --oformat binary -e bootentry
+# BLDFLAGS := -Ttext 0 -s --oformat binary -e bootentry
+# BLDFLAGS := -N -Ttext 0x7c00 -s -e bootentry
+BLDFLAGS := -N -Ttext 0 -s -e bootentry
+
+###################
+#  RULES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+bootstrap: $(BUILDDIR)/boot/boot
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/boot/%.o:	boot/%.c $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/boot/%.o:	boot/%.S $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CPP) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $(@D)/$*.s $<
+	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $(@D)/$*.s -a=$(@D)/$*.lst
+	$(RM) -f $(@D)/$*.s
+	$(NM) -n $@ > $(@D)/$*.sym
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/boot/boot: $(BOOT_OBJ)
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) $(BLDFLAGS) -o $@.out $^
+	$(OBJCOPY) -S -O binary -j .text $@.out $@
diff --git a/boot/boot.S b/boot/boot.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50d6188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/boot/boot.S
@@ -0,0 +1,666 @@
+/**
+** SCCS ID:	@(#)boot.S	2.4	1/22/25
+**
+** @file	boot.S
+**
+** @author	Jon Coles
+**		copyleft 1999 Jon Coles
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers, K. Reek, Garrett C. Smith
+** @author	Walter Litwinczyk, David C. Larsen, Sean T. Congden
+**
+** Bootstrap routine.
+**
+** This bootstrap program is loaded by the PC BIOS into memory at
+** location 0000:7C00.  It must be exactly 512 bytes long, and must
+** end with the hex sequence AA55 at location 1FE.
+**
+** The bootstrap initially sets up a stack in low memory.  Next, it
+** loads a second sector at 0000:7E00 (immediately following the
+** boot block).  Then it loads the target program at TARGET_ADDR, 
+** switches to protected mode, and branches to the target program.
+**
+** NOTE: To zero out the BSS segment, define CLEAR_BSS when this code
+** is assembled.
+**
+** Must assemble this as 16-bit code.
+*/
+	.code16
+
+#define ASM_SRC
+
+#include <bootstrap.h>
+#include <x86/bios.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+
+/*
+** Symbol for locating the beginning of the code.
+*/
+	.globl	bootentry
+
+	.text
+bootentry:
+
+/*
+** Entry point.  Disable interrupts and set up a runtime stack.
+*/
+	cli
+
+	movw	$BOOT_SEG, %ax	/* data seg. base address */
+	movw	%ax, %ds
+	movw	%ax, %ss		/* also stack seg. base */
+	movw	$BOOT_SP_DISP, %ax
+	movw	%ax, %sp
+
+/*
+** Next, verify that the disk is there and working.
+*/
+	movb	$BD_CHECK, %ah /* test the disk status and make sure */
+	movb	drive, %dl	 /* it's safe to proceed */
+	int	$BIOS_DISK
+	jnc	diskok
+
+	movw	$err_diskstatus, %si /* Something went wrong; print a message */
+	call	dispMsg		/* and freeze. */
+	jmp	.
+
+/*
+** The disk is there. Reset it, and retrieve the disk parameters.
+*/
+diskok:
+	movw	$BD_RESET, %ax	/* Reset the disk */
+	movb	drive, %dl
+	int	$BIOS_DISK
+
+	/* determine number of heads and sectors/track */
+	xorw	%ax, %ax    /* set ES:DI = 0000:0000 in case of BIOS bugs */
+	movw	%ax, %es
+	movw	%ax, %di
+	movb	$BD_PARAMS, %ah	/* get drive parameters */
+	movb	drive, %dl	/* hard disk or floppy */
+	int	$BIOS_DISK
+
+	/* store (max + 1) - CL[5:0] = maximum head, DH = maximum head */
+	andb	$0x3F, %cl
+	incb	%cl
+	incb	%dh
+
+	movb	%cl, max_sec
+	movb	%dh, max_head
+
+/*
+** The disk is OK, so we now need to load the second half of the bootstrap.
+** It must immediately follow the boot sector on the disk, and the target
+** program(s) must immediately follow that.
+*/
+	movw	$msg_loading, %si /* Print the Loading message */
+	call	dispMsg
+
+	movw	$1, %ax			/* sector count = 1 */
+	movw	$BOOT_SEG, %bx	/* read this into memory that */
+	movw	%bx, %es		/* immediately follows this code. */
+	movw	$PART2_DISP, %bx
+	call	readprog
+
+/*
+** We've got the second block of the bootstrap program in memory. Now
+** read all of the user's program blocks.  Use %di to point to the
+** count field for the next block to load.
+*/
+	movw	$k_sect, %di
+
+	pushw	%ds
+	movw	(%di), %bx
+	movw	$MMAP_SEG, %ax
+	movw	%ax, %ds
+	movw	%bx, MMAP_SECTORS	/* store kernel image size */
+	popw	%ds
+
+/*
+** Each target program has three values in the array at the end of the
+** second half of the bootstrap:  the offset and segment base address
+** where the program should go, and the sector count.
+*/
+nextblock:
+	movw	(%di), %ax	/* get the # of sectors */
+	testw	%ax, %ax	/* is it zero? */
+	jz	done_loading	/*   yes, nothing more to load. */
+
+	subw	$2, %di
+	movw	(%di), %bx	/* get the segment value */
+	movw	%bx, %es	/*   and copy it to %es */
+	subw	$2, %di
+	movw	(%di), %bx	/* get the address offset */
+	subw	$2, %di
+	pushw	%di		/* save di */
+	call	readprog	/* read this program block, */
+	popw	%di		/* and restore di */
+	jmp	nextblock	/*   then go back and read the next one. */
+
+/*
+** Read one complete program block into memory.
+**
+**	ax: number of sectors to read
+**	es:bx = starting address for the block
+*/
+readprog:
+	pushw	%ax		/* save sector count */
+
+	movw	$3, %cx		/* initial retry count is 3 */
+retry:
+	pushw	%cx		/* push the retry count on the stack. */
+
+	movw	sec, %cx	/* get sector number */
+	movw	head, %dx	/* get head number */
+	movb	drive, %dl
+
+	movw	$BD_READ1, %ax	/* read 1 sector */
+	int	$BIOS_DISK
+	jnc	readcont	/* jmp if it worked ok */
+
+	movw	$err_diskread, %si	/* report the error */
+	call	dispMsg
+	popw	%cx		/* get the retry count back */
+	loop	retry		/*   and go try again. */
+	movw	$err_diskfail, %si	/* can't proceed, */
+	call	dispMsg		/* print message and freeze. */
+	jmp	.
+
+readcont:
+	movw	$msg_dot, %si	/* print status: a dot */
+	call	dispMsg
+	cmpw	$OFFSET_LIMIT, %bx	/* have we reached the offset limit? */
+	je	adjust		/* Yes--must adjust the es register */
+	addw	$SECTOR_SIZE, %bx	/* No--just adjust the block size to */
+	jmp	readcont2	/*    the offset and continue. */
+
+adjust:
+	movw	$0, %bx		/* start offset over again */
+	movw	%es, %ax
+	addw	$0x1000,%ax	/* move segment pointer to next chunk */
+	movw	%ax, %es
+
+readcont2:
+	incb	%cl		/* not done - move to the next sector */
+	cmpb	max_sec, %cl	/* see if we need */
+	jnz	save_sector	/* to switch heads or tracks */
+
+	movb	$1, %cl		/* reset sector number */
+	incb	%dh		/* first, switch heads */
+	cmpb	max_head, %dh	/* there are only two - if we've already */
+	jnz	save_sector	/* used both, we need to switch tracks */
+
+	xorb	%dh, %dh	/* reset to head 0 */
+	incb	%ch		/* inc track number */
+	cmpb	$80, %ch	/* 80 tracks per side - have we read all? */
+	jnz	save_sector	/* read another track */
+
+	movw	$err_toobig, %si 	/* report the error */
+	call	dispMsg
+	jmp	.		/* and freeze */
+
+save_sector:
+	movw	%cx, sec	/* save sector number */
+	movw	%dx, head	/*   and head number */
+
+	popw	%ax		/* discard the retry count */
+	popw	%ax		/* get the sector count from the stack */
+	decw	%ax		/*   and decrement it. */
+	jg	readprog	/* If it is zero, we're done reading. */
+
+readdone:
+	movw	$msg_bar, %si	/* print message saying this block is done */
+	call	dispMsg
+	ret			/* and return to the caller */
+
+/*
+** We've loaded the whole target program into memory,
+** so it's time to transfer to the startup code.
+*/
+done_loading:
+	movw	$msg_go, %si	/* last status message */
+	call	dispMsg
+
+	jmp	switch		/* move to the next phase */
+	
+/*
+** Support routine - display a message byte by byte to the monitor.
+*/
+dispMsg:	
+	pushw	%ax
+	pushw	%bx
+repeat:
+	lodsb			/* grab next character */
+
+	movb	$BV_W_ADV, %ah	/* write and advance cursor */
+	movw	$0x07, %bx	/* page 0, white on blank, no blink */
+	orb	%al, %al	/* AL is character to write */
+	jz	getOut		/* if we've reached the NUL, get out */
+
+	int	$BIOS_VIDEO	/* otherwise, print and repeat */
+	jmp	repeat	
+
+getOut:				/* we're done, so return */
+	popw	%bx
+	popw	%ax
+	ret
+
+/*
+** Support routine - move the GDT entries from where they are to
+** location 0050:0000. We need to add BOOT_ADDR because the bootstrap
+** is linked at 0, but loaded at 0x7c00.
+*/
+move_gdt:
+	movw	%cs, %si
+	movw	%si, %ds
+	movw	$start_gdt + BOOT_ADDR, %si
+	movw	$GDT_SEG, %di
+	movw	%di, %es
+	xorw	%di, %di
+	movl	$gdt_len, %ecx
+	cld
+	rep	movsb
+	ret
+
+/*
+** DATA AREAS.
+**
+** Next sector number and head number to read from.
+*/
+sec:		.word	2	/* cylinder=0, sector=1 */
+head:		.word	0	/* head=0 */
+max_sec:	.byte	19	/* up to 18 sectors per floppy track */
+max_head:	.byte	2	/* only two r/w heads per floppy drive */
+
+/*
+** Status and error messages.
+*/
+msg_loading:	.asciz "Loading"
+msg_dot:	.asciz "."
+msg_go:		.asciz "done."
+msg_bar:	.asciz	"|"
+
+/*
+** Error messages.
+*/
+err_diskstatus:	.asciz "Disk not ready.\n\r"
+err_diskread:	.asciz "Read failed\n\r"
+err_toobig:	.asciz	"Too big\n\r"
+err_diskfail:	.asciz	"Can't proceed\n\r"
+
+/*
+** Data areas.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The GDTR and IDTR contents.
+*/
+gdt_48:
+	.word	0x2000		/* 1024 GDT entries x 8 bytes/entry = 8192 */
+	.quad	GDT_ADDR
+
+idt_48:
+	.word	0x0800		/* 256 interrupts */
+	.quad	IDT_ADDR
+
+/*
+** Depending on the age of the BIOS, it may expect there to be a
+** partition table for the hard drive you're booting from at this point
+** in the boot sector; only the first 446 bytes (0x000-0x1bd) can be
+** used for bootstrap code/data.  To make life easy, we'll just skip
+** over the rest of the sector.
+**
+** Note: when booting from floppy, this isn't a problem, because floppy
+** disks don't have partition tables.  On some machines, USB-type storage
+** devices are treated as floppies, so they also don't have partition
+** maps; however, on other systems, USB storage is treated as hard disk
+** storage.
+*/
+
+/*
+** End of the first sector of the boot program.  The last two bytes
+** of this sector must be AA55 in order for the disk to be recognized
+** by the BIOS as bootable.
+*/
+	.org	SECTOR_SIZE-4
+
+drive:	.word	BDEV	/* 0x00 = floppy, 0x80 = usb */
+
+boot_sig:
+	.word 0xAA55
+
+/*******************************************************
+******* BEGINNING OF SECTOR TWO OF THE BOOTSTRAP *******
+*******************************************************/
+
+/*
+** This code configures the GDT, enters protected mode, and then
+** transfers to the OS entry point.
+*/
+
+switch:
+	cli
+	movb	$NMI_DISABLE, %al	/* also disable NMIs */
+	outb	%al, $CMOS_ADDR
+
+#ifdef USE_FLOPPY
+	call	floppy_off
+#endif
+	call	enable_A20
+	call	move_gdt
+#ifdef GET_MMAP
+	call	check_memory
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Get the memory address for the "user blob" out of the table
+** at the end of this sector, and pass the three values to the
+** protected mode code in %bx, %cx, and %dx. We could figure out
+** how to find it from there, but this is easier.
+*/
+#	movw	u_off+BOOT_ADDR, %bx
+#	movw	u_seg+BOOT_ADDR, %cx
+#	movw	u_sect+BOOT_ADDR, %dx
+
+/*
+** The IDTR and GDTR are loaded relative to this segment, so we must
+** use the full offsets from the beginning of the segment (0000:0000);
+** however, we were loaded at 0000:7c00, so we need to add that in.
+*/
+	lidt	idt_48 + BOOT_ADDR
+	lgdt	gdt_48 + BOOT_ADDR
+
+	movl	%cr0, %eax	/* get current CR0 */
+	orl	$1, %eax	/* set the PE bit */
+	movl	%eax, %cr0	/* and store it back. */
+	
+	/*
+	** We'll be in protected mode at the start of the user's code
+	** right after this jump executes.
+	**
+	** First, a byte to force 32-bit mode execution, followed by
+	** a 32-bit long jump.  The long ("far") jump loads both EIP
+	** and CS with the proper values so that when we land at the
+	** destination address in protected mode, the next instruction
+	** fetch doesn't cause a fault.
+	**
+	** The old code for this:
+	**
+	**	.byte	0x66, 0xEA
+	**	.long	TARGET_ADDR
+	**	.word	GDT_CODE
+	*/
+
+	.byte	0x66
+	.code32
+	ljmp	$GDT_CODE, $TARGET_ADDR
+	.code16
+
+/*
+** Supporting functions.
+*/
+
+#ifdef USE_FLOPPY
+/*
+** Turn off the motor on the floppy disk drive.
+*/
+floppy_off:
+	push	%dx
+	movw	$0x3f2, %dx
+	xorb	%al, %al
+	outb	%al, %dx
+	pop	%dx
+	ret
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Enable the A20 gate for full memory access.
+*/
+enable_A20:
+	call	a20wait
+	movb	$KBD_P1_DISABLE, %al
+	outb	%al, $KBD_CMD
+
+	call	a20wait
+	movb	$KBD_RD_OPORT, %al
+	outb	%al, $KBD_CMD
+
+	call	a20wait2
+	inb	$KBD_DATA, %al
+	pushl	%eax
+
+	call	a20wait
+	movb	$KBD_WT_OPORT, %al
+	outb	%al, $KBD_CMD
+
+	call	a20wait
+	popl	%eax
+	orb	$2, %al
+	outb	%al, $KBD_DATA
+
+	call	a20wait
+	mov	$KBD_P1_ENABLE, %al
+	out	%al, $KBD_CMD
+
+	call	a20wait
+	ret
+
+a20wait:	/* wait until bit 1 of the device register is clear */
+	movl    $65536, %ecx	/* loop a lot if need be */
+wait_loop: 
+	inb     $KBD_STAT, %al	/* grab the byte */
+	test    $2, %al		/* is the bit clear? */
+	jz      wait_exit	/* yes */
+	loop    wait_loop	/* no, so loop */
+	jmp     a20wait		/* if still not clear, go again */
+wait_exit:    
+	ret
+
+a20wait2:	/* like a20wait, but waits until bit 0 is set. */
+	mov     $65536, %ecx
+wait2_loop:
+	in      $KBD_STAT, %al
+	test    $1, %al
+	jnz     wait2_exit
+	loop    wait2_loop
+	jmp     a20wait2
+wait2_exit:
+	ret
+
+#ifdef GET_MMAP
+/*
+** Query the BIOS to get the list of usable memory regions
+**
+** Adapted from: http://wiki.osdev.org/Detecting_Memory_%28x86%29
+** (see section "BIOS Function INT 0x15. EAX = 0xE820")
+**
+** After the first 'int', if the location 0x2D00 (4 bytes) contains -1,
+** then this method failed to detect memory properly; otherwise, this
+** location contains the number of elements read.
+**
+** The start of the array is at 0x2D04. The elements are tightly
+** packed following the layout as defined below.  Each entry in the
+** array contains the following information:
+**
+**	uint64_t  base address of region
+**	uint64_t  length of region (0 --> ignore the entry)
+**	uint32_t  type of region
+**	uint32_t  ACIP 3.0 Extended Attributes
+**
+** The C struct definition is as follows:
+**
+** struct MemMapEntry
+** {
+**    uint32_t base[2];    // 64-bit base address
+**    uint32_t length[2];  // 64-bit length
+**    uint32_t type;       // 32-bit region type
+**    uint32_t ACPI;       // 32-bit ACPI "extended attributes" bitfield
+** };
+**
+** This structure must be packed in memory.  This shouldn't be a problem,
+** but if it is, you may need to add this attribute at the end of the
+** struct declaration before the semicolon:
+**
+**    __attribute__((packed))
+**
+** Parameters:
+**     None
+**/
+check_memory:
+	// save everything
+	// pushaw won't work here because we're still in real mode
+	pushw	%ds
+	pushw	%es
+	pushw	%ax
+	pushw	%bx
+	pushw	%cx
+	pushw	%dx
+	pushw	%si
+	pushw	%di
+
+	// Set the start of the buffer
+	movw	$MMAP_SEG, %bx // 0x2D0
+	mov	%bx, %ds	// Data segment now starts at 0x2D00
+	mov	%bx, %es	// Extended segment also starts at 0x2D00
+
+	// Reserve the first 4 bytes for the # of entries
+	movw	$0x4, %di
+	// Make a valid ACPI 3.X entry
+	movw	$1, %es:20(%di)
+
+	xorw	%bp, %bp	// Count of entries in the list
+	xorl	%ebx, %ebx	// EBX must contain zeroes
+
+	movl	$MMAP_MAGIC_NUM, %edx	// Magic number into EDX
+	movl	$MMAP_CODE, %eax	// E820 memory command
+	movl	$MMAP_ENT, %ecx	// Ask the BIOS for 24 bytes
+	int	$BIOS_MISC	// Call the BIOS
+
+	// check for success
+	jc	cm_failed	// C == 1 --> failure
+	movl	$MMAP_MAGIC_NUM, %edx	// sometimes EDX changes
+	cmpl	%eax, %edx	// EAX should equal EDX after the call
+	jne	cm_failed
+	testl	%ebx, %ebx	// Should have at least one more entry
+	je	cm_failed
+
+	jmp	cm_jumpin	// Good to go - start us off
+
+cm_loop:
+	movl	$MMAP_CODE, %eax	// Reset our registers
+	movw	$1, 20(%di)
+	movl	$MMAP_ENT, %ecx
+	int	$BIOS_MISC
+	jc	cm_end_of_list	// C == 1 --> end of list
+	movl	$MMAP_MAGIC_NUM, %edx
+
+cm_jumpin:
+	jcxz	cm_skip_entry	// Did we get any data?
+
+	cmp	$20, %cl	// Check the byte count
+	jbe	cm_no_text	// Skip the next test if only 20 bytes
+
+	testb	$1, %es:20(%di) // Check the "ignore this entry" flag
+	je	cm_skip_entry
+
+cm_no_text:
+	mov	%es:8(%di), %ecx	// lower half of length
+	or	%es:12(%di), %ecx	// now, full length
+	jz	cm_skip_entry
+
+	inc	%bp		// one more valid entry
+
+	// make sure we don't overflow our space
+	cmpw	$MMAP_MAX_ENTS, %bp
+	jge	cm_end_of_list
+
+	// we're ok - move the pointer to the next struct in the array
+	add	$24, %di
+
+cm_skip_entry:
+	// are there more entries to retrieve?
+	testl	%ebx, %ebx
+	jne	cm_loop
+
+cm_end_of_list:
+	// All done!  Store the number of elements in 0x2D00
+	movw	%bp, %ds:0x0
+
+	clc	// Clear the carry bit and return
+	jmp	cm_ret
+
+cm_failed:
+	movl	$-1, %ds:0x0	// indicate failure
+	stc
+
+cm_ret:
+	// restore everything we saved
+	// popaw won't work here (still in real mode!)
+	popw	%di
+	popw	%si
+	popw	%dx
+	popw	%cx
+	popw	%bx
+	popw	%ax
+	popw	%es
+	popw	%ds
+	ret
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The GDT.  This cannot be created in C because the bootstrap is not
+** linked with that code.  We could just have a simple "dummy" GDT here
+** but that would only save us a couple of entries. Also, we could save
+** some space by not having the separate 'linear' and 'stack' entries
+** (they're identical to the 'data' entry).
+*/
+	.p2align 2	// force 4-byte alignment
+start_gdt:
+	// selector 0x0000 is unused
+	SEGNULL
+
+	// selector 0x0008 - basic linear access to all of memory
+	SEGMENT( 0x0, 0xffffffff, SEG_DPL_0, SEG_DATA_RW )
+
+	// selector 0x0010 - kernel code segment
+	SEGMENT( 0x0, 0xffffffff, SEG_DPL_0, SEG_CODE_XR )
+
+	// selector 0x0018 - kernel data segment
+	SEGMENT( 0x0, 0xffffffff, SEG_DPL_0, SEG_DATA_RW )
+
+	// selector 0x0020 - kernel stack segment
+	SEGMENT( 0x0, 0xffffffff, SEG_DPL_0, SEG_DATA_RW )
+
+	// could put additional entries here for user mode - e.g.,
+	// 0x0028 code:  SEGMENT( 0x0, 0xffffffff, SEG_DPL_3, SEG_CODE_XR )
+	// 0x0030 data:  SEGMENT( 0x0, 0xffffffff, SEG_DPL_3, SEG_DATA_RW )
+	// 0x0038 stack: SEGMENT( 0x0, 0xffffffff, SEG_DPL_3, SEG_DATA_RW )
+
+end_gdt:
+gdt_len = end_gdt - start_gdt
+
+/*
+** The end of this program will contain a list of the sizes and load
+** addresses of all of the blocks to be loaded.  These values are
+** inserted here by the BuildImage program, which checks that there are
+** not so many blocks that the GDT would be overwritten.  The layout
+** of the data is:
+**
+**	struct info_s {
+**	    short offset;
+**	    short segment;
+**	    short sectors;
+**	};
+**
+** with the data for the first program at k_off, k_seg, and k_sect.
+** If additional blocks are to be loaded, their values appear just
+** before the previous set.
+*/
+
+	.org	BOOT_SIZE-12
+u_off:	.word	0	// the "user blob"
+u_seg:	.word	0
+u_sect:	.word	0
+k_off:	.word	0	// the kernel
+k_seg:	.word	0
+k_sect:	.word	0
diff --git a/doc/Memory.txt b/doc/Memory.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cecfea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/Memory.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+Systems Programming framework memory layout
+
+Version:  @(#)Memory.txt	2.2a
+Date:     3/23/25
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This diagram shows important areas in the first 1MB of memory as seen
+by the standalone framework code.
+
+Each row in the diagram represents 0x100 (256) bytes of memory, except in
+"elided" areas (< ... >).  The starting address is indicated for each
+region in hex; if a CPP #define exists for that region in either
+bootstrap.h or x86/bios.h, its name is also given.
+
+	-----------------------
+	| Interrupt Vector    | 0x00000
+	|   256 x 4 bytes     |
+	|   (1024, 0x400)     |
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| BIOS Data Area (BDA)| 0x00400  BIOS_BDA
+	-----------------------
+	| GDT                 | 0x00500  GDT_ADDR
+	|   1024 x 8 bytes    |
+	|   (8192, 0x2000)    |
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| IDT                 | 0x02500  IDT_ADDR
+	|   256 x 8 bytes     |
+	|   (2048, 0x800)     |
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| Mmap data           | 0x02D00  MMAP_ADDR
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| Bootstrap sector 1  | 0x07c00  BOOT_ADDR
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| Bootstrap sector 2  | 0x07e00  PART2_ADDR
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	|                     | 0x08000
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                  ^  |
+	|  Bootstrap stack |  |
+	-----------------------
+	|                     | 0x0bc00  BOOT_SP_ADDR
+	|                     |
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	| OS stack            |
+	-----------------------
+	| Operating System    | 0x10000  TARGET_ADDR, TARGET_STACK
+	|   (size varies)     |
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| User Code Blob      | 0x30000 
+	|   (size varies)     |
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| Extended BIOS Data  | 0x9fc00
+	|    Area (EBDA)      |
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	| Video memory        | 0xb8000  VID_BASE_ADDR
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                     |
+	-----------------------
+	|   The BIOS          | 0xf0000
+	|                     |
+	<     . . .           >
+	|                     |
+	----------------------- 0xfffff
diff --git a/doc/NOTES b/doc/NOTES
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d05ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/NOTES
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+Systems Programming standalone framework information
+
+Version:  @(#)NOTES	2.3
+Date:     12/4/23
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Notes on the Makefile:
+
+	DO NOT USE gmakemake!  You must edit the given Makefile to tell
+	it about the file(s) you create.  Add your own file names (both 
+	source and object versions) to the APP_* macros at the top of the
+	Makefile.
+
+	After adding or removing files from the Makefile (or changing
+	your #includes), do a "make depend" to adjust the Makefile's
+	dependency entries.
+
+To create your program:
+
+	* run 'make' in your project directory
+
+To copy it onto a USB flash drive:
+
+	All machines in the DSL have at least two front-panel USB slots
+	(typically, two USB-2 and one blue USB-3).  Under Ubuntu, you
+	can use any of these slots; insert a flash drive, and the OS
+	automatically creates device entries for the drive, using the
+	next available disk name in /dev (e.g., /dev/sdg).
+
+	To copy your bootable image to the flash drive, plug the drive
+	into a USB socket, wait a few moments for Ubuntu to recognize
+	it and create the device entries in /dev, and type
+
+		make usb
+
+	This will remake the disk.img file (if necessary), and will then
+	copy it out to the USB drive.  In order to find the correct
+	drive, the installation uses a local command named 'dcopy'.  This
+	command runs a second command named 'dfind' to identify the USB
+	drive(s) plugged into the system, and then runs a 'dd' command
+	to copy the disk.img file to the first USB device it finds.
+	(You can run 'dfind' yourself if you want to be sure that 'dcopy'
+	will be able to find the flash drive.)
+
+	Note:  the Makefile still has a "floppy" target for creating a
+	bootable floppy disk image.  However, this hasn't been used for
+	quite a while, and the necessary support tools to do the copying
+	don't exist on the current systems.  If you want to try using the
+	floppy disk as a boot device, let me know.
+
+To boot your program once you have copied it to a bootable medium:
+
+	* DO NOT USE the machine named 'sherlock' - it's a server for
+	  the lab, and should not be shut down
+	* shut down Ubuntu by using the standard Ubuntu "shut down"
+	  menu entry
+	* insert the bootable medium
+	* make sure the terminal connected to this machine is turned on
+	* push the reset button on the front panel (at the top, on
+	  the righthand side - the larger button on the lefthand 
+	  side is the power button)
+
+	DO NOT just push the reset button - Ubuntu must be shut down
+	correctly in order to avoid damaging the filesystems.
+
+	Unfortunately, the motherboards in the current lab machines are
+	somewhat stupid; once a flash drive is unplugged, they forget
+	that we want to give boot priority to flash drives once the
+	flash drive is unplugged.  For now, you will need to interrupt
+	the boot process in one of the following two ways:
+
+		1. When the ASUS logo appears on the screen, press the
+		   F8 key to bring up the boot device screen.  Scroll
+		   down the list using the arrow keys until the flash
+		   drive is highlighted, and press ENTER to boot from it.
+
+		2. When the ASUS log appears on the screen, press either
+		   the F2 or the DEL key on the keyboard to bring up the
+		   BIOS screen.  Use the right arrow key to select the
+		   "Boot" menu, then the down arrow key to the bottom of
+		   the "Boot" menu, where you will find an "Override"
+		   section.  Select the flash drive entry and press
+		   ENTER.
+
+	If you miss your window of opportunity (about five seconds)
+	to press one of these function keys and Ubuntu boots up, don't
+	panic; just shut Ubuntu down and try again.
+
+	If you want to run your program again, leave the flash drive
+	inserted and press the reset button again.
+
+To reboot Ubuntu:
+
+	* take your bootable medium out of the machine
+	* push the reset button
+
+Compiling your program creates several files:
+
+	prog.o:	linked, object form of the system
+
+	prog.b:	binary version of the system - generated from prog.o
+		by removing all the object file headers and symbol table
+
+	prog.nl:  namelist of the prog.o file - lists all global symbols,
+		their values, and the program section they're defined in
+		(Text, Data, Bss)
+
+	*.img:  the binary system image - contains the bootstrap, the
+		protected mode startup code, and your stuff, in this layout:
+
+			bootstrap	first sector
+			switch code	second sector
+			your program	sectors 3 through n+2
+			next file	n+3 through p+n+2
+			next file	p+n+3 through q+p+n+2
+			etc. (see below)
+
+		This file will be named floppy.img or disk.img,
+		depending on which device you'll be using.
+
+	BuildImage:  is used to patch the system length into the boot
+		sector of the *.img file
+
+	Offsets:  prints byte offsets for major structures (only present
+		in distributions of the baseline OS written by the class
+		in Systems Programming)
+
+Other things you can 'make':
+
+	prog.dis:  a disassembly of the prog.o file - a text version of
+		the binary machine code
+
+	prog.nll:  like prog.nl, but includes non-global symbols as well
+		as globals (e.g., static local variables in files)
+
+	file.X:  generates an assembly listing from the C source file
+		named "file.c" which has the C source code inserted around
+		the assembly code
+
+	clean:	deletes all object, listing, and binary files
+
+	depend:	recreates the dependency lists in the Makefile
+
+Loading additional files:
+
+	You can load additional files into memory by adding the name of
+	the file and the address where you want it loaded to the end of
+	the BuildImage command in the Makefile.  However, because the
+	loading is done in real mode, you cannot load into addresses
+	above 0x9ffff.  See the code in BuildImage.c for more details.
+
+Modifying the bootstrap:
+
+	You can add some code to the bootstrap without significantly
+	changing its size.  The baseline bootstrap assembles to 0x2ad
+	bytes without the memory map code, or 0x353 with that code; this
+	leaves about 330 (or 170) bytes available at the end of the second
+	sector.  If you need to add more than will fit there, you will
+	need to change the definition of BOOT_SIZE at the beginning of
+	the file, the code which loads the second half of the bootstrap
+	from the device, and the ".org" at the end of the file to reflect
+	the new length of the bootstrap.
diff --git a/doc/user_image.txt b/doc/user_image.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9527e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/user_image.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5841 @@
+Partial disassembly of user.img, 2025/03/22
+
+Blob header:
+00000000  42 4c 42 00 14 00 00 00                           |BLB.....|         "BLB", 00000014 entries
+
+Program table [0]:
+00000000                           69 6e 69 74 00 00 00 00          |init....|
+00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 88 02 00 00  |................| offset 00000288
+00000020  68 17 00 00 00 00 00 00                           |h.......|        
+
+Program table [1]:
+00000020                           69 64 6c 65 00 00 00 00          |idle....|
+00000030  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 f0 19 00 00  |................| offset 000019f0
+00000040  78 16 00 00 00 00 00 00                           |x.......|
+
+Program table [2] - [19]:
+00000040                           73 68 65 6c 6c 00 00 00          |shell...|
+00000050  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 68 30 00 00  |............h0..|
+00000060  34 1b 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 41 42 43 00  |4.......progABC.|
+00000070  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 a0 4b 00 00  |.............K..|
+00000080  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 44 45 00 00  |........progDE..|
+00000090  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 50 62 00 00  |............Pb..|
+000000a0  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 46 47 00 00  |........progFG..|
+000000b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 79 00 00  |.............y..|
+000000c0  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 48 00 00 00  |........progH...|
+000000d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 b0 8f 00 00  |................|
+000000e0  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 49 00 00 00  |........progI...|
+000000f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 60 a6 00 00  |............`...|
+00000100  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 4a 00 00 00  |........progJ...|
+00000110  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 10 bd 00 00  |................|
+00000120  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 4b 4c 00 00  |........progKL..|
+00000130  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 c0 d3 00 00  |................|
+00000140  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 4d 4e 00 00  |........progMN..|
+00000150  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 70 ea 00 00  |............p...|
+00000160  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 50 00 00 00  |........progP...|
+00000170  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 20 01 01 00  |............ ...|
+00000180  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 51 00 00 00  |........progQ...|
+00000190  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 d0 17 01 00  |................|
+000001a0  78 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 52 00 00 00  |x.......progR...|
+000001b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 48 2e 01 00  |............H...|
+000001c0  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 53 00 00 00  |........progS...|
+000001d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 f8 44 01 00  |.............D..|
+000001e0  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 54 55 56 00  |........progTUV.|
+000001f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 a8 5b 01 00  |.............[..|
+00000200  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 57 00 00 00  |........progW...|
+00000210  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 58 72 01 00  |............Xr..|
+00000220  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 58 00 00 00  |........progX...|
+00000230  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 08 89 01 00  |................|
+00000240  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 59 00 00 00  |........progY...|
+00000250  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 b8 9f 01 00  |................|
+00000260  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00  70 72 6f 67 5a 00 00 00  |........progZ...|
+00000270  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 68 b6 01 00  |............h...|
+00000280  ac 16 00 00 01 00 00 00                           |........| 
+
+Program #0 ELF file:
+00000280                           7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00          |.ELF....| <-- init @ 00000288
+00000290  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+000002a0  49 14 00 00 34 00 00 00  28 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  |I...4...(.......|
+000002b0  34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00  08 00 07 00 01 00 00 00  |4. ...(.........|
+000002c0  80 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 9d 10 00 00  |................|
+000002d0  00 20 00 00 07 00 00 00  20 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  |. ...... ...Q.td|
+000002e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000002f0  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00000300  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  55 89 e5 81 ec 98 00 00  |........U.......|
+00000310  00 e8 d5 03 00 00 89 45  f4 83 7d f4 00 79 34 8b  |.......E..}..y4.|
+00000320  45 08 8b 00 83 ec 04 50  68 39 1a 00 00 8d 85 74  |E......Ph9.....t|
+00000330  ff ff ff 50 e8 28 04 00  00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c 8d  |...P.(..........|
+00000340  85 74 ff ff ff 50 e8 df  02 00 00 83 c4 10 e9 84  |.t...P..........|
+00000350  00 00 00 83 7d f4 00 75  5f 8b 45 08 0f b6 40 08  |....}..u_.E...@.|
+00000360  0f b6 c0 83 ec 0c 50 e8  bf 03 00 00 83 c4 10 8b  |......P.........|
+00000370  45 08 8d 50 0c 8b 45 08  8b 00 83 ec 08 52 50 e8  |E..P..E......RP.|
+00000380  6f 03 00 00 83 c4 10 8b  45 08 8b 00 83 ec 04 50  |o.......E......P|
+00000390  68 54 1a 00 00 8d 85 74  ff ff ff 50 e8 c0 03 00  |hT.....t...P....|
+000003a0  00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c 8d  85 74 ff ff ff 50 e8 77  |.........t...P.w|
+000003b0  02 00 00 83 c4 10 eb 1f  0f b6 05 9c 20 00 00 0f  |............ ...|
+000003c0  be c0 83 ec 0c 50 e8 a7  02 00 00 83 c4 10 8b 55  |.....P.........U|
+000003d0  f4 8b 45 08 89 50 04 90  c9 c3 8d 4c 24 04 83 e4  |..E..P.....L$...|
+000003e0  f0 ff 71 fc 55 89 e5 51  81 ec a4 00 00 00 89 c8  |..q.U..Q........|
+000003f0  83 38 01 7e 2d 8b 50 04  83 c2 04 8b 12 0f b6 12  |.8.~-.P.........|
+00000400  0f be d2 89 55 ec 83 7d  ec 20 76 16 83 7d ec 7e  |....U..}. v..}.~|
+00000410  77 10 8b 40 04 83 c0 04  8b 00 0f b6 00 a2 9c 20  |w..@........... |
+00000420  00 00 83 ec 0c 68 6f 1a  00 00 e8 fb 01 00 00 83  |.....ho.........|
+00000430  c4 10 83 ec 0c 6a 1a e8  36 02 00 00 83 c4 10 c7  |.....j..6.......|
+00000440  45 f4 00 00 00 00 eb 04  83 45 f4 01 81 7d f4 9f  |E........E...}..|
+00000450  25 26 00 7e f3 83 ec 0c  68 80 1a 00 00 e8 31 02  |%&.~....h.....1.|
+00000460  00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c  68 a8 1a 00 00 e8 b8 01  |........h.......|
+00000470  00 00 83 c4 10 c7 45 f0  00 20 00 00 eb 12 83 ec  |......E.. ......|
+00000480  0c ff 75 f0 e8 7f fe ff  ff 83 c4 10 83 45 f0 34  |..u..........E.4|
+00000490  8b 45 f0 8b 00 3d 62 60  01 00 75 e2 83 ec 0c 68  |.E...=b`..u....h|
+000004a0  c7 1a 00 00 e8 ea 01 00  00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c 68  |...............h|
+000004b0  d0 1a 00 00 e8 71 01 00  00 83 c4 10 83 ec 08 8d  |.....q..........|
+000004c0  85 64 ff ff ff 50 6a 00  e8 16 02 00 00 83 c4 10  |.d...Pj.........|
+000004d0  89 45 e8 83 7d e8 00 7f  2e 83 ec 04 ff 75 e8 68  |.E..}........u.h|
+000004e0  f4 1a 00 00 8d 85 68 ff  ff ff 50 e8 71 02 00 00  |......h...P.q...|
+000004f0  83 c4 10 83 ec 0c 8d 85  68 ff ff ff 50 e8 28 01  |........h...P.(.|
+00000500  00 00 83 c4 10 eb b5 8b  85 64 ff ff ff 50 ff 75  |.........d...P.u|
+00000510  e8 68 14 1b 00 00 8d 85  68 ff ff ff 50 e8 3f 02  |.h......h...P.?.|
+00000520  00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c  8d 85 68 ff ff ff 50 e8  |..........h...P.|
+00000530  f6 00 00 00 83 c4 10 c7  45 f0 00 20 00 00 eb 2b  |........E.. ...+|
+00000540  8b 45 f0 8b 50 04 8b 45  e8 39 c2 75 1a 8b 45 f0  |.E..P..E.9.u..E.|
+00000550  c7 40 04 00 00 00 00 83  ec 0c ff 75 f0 e8 a6 fd  |.@.........u....|
+00000560  ff ff 83 c4 10 eb 10 83  45 f0 34 8b 45 f0 8b 00  |........E.4.E...|
+00000570  3d 62 60 01 00 75 c9 e9  40 ff ff ff 55 89 e5 83  |=b`..u..@...U...|
+00000580  ec 08 83 ec 08 ff 75 08  6a 00 e8 54 01 00 00 83  |......u.j..T....|
+00000590  c4 10 c9 c3 55 89 e5 81  ec 18 01 00 00 e8 49 01  |....U.........I.|
+000005a0  00 00 89 45 f4 83 7d f4  00 74 05 8b 45 f4 eb 57  |...E..}..t..E..W|
+000005b0  e8 56 01 00 00 89 45 f4  83 ec 08 ff 75 0c ff 75  |.V....E.....u..u|
+000005c0  08 e8 2d 01 00 00 83 c4  10 ff 75 08 ff 75 f4 68  |..-.......u..u.h|
+000005d0  2b 1b 00 00 8d 85 f4 fe  ff ff 50 e8 81 01 00 00  |+.........P.....|
+000005e0  83 c4 10 83 ec 0c 8d 85  f4 fe ff ff 50 e8 38 00  |............P.8.|
+000005f0  00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c  6a ff e8 dc 00 00 00 83  |........j.......|
+00000600  c4 10 b8 00 00 00 00 c9  c3 55 89 e5 83 ec 18 8b  |.........U......|
+00000610  45 08 88 45 f4 83 ec 04  6a 01 8d 45 f4 50 6a 00  |E..E....j..E.Pj.|
+00000620  e8 de 00 00 00 83 c4 10  c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec 18  |..........U.....|
+00000630  83 ec 0c ff 75 08 e8 9b  03 00 00 83 c4 10 89 45  |....u..........E|
+00000640  f4 8b 45 f4 83 ec 04 50  ff 75 08 6a 00 e8 b1 00  |..E....P.u.j....|
+00000650  00 00 83 c4 10 c9 c3 55  89 e5 83 ec 08 83 ec 04  |.......U........|
+00000660  ff 75 0c ff 75 08 6a 00  e8 96 00 00 00 83 c4 10  |.u..u.j.........|
+00000670  c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec 18  8b 45 08 88 45 f4 83 ec  |..U......E..E...|
+00000680  04 6a 01 8d 45 f4 50 6a  01 e8 75 00 00 00 83 c4  |.j..E.Pj..u.....|
+00000690  10 c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec  18 83 ec 0c ff 75 08 e8  |...U.........u..|
+000006a0  32 03 00 00 83 c4 10 89  45 f4 8b 45 f4 83 ec 04  |2.......E..E....|
+000006b0  50 ff 75 08 6a 01 e8 48  00 00 00 83 c4 10 c9 c3  |P.u.j..H........|
+000006c0  55 89 e5 83 ec 08 83 ec  04 ff 75 0c ff 75 08 6a  |U.........u..u.j|
+000006d0  01 e8 2d 00 00 00 83 c4  10 c9 c3 b8 00 00 00 00  |..-.............|
+000006e0  cd 80 c3 b8 01 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 02 00 00 00  |................|
+000006f0  cd 80 c3 b8 03 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 04 00 00 00  |................|
+00000700  cd 80 c3 b8 05 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 06 00 00 00  |................|
+00000710  cd 80 c3 b8 07 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 08 00 00 00  |................|
+00000720  cd 80 c3 b8 09 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 0a 00 00 00  |................|
+00000730  cd 80 c3 b8 0b 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 0c 00 00 00  |................|
+00000740  cd 80 c3 b8 ad 0b 00 00  cd 80 c3 50 e8 8a ff ff  |...........P....|
+00000750  ff e8 84 fc ff ff 83 ec  0c 50 e8 7c ff ff ff eb  |.........P.|....|
+00000760  fe 55 89 e5 83 ec 38 8d  45 0c 83 c0 04 89 45 f4  |.U....8.E.....E.|
+00000770  e9 3f 02 00 00 80 7d f3  25 0f 85 26 02 00 00 c7  |.?....}.%..&....|
+00000780  45 ec 00 00 00 00 c7 45  e4 20 00 00 00 c7 45 e8  |E......E. ....E.|
+00000790  00 00 00 00 8b 45 0c 8d  50 01 89 55 0c 0f b6 00  |.....E..P..U....|
+000007a0  88 45 f3 80 7d f3 2d 75  16 c7 45 ec 01 00 00 00  |.E..}.-u..E.....|
+000007b0  8b 45 0c 8d 50 01 89 55  0c 0f b6 00 88 45 f3 80  |.E..P..U.....E..|
+000007c0  7d f3 30 75 40 c7 45 e4  30 00 00 00 8b 45 0c 8d  |}.0u@.E.0....E..|
+000007d0  50 01 89 55 0c 0f b6 00  88 45 f3 eb 28 8b 55 e8  |P..U.....E..(.U.|
+000007e0  89 d0 c1 e0 02 01 d0 01  c0 89 45 e8 0f be 45 f3  |..........E...E.|
+000007f0  83 e8 30 01 45 e8 8b 45  0c 8d 50 01 89 55 0c 0f  |..0.E..E..P..U..|
+00000800  b6 00 88 45 f3 80 7d f3  2f 7e 06 80 7d f3 39 7e  |...E..}./~..}.9~|
+00000810  cc 0f be 45 f3 83 e8 63  83 f8 15 0f 87 93 01 00  |...E...c........|
+00000820  00 8b 04 85 48 1b 00 00  ff e0 8b 45 f4 8d 50 04  |....H......E..P.|
+00000830  89 55 f4 8b 00 88 45 f3  0f b6 45 f3 88 45 d0 c6  |.U....E...E..E..|
+00000840  45 d1 00 83 ec 08 ff 75  e4 ff 75 ec ff 75 e8 6a  |E......u..u..u.j|
+00000850  01 8d 45 d0 50 ff 75 08  e8 17 04 00 00 83 c4 20  |..E.P.u........ |
+00000860  89 45 08 e9 4c 01 00 00  8b 45 f4 8d 50 04 89 55  |.E..L....E..P..U|
+00000870  f4 8b 00 83 ec 08 50 8d  45 d0 50 e8 78 01 00 00  |......P.E.P.x...|
+00000880  83 c4 10 89 45 e0 83 ec  08 ff 75 e4 ff 75 ec ff  |....E.....u..u..|
+00000890  75 e8 ff 75 e0 8d 45 d0  50 ff 75 08 e8 d3 03 00  |u..u..E.P.u.....|
+000008a0  00 83 c4 20 89 45 08 e9  08 01 00 00 8b 45 f4 8d  |... .E.......E..|
+000008b0  50 04 89 55 f4 8b 00 89  45 dc 83 ec 08 ff 75 e4  |P..U....E.....u.|
+000008c0  ff 75 ec ff 75 e8 6a ff  ff 75 dc ff 75 08 e8 a1  |.u..u.j..u..u...|
+000008d0  03 00 00 83 c4 20 89 45  08 e9 d6 00 00 00 8b 45  |..... .E.......E|
+000008e0  f4 8d 50 04 89 55 f4 8b  00 83 ec 08 50 8d 45 d0  |..P..U......P.E.|
+000008f0  50 e8 d2 01 00 00 83 c4  10 89 45 e0 83 ec 08 ff  |P.........E.....|
+00000900  75 e4 ff 75 ec ff 75 e8  ff 75 e0 8d 45 d0 50 ff  |u..u..u..u..E.P.|
+00000910  75 08 e8 5d 03 00 00 83  c4 20 89 45 08 e9 92 00  |u..]..... .E....|
+00000920  00 00 8b 45 f4 8d 50 04  89 55 f4 8b 00 83 ec 08  |...E..P..U......|
+00000930  50 8d 45 d0 50 e8 18 02  00 00 83 c4 10 89 45 e0  |P.E.P.........E.|
+00000940  83 ec 08 ff 75 e4 ff 75  ec ff 75 e8 ff 75 e0 8d  |....u..u..u..u..|
+00000950  45 d0 50 ff 75 08 e8 19  03 00 00 83 c4 20 89 45  |E.P.u........ .E|
+00000960  08 eb 51 8b 45 f4 8d 50  04 89 55 f4 8b 00 83 ec  |..Q.E..P..U.....|
+00000970  08 50 8d 45 d0 50 e8 61  02 00 00 83 c4 10 89 45  |.P.E.P.a.......E|
+00000980  e0 83 ec 08 ff 75 e4 ff  75 ec ff 75 e8 ff 75 e0  |.....u..u..u..u.|
+00000990  8d 45 d0 50 ff 75 08 e8  d8 02 00 00 83 c4 20 89  |.E.P.u........ .|
+000009a0  45 08 90 eb 0f 8b 45 08  8d 50 01 89 55 08 0f b6  |E.....E..P..U...|
+000009b0  55 f3 88 10 8b 45 0c 8d  50 01 89 55 0c 0f b6 00  |U....E..P..U....|
+000009c0  88 45 f3 80 7d f3 00 0f  85 a8 fd ff ff 8b 45 08  |.E..}.........E.|
+000009d0  c6 00 00 90 c9 c3 55 89  e5 53 8b 55 08 bb 00 00  |......U..S.U....|
+000009e0  00 00 eb 03 83 c3 01 89  d0 8d 50 01 0f b6 00 84  |..........P.....|
+000009f0  c0 75 f1 89 d8 5b 5d c3  55 89 e5 83 ec 18 8b 45  |.u...[].U......E|
+00000a00  08 89 45 f4 83 7d 0c 00  79 0f 8b 45 f4 8d 50 01  |..E..}..y..E..P.|
+00000a10  89 55 f4 c6 00 2d f7 5d  0c 83 ec 08 ff 75 0c ff  |.U...-.].....u..|
+00000a20  75 f4 e8 18 00 00 00 83  c4 10 89 45 f4 8b 45 f4  |u..........E..E.|
+00000a30  c6 00 00 8b 55 f4 8b 45  08 29 c2 89 d0 c9 c3 55  |....U..E.).....U|
+00000a40  89 e5 83 ec 18 8b 4d 0c  ba 67 66 66 66 89 c8 f7  |......M..gfff...|
+00000a50  ea c1 fa 02 89 c8 c1 f8  1f 29 c2 89 d0 89 45 f4  |.........)....E.|
+00000a60  83 7d f4 00 79 0e c7 45  f4 cc cc cc 0c c7 45 0c  |.}..y..E......E.|
+00000a70  08 00 00 00 83 7d f4 00  74 14 83 ec 08 ff 75 f4  |.....}..t.....u.|
+00000a80  ff 75 08 e8 b7 ff ff ff  83 c4 10 89 45 08 8b 4d  |.u..........E..M|
+00000a90  0c ba 67 66 66 66 89 c8  f7 ea c1 fa 02 89 c8 c1  |..gfff..........|
+00000aa0  f8 1f 29 c2 89 d0 c1 e0  02 01 d0 01 c0 29 c1 89  |..)..........)..|
+00000ab0  ca 89 d0 8d 48 30 8b 45  08 8d 50 01 89 55 08 89  |....H0.E..P..U..|
+00000ac0  ca 88 10 8b 45 08 c9 c3  55 89 e5 83 ec 20 c7 45  |....E...U.... .E|
+00000ad0  e3 30 31 32 33 c7 45 e7  34 35 36 37 c7 45 eb 38  |.0123.E.4567.E.8|
+00000ae0  39 41 42 c7 45 ef 43 44  45 46 c6 45 f3 00 c7 45  |9AB.E.CDEF.E...E|
+00000af0  fc 00 00 00 00 c7 45 f8  00 00 00 00 eb 43 8b 45  |......E......C.E|
+00000b00  0c 25 00 00 00 f0 89 45  f4 83 7d fc 00 75 0c 83  |.%.....E..}..u..|
+00000b10  7d f4 00 75 06 83 7d f8  07 75 1e 83 45 fc 01 c1  |}..u..}..u..E...|
+00000b20  6d f4 1c 8b 45 08 8d 50  01 89 55 08 8d 4d e3 8b  |m...E..P..U..M..|
+00000b30  55 f4 01 ca 0f b6 12 88  10 c1 65 0c 04 83 45 f8  |U.........e...E.|
+00000b40  01 83 7d f8 07 7e b7 8b  45 08 c6 00 00 8b 45 fc  |..}..~..E.....E.|
+00000b50  c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec 10  c7 45 f8 00 00 00 00 8b  |..U......E......|
+00000b60  45 08 89 45 f4 8b 45 0c  25 00 00 00 c0 89 45 f0  |E..E..E.%.....E.|
+00000b70  c1 6d f0 1e c7 45 fc 00  00 00 00 eb 47 83 7d fc  |.m...E......G.}.|
+00000b80  0a 74 0c 83 7d f0 00 75  06 83 7d f8 00 74 1e c7  |.t..}..u..}..t..|
+00000b90  45 f8 01 00 00 00 83 65  f0 07 8b 45 f0 8d 48 30  |E......e...E..H0|
+00000ba0  8b 45 f4 8d 50 01 89 55  f4 89 ca 88 10 c1 65 0c  |.E..P..U......e.|
+00000bb0  03 8b 45 0c 25 00 00 00  e0 89 45 f0 c1 6d f0 1d  |..E.%.....E..m..|
+00000bc0  83 45 fc 01 83 7d fc 0a  7e b3 8b 45 f4 c6 00 00  |.E...}..~..E....|
+00000bd0  8b 55 f4 8b 45 08 29 c2  89 d0 c9 c3 55 89 e5 83  |.U..E.).....U...|
+00000be0  ec 18 8b 45 08 89 45 f4  83 ec 08 ff 75 0c ff 75  |...E..E.....u..u|
+00000bf0  f4 e8 18 00 00 00 83 c4  10 89 45 f4 8b 45 f4 c6  |..........E..E..|
+00000c00  00 00 8b 55 f4 8b 45 08  29 c2 89 d0 c9 c3 55 89  |...U..E.).....U.|
+00000c10  e5 83 ec 18 8b 45 0c ba  cd cc cc cc f7 e2 89 d0  |.....E..........|
+00000c20  c1 e8 03 89 45 f4 83 7d  f4 00 74 15 8b 45 f4 83  |....E..}..t..E..|
+00000c30  ec 08 50 ff 75 08 e8 04  fe ff ff 83 c4 10 89 45  |..P.u..........E|
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+00000c70  45 08 c9 c3 55 89 e5 83  ec 18 83 7d 10 00 79 11  |E...U......}..y.|
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+00000c90  10 8b 45 14 2b 45 10 89  45 f0 83 7d f0 00 7e 1d  |..E.+E..E..}..~.|
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+00000cb0  75 08 e8 5a 00 00 00 83  c4 10 89 45 08 c7 45 f4  |u..Z.......E..E.|
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+00000cd0  45 08 8d 50 01 89 55 08  0f b6 11 88 10 83 45 f4  |E..P..U.......E.|
+00000ce0  01 8b 45 f4 3b 45 10 7c  dd 83 7d f0 00 7e 1d 83  |..E.;E.|..}..~..|
+00000cf0  7d 18 00 74 17 83 ec 04  ff 75 1c ff 75 f0 ff 75  |}..t.....u..u..u|
+00000d00  08 e8 0b 00 00 00 83 c4  10 89 45 08 8b 45 08 c9  |..........E..E..|
+00000d10  c3 55 89 e5 eb 12 8b 45  08 8d 50 01 89 55 08 8b  |.U.....E..P..U..|
+00000d20  55 10 88 10 83 6d 0c 01  83 7d 0c 00 7f e8 8b 45  |U....m...}.....E|
+00000d30  08 5d c3 00 69 64 6c 65  00 2e 00 73 68 65 6c 6c  |.]..idle...shell|
+00000d40  00 49 4e 49 54 3a 20 66  6f 72 6b 20 66 6f 72 20  |.INIT: fork for |
+00000d50  23 25 64 20 66 61 69 6c  65 64 0a 00 49 4e 49 54  |#%d failed..INIT|
+00000d60  3a 20 65 78 65 63 28 30  78 25 30 38 78 29 20 66  |: exec(0x%08x) f|
+00000d70  61 69 6c 65 64 0a 00 49  6e 69 74 20 73 74 61 72  |ailed..Init star|
+00000d80  74 65 64 0a 00 00 00 00  0a 0a 53 70 65 6d 20 72  |ted.......Spem r|
+00000d90  65 6c 69 6e 71 75 75 6e  74 20 71 75 69 20 68 75  |elinquunt qui hu|
+00000da0  63 20 69 6e 74 72 61 73  74 69 21 0a 0a 0d 00 00  |c intrasti!.....|
+00000db0  49 4e 49 54 3a 20 73 74  61 72 74 69 6e 67 20 75  |INIT: starting u|
+00000dc0  73 65 72 20 70 72 6f 63  65 73 73 65 73 0a 00 20  |ser processes.. |
+00000dd0  21 21 21 0d 0a 0a 00 00  49 4e 49 54 3a 20 74 72  |!!!.....INIT: tr|
+00000de0  61 6e 73 69 74 69 6f 6e  69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 77  |ansitioning to w|
+00000df0  61 69 74 28 29 20 6d 6f  64 65 0a 00 49 4e 49 54  |ait() mode..INIT|
+00000e00  3a 20 77 61 69 74 70 69  64 28 29 20 72 65 74 75  |: waitpid() retu|
+00000e10  72 6e 65 64 20 25 64 3f  3f 3f 0a 00 49 4e 49 54  |rned %d???..INIT|
+00000e20  3a 20 70 69 64 20 25 64  20 65 78 69 74 28 25 64  |: pid %d exit(%d|
+00000e30  29 0a 00 43 68 69 6c 64  20 25 64 20 65 78 65 63  |)..Child %d exec|
+00000e40  28 29 20 23 25 75 20 66  61 69 6c 65 64 0a 00 00  |() #%u failed...|
+00000e50  22 15 00 00 60 15 00 00  ac 16 00 00 ac 16 00 00  |"...`...........|
+00000e60  ac 16 00 00 ac 16 00 00  ac 16 00 00 ac 16 00 00  |................|
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+00000ea0  ac 16 00 00 d6 15 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
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+00001310  03 21 00 00 2c 1a 00 00  31 1a 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.!..,...1.......|
+00001320  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
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+00001340  00 00 00 00 01 40 00 00  33 1a 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.....@..3.......|
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+000013d0  00 00 00 00 03 00 02 00  00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00  |............. ..|
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+00001420  01 00 00 00 01 00 03 00  14 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  |................|
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+00001440  00 00 00 00 04 00 f1 ff  24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........$.......|
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+00001490  00 00 00 00 04 00 f1 ff  52 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........R.......|
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+00001540  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  a9 00 00 00 b8 13 00 00  |................|
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+00001560  22 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  b4 00 00 00 8c 12 00 00  |"...............|
+00001570  75 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  ba 00 00 00 59 14 00 00  |u...........Y...|
+00001580  75 02 00 00 12 00 01 00  c1 00 00 00 c0 17 00 00  |u...............|
+00001590  8a 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  c8 00 00 00 06 19 00 00  |................|
+000015a0  66 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  8f 00 00 00 fb 13 00 00  |f...............|
+000015b0  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  d0 00 00 00 2b 14 00 00  |............+...|
+000015c0  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  d5 00 00 00 22 13 00 00  |............"...|
+000015d0  2d 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  dd 00 00 00 eb 13 00 00  |-...............|
+000015e0  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  e2 00 00 00 74 12 00 00  |............t...|
+000015f0  18 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  e7 00 00 00 8b 13 00 00  |................|
+00001600  2d 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  ef 00 00 00 49 14 00 00  |-...........I...|
+00001610  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  f6 00 00 00 f3 13 00 00  |................|
+00001620  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  fb 00 00 00 1b 14 00 00  |................|
+00001630  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  03 01 00 00 37 17 00 00  |............7...|
+00001640  89 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  0b 01 00 00 e3 13 00 00  |................|
+00001650  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  10 01 00 00 d2 10 00 00  |................|
+00001660  a2 01 00 00 12 00 01 00  15 01 00 00 0b 14 00 00  |................|
+00001670  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  1d 01 00 00 6c 19 00 00  |............l...|
+00001680  9d 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  24 01 00 00 23 14 00 00  |........$...#...|
+00001690  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  2c 01 00 00 4a 18 00 00  |........,...J...|
+000016a0  8a 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  33 01 00 00 01 13 00 00  |........3.......|
+000016b0  21 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  3c 01 00 00 13 14 00 00  |!.......<.......|
+000016c0  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  44 01 00 00 f0 16 00 00  |........D.......|
+000016d0  47 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  5d 01 00 00 d3 13 00 00  |G.......].......|
+000016e0  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  4b 01 00 00 ce 16 00 00  |........K.......|
+000016f0  22 00 00 00 12 00 01 00  52 01 00 00 3b 14 00 00  |".......R...;...|
+00001700  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  58 01 00 00 43 14 00 00  |........X...C...|
+00001710  00 00 00 00 10 00 01 00  00 69 6e 69 74 2e 63 00  |.........init.c.|
+00001720  73 70 61 77 6e 5f 74 61  62 6c 65 00 70 72 6f 63  |spawn_table.proc|
+00001730  65 73 73 00 75 6c 69 62  63 2e 63 00 73 70 72 69  |ess.ulibc.c.spri|
+00001740  6e 74 2e 63 00 73 74 72  6c 65 6e 2e 63 00 63 76  |nt.c.strlen.c.cv|
+00001750  74 64 65 63 2e 63 00 63  76 74 64 65 63 30 2e 63  |tdec.c.cvtdec0.c|
+00001760  00 63 76 74 68 65 78 2e  63 00 63 76 74 6f 63 74  |.cvthex.c.cvtoct|
+00001770  2e 63 00 63 76 74 75 6e  73 2e 63 00 63 76 74 75  |.c.cvtuns.c.cvtu|
+00001780  6e 73 30 2e 63 00 70 61  64 73 74 72 2e 63 00 70  |ns0.c.padstr.c.p|
+00001790  61 64 2e 63 00 73 77 72  69 74 65 63 68 00 77 61  |ad.c.swritech.wa|
+000017a0  69 74 70 69 64 00 63 77  72 69 74 65 00 63 76 74  |itpid.cwrite.cvt|
+000017b0  75 6e 73 00 67 65 74 70  69 64 00 73 6c 65 65 70  |uns.getpid.sleep|
+000017c0  00 73 77 72 69 74 65 00  70 61 64 00 73 70 61 77  |.swrite.pad.spaw|
+000017d0  6e 00 73 70 72 69 6e 74  00 63 76 74 68 65 78 00  |n.sprint.cvthex.|
+000017e0  63 76 74 75 6e 73 30 00  6b 69 6c 6c 00 63 77 72  |cvtuns0.kill.cwr|
+000017f0  69 74 65 73 00 65 78 65  63 00 77 61 69 74 00 73  |ites.exec.wait.s|
+00001800  77 72 69 74 65 73 00 5f  73 74 61 72 74 00 72 65  |writes._start.re|
+00001810  61 64 00 67 65 74 70 72  69 6f 00 63 76 74 64 65  |ad.getprio.cvtde|
+00001820  63 30 00 66 6f 72 6b 00  6d 61 69 6e 00 67 65 74  |c0.fork.main.get|
+00001830  70 70 69 64 00 70 61 64  73 74 72 00 73 65 74 70  |ppid.padstr.setp|
+00001840  72 69 6f 00 63 76 74 6f  63 74 00 63 77 72 69 74  |rio.cvtoct.cwrit|
+00001850  65 63 68 00 67 65 74 74  69 6d 65 00 63 76 74 64  |ech.gettime.cvtd|
+00001860  65 63 00 73 74 72 6c 65  6e 00 62 6f 67 75 73 00  |ec.strlen.bogus.|
+00001870  66 61 6b 65 5f 65 78 69  74 00 00 2e 73 79 6d 74  |fake_exit...symt|
+00001880  61 62 00 2e 73 74 72 74  61 62 00 2e 73 68 73 74  |ab..strtab..shst|
+00001890  72 74 61 62 00 2e 74 65  78 74 00 2e 72 6f 64 61  |rtab..text..roda|
+000018a0  74 61 00 2e 64 61 74 61  00 2e 62 73 73 00 00 00  |ta..data..bss...|
+000018b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+000018d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  1b 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+000018e0  06 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  80 00 00 00 2b 0a 00 00  |............+...|
+000018f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00001900  21 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  02 00 00 00 2c 1a 00 00  |!...........,...|
+00001910  ac 0a 00 00 74 01 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....t...........|
+00001920  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  29 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |........).......|
+00001930  03 00 00 00 00 20 00 00  80 10 00 00 9d 00 00 00  |..... ..........|
+00001940  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........ .......|
+00001950  2f 00 00 00 08 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 00 30 00 00  |/............0..|
+00001960  1d 11 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00001970  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |................|
+00001980  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  20 11 00 00 70 03 00 00  |........ ...p...|
+00001990  06 00 00 00 14 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 10 00 00 00  |................|
+000019a0  09 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000019b0  90 14 00 00 62 01 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....b...........|
+000019c0  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  11 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  |................|
+000019d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  f2 15 00 00 34 00 00 00  |............4...|
+000019e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+
+Program #1-#19 ELF binaries:
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+00001a00  02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00  85 12 00 00 34 00 00 00  |............4...|
+00001a10  38 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00  |8.......4. ...(.|
+00001a20  08 00 07 00 01 00 00 00  74 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  |........t.......|
+00001a30  00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 07 00 00 00  |................|
+00001a40  04 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....Q.td........|
+00001a50  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  |................|
+00001a60  10 00 00 00 8d 4c 24 04  83 e4 f0 ff 71 fc 55 89  |.....L$.....q.U.|
+00001a70  e5 51 81 ec a4 00 00 00  c6 45 e7 2e e8 22 02 00  |.Q.......E..."..|
+00001a80  00 89 45 f0 e8 2a 02 00  00 89 45 ec e8 2a 02 00  |..E..*....E..*..|
+00001a90  00 89 45 e8 83 ec 0c ff  75 ec ff 75 e8 ff 75 f0  |..E.....u..u..u.|
+00001aa0  68 68 18 00 00 8d 85 67  ff ff ff 50 e8 48 02 00  |hh.....g...P.H..|
+00001ab0  00 83 c4 20 83 ec 0c 8d  85 67 ff ff ff 50 e8 ff  |... .....g...P..|
+00001ac0  00 00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec  0c 68 81 18 00 00 e8 ef  |.........h......|
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+00001af0  eb 04 83 45 f4 01 81 7d  f4 ff e0 f5 05 7e f3 83  |...E...}.....~..|
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+00001bc0  c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec 18  83 ec 0c ff 75 08 e8 9b  |..U.........u...|
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+00001be0  ff 75 08 6a 00 e8 b1 00  00 00 83 c4 10 c9 c3 55  |.u.j...........U|
+00001bf0  89 e5 83 ec 08 83 ec 04  ff 75 0c ff 75 08 6a 00  |.........u..u.j.|
+00001c00  e8 96 00 00 00 83 c4 10  c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec 18  |..........U.....|
+00001c10  8b 45 08 88 45 f4 83 ec  04 6a 01 8d 45 f4 50 6a  |.E..E....j..E.Pj|
+00001c20  01 e8 75 00 00 00 83 c4  10 c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec  |..u........U....|
+00001c30  18 83 ec 0c ff 75 08 e8  32 03 00 00 83 c4 10 89  |.....u..2.......|
+00001c40  45 f4 8b 45 f4 83 ec 04  50 ff 75 08 6a 01 e8 48  |E..E....P.u.j..H|
+00001c50  00 00 00 83 c4 10 c9 c3  55 89 e5 83 ec 08 83 ec  |........U.......|
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+00001c70  10 c9 c3 b8 00 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 01 00 00 00  |................|
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+00001cd0  cd 80 c3 b8 0c 00 00 00  cd 80 c3 b8 ad 0b 00 00  |................|
+00001ce0  cd 80 c3 50 e8 8a ff ff  ff e8 76 fd ff ff 83 ec  |...P......v.....|
+00001cf0  0c 50 e8 7c ff ff ff eb  fe 55 89 e5 83 ec 38 8d  |.P.|.....U....8.|
+00001d00  45 0c 83 c0 04 89 45 f4  e9 3f 02 00 00 80 7d f3  |E.....E..?....}.|
+00001d10  25 0f 85 26 02 00 00 c7  45 ec 00 00 00 00 c7 45  |%..&....E......E|
+00001d20  e4 20 00 00 00 c7 45 e8  00 00 00 00 8b 45 0c 8d  |. ....E......E..|
+00001d30  50 01 89 55 0c 0f b6 00  88 45 f3 80 7d f3 2d 75  |P..U.....E..}.-u|
+00001d40  16 c7 45 ec 01 00 00 00  8b 45 0c 8d 50 01 89 55  |..E......E..P..U|
+00001d50  0c 0f b6 00 88 45 f3 80  7d f3 30 75 40 c7 45 e4  |.....E..}.0u@.E.|
+00001d60  30 00 00 00 8b 45 0c 8d  50 01 89 55 0c 0f b6 00  |0....E..P..U....|
+00001d70  88 45 f3 eb 28 8b 55 e8  89 d0 c1 e0 02 01 d0 01  |.E..(.U.........|
+00001d80  c0 89 45 e8 0f be 45 f3  83 e8 30 01 45 e8 8b 45  |..E...E...0.E..E|
+00001d90  0c 8d 50 01 89 55 0c 0f  b6 00 88 45 f3 80 7d f3  |..P..U.....E..}.|
+00001da0  2f 7e 06 80 7d f3 39 7e  cc 0f be 45 f3 83 e8 63  |/~..}.9~...E...c|
+00001db0  83 f8 15 0f 87 93 01 00  00 8b 04 85 ac 18 00 00  |................|
+00001dc0  ff e0 8b 45 f4 8d 50 04  89 55 f4 8b 00 88 45 f3  |...E..P..U....E.|
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+00001e00  8b 45 f4 8d 50 04 89 55  f4 8b 00 83 ec 08 50 8d  |.E..P..U......P.|
+00001e10  45 d0 50 e8 78 01 00 00  83 c4 10 89 45 e0 83 ec  |E.P.x.......E...|
+00001e20  08 ff 75 e4 ff 75 ec ff  75 e8 ff 75 e0 8d 45 d0  |..u..u..u..u..E.|
+00001e30  50 ff 75 08 e8 d3 03 00  00 83 c4 20 89 45 08 e9  |P.u........ .E..|
+00001e40  08 01 00 00 8b 45 f4 8d  50 04 89 55 f4 8b 00 89  |.....E..P..U....|
+00001e50  45 dc 83 ec 08 ff 75 e4  ff 75 ec ff 75 e8 6a ff  |E.....u..u..u.j.|
+00001e60  ff 75 dc ff 75 08 e8 a1  03 00 00 83 c4 20 89 45  |.u..u........ .E|
+00001e70  08 e9 d6 00 00 00 8b 45  f4 8d 50 04 89 55 f4 8b  |.......E..P..U..|
+00001e80  00 83 ec 08 50 8d 45 d0  50 e8 d2 01 00 00 83 c4  |....P.E.P.......|
+00001e90  10 89 45 e0 83 ec 08 ff  75 e4 ff 75 ec ff 75 e8  |..E.....u..u..u.|
+00001ea0  ff 75 e0 8d 45 d0 50 ff  75 08 e8 5d 03 00 00 83  |.u..E.P.u..]....|
+00001eb0  c4 20 89 45 08 e9 92 00  00 00 8b 45 f4 8d 50 04  |. .E.......E..P.|
+00001ec0  89 55 f4 8b 00 83 ec 08  50 8d 45 d0 50 e8 18 02  |.U......P.E.P...|
+00001ed0  00 00 83 c4 10 89 45 e0  83 ec 08 ff 75 e4 ff 75  |......E.....u..u|
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+00003b70  c1 e0 02 01 d0 01 c0 29  c1 89 ca 89 d0 8d 48 30  |.......)......H0|
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+00003b90  c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec 18  83 7d 10 00 79 11 83 ec  |..U......}..y...|
+00003ba0  0c ff 75 0c e8 4b fd ff  ff 83 c4 10 89 45 10 8b  |..u..K.......E..|
+00003bb0  45 14 2b 45 10 89 45 f0  83 7d f0 00 7e 1d 83 7d  |E.+E..E..}..~..}|
+00003bc0  18 00 75 17 83 ec 04 ff  75 1c ff 75 f0 ff 75 08  |..u.....u..u..u.|
+00003bd0  e8 5a 00 00 00 83 c4 10  89 45 08 c7 45 f4 00 00  |.Z.......E..E...|
+00003be0  00 00 eb 1b 8b 55 f4 8b  45 0c 8d 0c 02 8b 45 08  |.....U..E.....E.|
+00003bf0  8d 50 01 89 55 08 0f b6  11 88 10 83 45 f4 01 8b  |.P..U.......E...|
+00003c00  45 f4 3b 45 10 7c dd 83  7d f0 00 7e 1d 83 7d 18  |E.;E.|..}..~..}.|
+00003c10  00 74 17 83 ec 04 ff 75  1c ff 75 f0 ff 75 08 e8  |.t.....u..u..u..|
+00003c20  0b 00 00 00 83 c4 10 89  45 08 8b 45 08 c9 c3 55  |........E..E...U|
+00003c30  89 e5 eb 12 8b 45 08 8d  50 01 89 55 08 8b 55 10  |.....E..P..U..U.|
+00003c40  88 10 83 6d 0c 01 83 7d  0c 00 7f e8 8b 45 08 5d  |...m...}.....E.]|
+00003c50  c3 00 00 00 75 73 65 72  41 00 41 00 33 30 00 75  |....userA.A.30.u|
+00003c60  73 65 72 42 00 42 00 75  73 65 72 43 00 43 00 75  |serB.B.userC.C.u|
+00003c70  73 65 72 44 00 44 00 32  30 00 75 73 65 72 45 00  |serD.D.20.userE.|
+00003c80  45 00 75 73 65 72 46 00  46 00 75 73 65 72 47 00  |E.userF.F.userG.|
+00003c90  47 00 31 30 00 75 73 65  72 48 00 48 00 34 00 75  |G.10.userH.H.4.u|
+00003ca0  73 65 72 49 00 49 00 75  73 65 72 4a 00 4a 00 75  |serI.I.userJ.J.u|
+00003cb0  73 65 72 4b 00 4b 00 38  00 75 73 65 72 4c 00 4c  |serK.K.8.userL.L|
+00003cc0  00 35 00 75 73 65 72 4d  00 4d 00 66 00 75 73 65  |.5.userM.M.f.use|
+00003cd0  72 4e 00 4e 00 74 00 75  73 65 72 50 00 50 00 33  |rN.N.t.userP.P.3|
+00003ce0  00 32 00 75 73 65 72 51  00 51 00 75 73 65 72 52  |.2.userQ.Q.userR|
+00003cf0  00 52 00 31 00 75 73 65  72 53 00 53 00 31 33 00  |.R.1.userS.S.13.|
+00003d00  75 73 65 72 54 00 54 00  36 00 77 00 75 73 65 72  |userT.T.6.w.user|
+00003d10  55 00 55 00 57 00 75 73  65 72 56 00 56 00 6b 00  |U.U.W.userV.V.k.|
+00003d20  0a 54 65 73 74 73 20 2d  20 72 75 6e 20 77 69 74  |.Tests - run wit|
+00003d30  68 20 27 40 78 27 2c 20  77 68 65 72 65 20 27 78  |h '@x', where 'x|
+00003d40  27 20 69 73 20 6f 6e 65  20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 65  |' is one or more|
+00003d50  20 6f 66 3a 0a 20 00 00  0a 4f 74 68 65 72 20 63  | of:. ...Other c|
+00003d60  6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 3a  20 40 2a 20 28 61 6c 6c  |ommands: @* (all|
+00003d70  29 2c 20 40 68 20 28 68  65 6c 70 29 2c 20 40 78  |), @h (help), @x|
+00003d80  20 28 65 78 69 74 29 0a  00 73 68 65 6c 6c 3a 20  | (exit)..shell: |
+00003d90  75 6e 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20  63 6d 64 20 27 25 63 27  |unknown cmd '%c'|
+00003da0  0a 00 53 68 65 6c 6c 20  69 73 20 72 65 61 64 79  |..Shell is ready|
+00003db0  0a 00 0a 3e 20 00 00 00  2b 2b 2b 20 53 68 65 6c  |...> ...+++ Shel|
+00003dc0  6c 20 73 70 61 77 6e 20  25 63 20 66 61 69 6c 65  |l spawn %c faile|
+00003dd0  64 2c 20 63 6f 64 65 20  25 64 0a 00 73 68 65 6c  |d, code %d..shel|
+00003de0  6c 3a 20 77 61 69 74 70  69 64 28 29 20 72 65 74  |l: waitpid() ret|
+00003df0  75 72 6e 65 64 20 25 64  0a 00 73 68 65 6c 6c 3a  |urned %d..shell:|
+00003e00  20 50 49 44 20 25 64 20  65 78 69 74 20 73 74 61  | PID %d exit sta|
+00003e10  74 75 73 20 25 64 0a 00  21 21 21 20 73 68 65 6c  |tus %d..!!! shel|
+00003e20  6c 20 65 78 69 74 65 64  20 6c 6f 6f 70 3f 3f 3f  |l exited loop???|
+00003e30  0a 00 43 68 69 6c 64 20  25 64 20 65 78 65 63 28  |..Child %d exec(|
+00003e40  29 20 23 25 75 20 66 61  69 6c 65 64 0a 00 00 00  |) #%u failed....|
+00003e50  60 16 00 00 9e 16 00 00  ea 17 00 00 ea 17 00 00  |`...............|
+00003e60  ea 17 00 00 ea 17 00 00  ea 17 00 00 ea 17 00 00  |................|
+*
+00003e80  58 17 00 00 ea 17 00 00  ea 17 00 00 ea 17 00 00  |X...............|
+00003e90  e2 16 00 00 ea 17 00 00  99 17 00 00 ea 17 00 00  |................|
+00003ea0  ea 17 00 00 14 17 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00003eb0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+000040e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 01 41 00 00  |.............A..|
+000040f0  6c 1b 00 00 72 1b 00 00  74 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |l...r...t.......|
+00004100  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004110  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 01 42 00 00  |.............B..|
+00004120  77 1b 00 00 7d 1b 00 00  74 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |w...}...t.......|
+00004130  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004140  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 01 43 00 00  |.............C..|
+00004150  7f 1b 00 00 85 1b 00 00  74 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........t.......|
+00004160  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004170  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 01 44 00 00  |.............D..|
+00004180  87 1b 00 00 8d 1b 00 00  8f 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004190  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000041a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 01 45 00 00  |.............E..|
+000041b0  92 1b 00 00 98 1b 00 00  8f 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000041c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000041d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  05 00 00 00 01 46 00 00  |.............F..|
+000041e0  9a 1b 00 00 a0 1b 00 00  8f 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000041f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004200  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  05 00 00 00 01 47 00 00  |.............G..|
+00004210  a2 1b 00 00 a8 1b 00 00  aa 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004220  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004230  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  06 00 00 00 01 48 00 00  |.............H..|
+00004240  ad 1b 00 00 b3 1b 00 00  b5 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004250  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004260  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  07 00 00 00 01 49 00 00  |.............I..|
+00004270  b7 1b 00 00 bd 1b 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004280  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004290  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  08 00 00 00 01 4a 00 00  |.............J..|
+000042a0  bf 1b 00 00 c5 1b 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000042b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000042c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  09 00 00 00 01 4b 00 00  |.............K..|
+000042d0  c7 1b 00 00 cd 1b 00 00  cf 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000042e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000042f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  09 00 00 00 01 4c 00 00  |.............L..|
+00004300  d1 1b 00 00 d7 1b 00 00  d9 1b 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004310  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00004320  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  0a 00 00 00 01 4d 00 00  |.............M..|
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+00004340  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
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+00005550  89 e5 83 ec 18 8b 45 0c  ba cd cc cc cc f7 e2 89  |......E.........|
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+00005580  45 08 8b 4d 0c ba cd cc  cc cc 89 c8 f7 e2 c1 ea  |E..M............|
+00005590  03 89 d0 c1 e0 02 01 d0  01 c0 29 c1 89 ca 89 d0  |..........).....|
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+000055b0  8b 45 08 c9 c3 55 89 e5  83 ec 18 83 7d 10 00 79  |.E...U......}..y|
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+000055d0  45 10 8b 45 14 2b 45 10  89 45 f0 83 7d f0 00 7e  |E..E.+E..E..}..~|
+000055e0  1d 83 7d 18 00 75 17 83  ec 04 ff 75 1c ff 75 f0  |..}..u.....u..u.|
+000055f0  ff 75 08 e8 5a 00 00 00  83 c4 10 89 45 08 c7 45  |.u..Z.......E..E|
+00005600  f4 00 00 00 00 eb 1b 8b  55 f4 8b 45 0c 8d 0c 02  |........U..E....|
+00005610  8b 45 08 8d 50 01 89 55  08 0f b6 11 88 10 83 45  |.E..P..U.......E|
+00005620  f4 01 8b 45 f4 3b 45 10  7c dd 83 7d f0 00 7e 1d  |...E.;E.|..}..~.|
+00005630  83 7d 18 00 74 17 83 ec  04 ff 75 1c ff 75 f0 ff  |.}..t.....u..u..|
+00005640  75 08 e8 0b 00 00 00 83  c4 10 89 45 08 8b 45 08  |u..........E..E.|
+00005650  c9 c3 55 89 e5 eb 12 8b  45 08 8d 50 01 89 55 08  |..U.....E..P..U.|
+00005660  8b 55 10 88 10 83 6d 0c  01 83 7d 0c 00 7f e8 8b  |.U....m...}.....|
+00005670  45 08 5d c3 25 73 3a 20  61 72 67 63 20 25 64 2c  |E.].%s: argc %d,|
+00005680  20 61 72 67 73 3a 20 00  28 6e 75 6c 6c 29 00 20  | args: .(null). |
+00005690  25 73 00 0a 00 3d 3d 20  25 63 2c 20 77 72 69 74  |%s...== %c, writ|
+000056a0  65 20 23 31 20 72 65 74  75 72 6e 65 64 20 25 64  |e #1 returned %d|
+000056b0  0a 00 3d 3d 20 25 63 2c  20 77 72 69 74 65 20 23  |..== %c, write #|
+000056c0  32 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e  65 64 20 25 64 0a 00 00  |2 returned %d...|
+000056d0  55 73 65 72 20 25 63 2c  20 77 72 69 74 65 20 23  |User %c, write #|
+000056e0  33 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e  65 64 20 25 64 0a 00 43  |3 returned %d..C|
+000056f0  68 69 6c 64 20 25 64 20  65 78 65 63 28 29 20 23  |hild %d exec() #|
+00005700  25 75 20 66 61 69 6c 65  64 0a 00 00 e5 14 00 00  |%u failed.......|
+00005710  23 15 00 00 6f 16 00 00  6f 16 00 00 6f 16 00 00  |#...o...o...o...|
+00005720  6f 16 00 00 6f 16 00 00  6f 16 00 00 6f 16 00 00  |o...o...o...o...|
+00005730  6f 16 00 00 6f 16 00 00  6f 16 00 00 dd 15 00 00  |o...o...o.......|
+00005740  6f 16 00 00 6f 16 00 00  6f 16 00 00 67 15 00 00  |o...o...o...g...|
+00005750  6f 16 00 00 1e 16 00 00  6f 16 00 00 6f 16 00 00  |o.......o...o...|
+00005760  99 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005770  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
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+00005c30  03 00 01 00 00 00 00 00  60 1a 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........`.......|
+00005c40  03 00 02 00 00 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......... ......|
+00005c50  03 00 03 00 00 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......... ......|
+00005c60  03 00 04 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005c70  04 00 f1 ff 0b 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005c80  04 00 f1 ff 13 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005c90  04 00 f1 ff 1c 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005ca0  04 00 f1 ff 26 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....&...........|
+00005cb0  04 00 f1 ff 2f 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |..../...........|
+00005cc0  04 00 f1 ff 38 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....8...........|
+00005cd0  04 00 f1 ff 42 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....B...........|
+00005ce0  04 00 f1 ff 4b 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....K...........|
+00005cf0  04 00 f1 ff 54 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....T...........|
+00005d00  04 00 f1 ff 5d 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....]...........|
+00005d10  04 00 f1 ff 67 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....g...........|
+00005d20  04 00 f1 ff 70 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....p...........|
+00005d30  04 00 f1 ff 76 00 00 00  2d 13 00 00 21 00 00 00  |....v...-...!...|
+00005d40  12 00 01 00 7f 00 00 00  9e 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005d50  10 00 01 00 87 00 00 00  12 13 00 00 1b 00 00 00  |................|
+00005d60  12 00 01 00 8e 00 00 00  91 16 00 00 72 00 00 00  |............r...|
+00005d70  12 00 01 00 96 00 00 00  09 19 00 00 32 00 00 00  |............2...|
+00005d80  12 00 01 00 9d 00 00 00  c6 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005d90  10 00 01 00 a4 00 00 00  f6 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005da0  10 00 01 00 aa 00 00 00  7b 13 00 00 1b 00 00 00  |........{.......|
+00005db0  12 00 01 00 b1 00 00 00  3e 1a 00 00 22 00 00 00  |........>..."...|
+00005dc0  12 00 01 00 b5 00 00 00  4f 12 00 00 75 00 00 00  |........O...u...|
+00005dd0  12 00 01 00 bb 00 00 00  1c 14 00 00 75 02 00 00  |............u...|
+00005de0  12 00 01 00 c2 00 00 00  f5 17 00 00 8a 00 00 00  |................|
+00005df0  12 00 01 00 c9 00 00 00  3b 19 00 00 66 00 00 00  |........;...f...|
+00005e00  12 00 01 00 88 00 00 00  be 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005e10  10 00 01 00 d1 00 00 00  ee 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005e20  10 00 01 00 d6 00 00 00  e5 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  |............-...|
+00005e30  12 00 01 00 de 00 00 00  ae 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005e40  10 00 01 00 e3 00 00 00  37 12 00 00 18 00 00 00  |........7.......|
+00005e50  12 00 01 00 e8 00 00 00  4e 13 00 00 2d 00 00 00  |........N...-...|
+00005e60  12 00 01 00 f0 00 00 00  0c 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005e70  10 00 01 00 f7 00 00 00  b6 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005e80  10 00 01 00 fc 00 00 00  de 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005e90  10 00 01 00 04 01 00 00  6c 17 00 00 89 00 00 00  |........l.......|
+00005ea0  12 00 01 00 0c 01 00 00  a6 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005eb0  10 00 01 00 11 01 00 00  00 10 00 00 37 02 00 00  |............7...|
+00005ec0  12 00 01 00 16 01 00 00  ce 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00005ed0  10 00 01 00 1e 01 00 00  a1 19 00 00 9d 00 00 00  |................|
+00005ee0  12 00 01 00 25 01 00 00  e6 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....%...........|
+00005ef0  10 00 01 00 2d 01 00 00  7f 18 00 00 8a 00 00 00  |....-...........|
+00005f00  12 00 01 00 34 01 00 00  c4 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  |....4.......!...|
+00005f10  12 00 01 00 3d 01 00 00  d6 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....=...........|
+00005f20  10 00 01 00 45 01 00 00  25 17 00 00 47 00 00 00  |....E...%...G...|
+00005f30  12 00 01 00 5e 01 00 00  96 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....^...........|
+00005f40  10 00 01 00 4c 01 00 00  03 17 00 00 22 00 00 00  |....L......."...|
+00005f50  12 00 01 00 53 01 00 00  fe 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....S...........|
+00005f60  10 00 01 00 59 01 00 00  06 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....Y...........|
+00005f70  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  67 41 42 43 2e 63 00 75  |.....progABC.c.u|
+00005f80  6c 69 62 63 2e 63 00 73  70 72 69 6e 74 2e 63 00  |libc.c.sprint.c.|
+00005f90  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 2e  63 00 73 74 72 6c 65 6e  |str2int.c.strlen|
+00005fa0  2e 63 00 63 76 74 64 65  63 2e 63 00 63 76 74 64  |.c.cvtdec.c.cvtd|
+00005fb0  65 63 30 2e 63 00 63 76  74 68 65 78 2e 63 00 63  |ec0.c.cvthex.c.c|
+00005fc0  76 74 6f 63 74 2e 63 00  63 76 74 75 6e 73 2e 63  |vtoct.c.cvtuns.c|
+00005fd0  00 63 76 74 75 6e 73 30  2e 63 00 70 61 64 73 74  |.cvtuns0.c.padst|
+00005fe0  72 2e 63 00 70 61 64 2e  63 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  |r.c.pad.c.swrite|
+00005ff0  63 68 00 77 61 69 74 70  69 64 00 63 77 72 69 74  |ch.waitpid.cwrit|
+00006000  65 00 73 74 72 32 69 6e  74 00 63 76 74 75 6e 73  |e.str2int.cvtuns|
+00006010  00 67 65 74 70 69 64 00  73 6c 65 65 70 00 73 77  |.getpid.sleep.sw|
+00006020  72 69 74 65 00 70 61 64  00 73 70 61 77 6e 00 73  |rite.pad.spawn.s|
+00006030  70 72 69 6e 74 00 63 76  74 68 65 78 00 63 76 74  |print.cvthex.cvt|
+00006040  75 6e 73 30 00 6b 69 6c  6c 00 63 77 72 69 74 65  |uns0.kill.cwrite|
+00006050  73 00 65 78 65 63 00 77  61 69 74 00 73 77 72 69  |s.exec.wait.swri|
+00006060  74 65 73 00 5f 73 74 61  72 74 00 72 65 61 64 00  |tes._start.read.|
+00006070  67 65 74 70 72 69 6f 00  63 76 74 64 65 63 30 00  |getprio.cvtdec0.|
+00006080  66 6f 72 6b 00 6d 61 69  6e 00 67 65 74 70 70 69  |fork.main.getppi|
+00006090  64 00 70 61 64 73 74 72  00 73 65 74 70 72 69 6f  |d.padstr.setprio|
+000060a0  00 63 76 74 6f 63 74 00  63 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  |.cvtoct.cwritech|
+000060b0  00 67 65 74 74 69 6d 65  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 00  |.gettime.cvtdec.|
+000060c0  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 00 62  6f 67 75 73 00 66 61 6b  |strlen.bogus.fak|
+000060d0  65 5f 65 78 69 74 00 00  2e 73 79 6d 74 61 62 00  |e_exit...symtab.|
+000060e0  2e 73 74 72 74 61 62 00  2e 73 68 73 74 72 74 61  |.strtab..shstrta|
+000060f0  62 00 2e 74 65 78 74 00  2e 72 6f 64 61 74 61 00  |b..text..rodata.|
+00006100  2e 64 61 74 61 00 2e 62  73 73 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.data..bss......|
+00006110  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+00006130  00 00 00 00 1b 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00  |................|
+00006140  00 10 00 00 74 00 00 00  60 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....t...`.......|
+00006150  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  |............!...|
+00006160  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  60 1a 00 00 d4 0a 00 00  |........`.......|
+00006170  f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  |................|
+00006180  00 00 00 00 29 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  |....)...........|
+00006190  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..t...........|
+000061a0  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00  |............/...|
+000061b0  08 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  |......... ..t...|
+000061c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+000061d0  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000061e0  00 00 00 00 74 10 00 00  60 03 00 00 06 00 00 00  |....t...`.......|
+000061f0  12 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  10 00 00 00 09 00 00 00  |................|
+00006200  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 d4 13 00 00  |................|
+00006210  63 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |c...............|
+00006220  00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00006230  00 00 00 00 37 15 00 00  34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....7...4.......|
+00006240  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00006250  7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.ELF............|
+00006260  02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00  9b 13 00 00 34 00 00 00  |............4...|
+00006270  6c 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00  |l.......4. ...(.|
+00006280  08 00 07 00 01 00 00 00  74 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  |........t.......|
+00006290  00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 07 00 00 00  |................|
+000062a0  04 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....Q.td........|
+000062b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  |................|
+000062c0  10 00 00 00 8d 4c 24 04  83 e4 f0 ff 71 fc 55 89  |.....L$.....q.U.|
+000062d0  e5 53 51 81 ec a0 00 00  00 89 cb c7 45 f4 1e 00  |.SQ.........E...|
+000062e0  00 00 c6 45 f3 32 8b 03  83 f8 02 74 1e 83 f8 03  |...E.2.....t....|
+000062f0  75 2c 8b 43 04 83 c0 08  8b 00 83 ec 08 6a 0a 50  |u,.C.........j.P|
+00006300  e8 df 05 00 00 83 c4 10  89 45 f4 8b 43 04 83 c0  |.........E..C...|
+00006310  04 8b 00 0f b6 00 88 45  f3 e9 a4 00 00 00 83 ec  |.......E........|
+00006320  04 ff 33 68 f0 19 00 00  8d 85 60 ff ff ff 50 e8  |..3h......`...P.|
+00006330  3b 03 00 00 83 c4 10 83  ec 0c 8d 85 60 ff ff ff  |;...........`...|
+00006340  50 e8 f2 01 00 00 83 c4  10 c7 45 ec 00 00 00 00  |P.........E.....|
+00006350  eb 59 8b 03 8d 14 85 00  00 00 00 8b 43 04 01 d0  |.Y..........C...|
+00006360  8b 00 85 c0 74 12 8b 03  8d 14 85 00 00 00 00 8b  |....t...........|
+00006370  43 04 01 d0 8b 00 eb 05  b8 07 1a 00 00 83 ec 04  |C...............|
+00006380  50 68 0e 1a 00 00 8d 85  60 ff ff ff 50 e8 dd 02  |Ph......`...P...|
+00006390  00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c  8d 85 60 ff ff ff 50 e8  |..........`...P.|
+000063a0  94 01 00 00 83 c4 10 83  45 ec 01 8b 45 ec 3b 03  |........E...E.;.|
+000063b0  7e a0 83 ec 0c 68 12 1a  00 00 e8 79 01 00 00 83  |~....h.....y....|
+000063c0  c4 10 0f be 45 f3 83 ec  0c 50 e8 b1 01 00 00 83  |....E....P......|
+000063d0  c4 10 89 45 e0 83 7d e0  01 74 2e 0f be 45 f3 ff  |...E..}..t...E..|
+000063e0  75 e0 50 68 14 1a 00 00  8d 85 60 ff ff ff 50 e8  |u.Ph......`...P.|
+000063f0  7b 02 00 00 83 c4 10 83  ec 0c 8d 85 60 ff ff ff  |{...........`...|
+00006400  50 e8 32 01 00 00 83 c4  10 c7 45 e8 00 00 00 00  |P.2.......E.....|
+00006410  eb 61 c7 45 e4 00 00 00  00 eb 04 83 45 e4 01 81  |.a.E........E...|
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+00006c60  01 8b 45 f4 3b 45 10 7c  dd 83 7d f0 00 7e 1d 83  |..E.;E.|..}..~..|
+00006c70  7d 18 00 74 17 83 ec 04  ff 75 1c ff 75 f0 ff 75  |}..t.....u..u..u|
+00006c80  08 e8 0b 00 00 00 83 c4  10 89 45 08 8b 45 08 c9  |..........E..E..|
+00006c90  c3 55 89 e5 eb 12 8b 45  08 8d 50 01 89 55 08 8b  |.U.....E..P..U..|
+00006ca0  55 10 88 10 83 6d 0c 01  83 7d 0c 00 7f e8 8b 45  |U....m...}.....E|
+00006cb0  08 5d c3 00 6d 61 69 6e  32 3a 20 61 72 67 63 20  |.]..main2: argc |
+00006cc0  25 64 2c 20 61 72 67 73  3a 20 00 28 6e 75 6c 6c  |%d, args: .(null|
+00006cd0  29 00 20 25 73 00 0a 00  3d 3d 20 25 63 2c 20 77  |). %s...== %c, w|
+00006ce0  72 69 74 65 20 23 31 20  72 65 74 75 72 6e 65 64  |rite #1 returned|
+00006cf0  20 25 64 0a 00 3d 3d 20  25 63 2c 20 77 72 69 74  | %d..== %c, writ|
+00006d00  65 20 23 32 20 72 65 74  75 72 6e 65 64 20 25 64  |e #2 returned %d|
+00006d10  0a 00 43 68 69 6c 64 20  25 64 20 65 78 65 63 28  |..Child %d exec(|
+00006d20  29 20 23 25 75 20 66 61  69 6c 65 64 0a 00 00 00  |) #%u failed....|
+00006d30  74 14 00 00 b2 14 00 00  fe 15 00 00 fe 15 00 00  |t...............|
+00006d40  fe 15 00 00 fe 15 00 00  fe 15 00 00 fe 15 00 00  |................|
+*
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+00006d70  f6 14 00 00 fe 15 00 00  ad 15 00 00 fe 15 00 00  |................|
+00006d80  fe 15 00 00 28 15 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....(...........|
+00006d90  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+000072d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000072e0  03 00 01 00 00 00 00 00  f0 19 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000072f0  03 00 02 00 00 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......... ......|
+00007300  03 00 03 00 00 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......... ......|
+00007310  03 00 04 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00007320  04 00 f1 ff 0a 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00007330  04 00 f1 ff 12 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00007340  04 00 f1 ff 1b 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00007350  04 00 f1 ff 25 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....%...........|
+00007360  04 00 f1 ff 2e 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00007370  04 00 f1 ff 37 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....7...........|
+00007380  04 00 f1 ff 41 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....A...........|
+00007390  04 00 f1 ff 4a 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....J...........|
+000073a0  04 00 f1 ff 53 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....S...........|
+000073b0  04 00 f1 ff 5c 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....\...........|
+000073c0  04 00 f1 ff 66 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....f...........|
+000073d0  04 00 f1 ff 6f 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....o...........|
+000073e0  04 00 f1 ff 75 00 00 00  bc 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  |....u.......!...|
+000073f0  12 00 01 00 7e 00 00 00  2d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....~...-.......|
+00007400  10 00 01 00 86 00 00 00  a1 12 00 00 1b 00 00 00  |................|
+00007410  12 00 01 00 8d 00 00 00  20 16 00 00 72 00 00 00  |........ ...r...|
+00007420  12 00 01 00 95 00 00 00  98 18 00 00 32 00 00 00  |............2...|
+00007430  12 00 01 00 9c 00 00 00  55 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........U.......|
+00007440  10 00 01 00 a3 00 00 00  85 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00007450  10 00 01 00 a9 00 00 00  0a 13 00 00 1b 00 00 00  |................|
+00007460  12 00 01 00 b0 00 00 00  cd 19 00 00 22 00 00 00  |............"...|
+00007470  12 00 01 00 b4 00 00 00  de 11 00 00 75 00 00 00  |............u...|
+00007480  12 00 01 00 ba 00 00 00  ab 13 00 00 75 02 00 00  |............u...|
+00007490  12 00 01 00 c1 00 00 00  84 17 00 00 8a 00 00 00  |................|
+000074a0  12 00 01 00 c8 00 00 00  ca 18 00 00 66 00 00 00  |............f...|
+000074b0  12 00 01 00 87 00 00 00  4d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........M.......|
+000074c0  10 00 01 00 d0 00 00 00  7d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........}.......|
+000074d0  10 00 01 00 d5 00 00 00  74 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  |........t...-...|
+000074e0  12 00 01 00 dd 00 00 00  3d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........=.......|
+000074f0  10 00 01 00 e2 00 00 00  c6 11 00 00 18 00 00 00  |................|
+00007500  12 00 01 00 e7 00 00 00  dd 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  |............-...|
+00007510  12 00 01 00 ef 00 00 00  9b 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00007520  10 00 01 00 f6 00 00 00  45 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........E.......|
+00007530  10 00 01 00 fb 00 00 00  6d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........m.......|
+00007540  10 00 01 00 03 01 00 00  fb 16 00 00 89 00 00 00  |................|
+00007550  12 00 01 00 0b 01 00 00  35 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........5.......|
+00007560  10 00 01 00 10 01 00 00  00 10 00 00 c6 01 00 00  |................|
+00007570  12 00 01 00 15 01 00 00  5d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........].......|
+00007580  10 00 01 00 1d 01 00 00  30 19 00 00 9d 00 00 00  |........0.......|
+00007590  12 00 01 00 24 01 00 00  75 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....$...u.......|
+000075a0  10 00 01 00 2c 01 00 00  0e 18 00 00 8a 00 00 00  |....,...........|
+000075b0  12 00 01 00 33 01 00 00  53 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  |....3...S...!...|
+000075c0  12 00 01 00 3c 01 00 00  65 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....<...e.......|
+000075d0  10 00 01 00 44 01 00 00  b4 16 00 00 47 00 00 00  |....D.......G...|
+000075e0  12 00 01 00 5d 01 00 00  25 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....]...%.......|
+000075f0  10 00 01 00 4b 01 00 00  92 16 00 00 22 00 00 00  |....K......."...|
+00007600  12 00 01 00 52 01 00 00  8d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....R...........|
+00007610  10 00 01 00 58 01 00 00  95 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....X...........|
+00007620  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  67 44 45 2e 63 00 75 6c  |.....progDE.c.ul|
+00007630  69 62 63 2e 63 00 73 70  72 69 6e 74 2e 63 00 73  |ibc.c.sprint.c.s|
+00007640  74 72 32 69 6e 74 2e 63  00 73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e  |tr2int.c.strlen.|
+00007650  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  2e 63 00 63 76 74 64 65  |c.cvtdec.c.cvtde|
+00007660  63 30 2e 63 00 63 76 74  68 65 78 2e 63 00 63 76  |c0.c.cvthex.c.cv|
+00007670  74 6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63  76 74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00  |toct.c.cvtuns.c.|
+00007680  63 76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e  63 00 70 61 64 73 74 72  |cvtuns0.c.padstr|
+00007690  2e 63 00 70 61 64 2e 63  00 73 77 72 69 74 65 63  |.c.pad.c.swritec|
+000076a0  68 00 77 61 69 74 70 69  64 00 63 77 72 69 74 65  |h.waitpid.cwrite|
+000076b0  00 73 74 72 32 69 6e 74  00 63 76 74 75 6e 73 00  |.str2int.cvtuns.|
+000076c0  67 65 74 70 69 64 00 73  6c 65 65 70 00 73 77 72  |getpid.sleep.swr|
+000076d0  69 74 65 00 70 61 64 00  73 70 61 77 6e 00 73 70  |ite.pad.spawn.sp|
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+00007760  67 65 74 74 69 6d 65 00  63 76 74 64 65 63 00 73  |gettime.cvtdec.s|
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+000077c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
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+000080b0  f4 cc cc cc 0c c7 45 0c  08 00 00 00 83 7d f4 00  |......E......}..|
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+00008250  29 c2 89 d0 c9 c3 55 89  e5 83 ec 18 8b 45 0c ba  |).....U......E..|
+00008260  cd cc cc cc f7 e2 89 d0  c1 e8 03 89 45 f4 83 7d  |............E..}|
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+00008290  cc 89 c8 f7 e2 c1 ea 03  89 d0 c1 e0 02 01 d0 01  |................|
+000082a0  c0 29 c1 89 ca 89 d0 8d  48 30 8b 45 08 8d 50 01  |.)......H0.E..P.|
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+000082c0  ec 18 83 7d 10 00 79 11  83 ec 0c ff 75 0c e8 4b  |...}..y.....u..K|
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+00008320  0f b6 11 88 10 83 45 f4  01 8b 45 f4 3b 45 10 7c  |......E...E.;E.||
+00008330  dd 83 7d f0 00 7e 1d 83  7d 18 00 74 17 83 ec 04  |..}..~..}..t....|
+00008340  ff 75 1c ff 75 f0 ff 75  08 e8 0b 00 00 00 83 c4  |.u..u..u........|
+00008350  10 89 45 08 8b 45 08 c9  c3 55 89 e5 eb 12 8b 45  |..E..E...U.....E|
+00008360  08 8d 50 01 89 55 08 8b  55 10 88 10 83 6d 0c 01  |..P..U..U....m..|
+00008370  83 7d 0c 00 7f e8 8b 45  08 5d c3 00 6d 61 69 6e  |.}.....E.]..main|
+00008380  33 3a 20 61 72 67 63 20  25 64 2c 20 61 72 67 73  |3: argc %d, args|
+00008390  3a 20 00 28 6e 75 6c 6c  29 00 20 25 73 00 0a 00  |: .(null). %s...|
+000083a0  3d 3d 3d 20 25 63 2c 20  77 72 69 74 65 20 23 31  |=== %c, write #1|
+000083b0  20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 65  64 20 25 64 0a 00 43 68  | returned %d..Ch|
+000083c0  69 6c 64 20 25 64 20 65  78 65 63 28 29 20 23 25  |ild %d exec() #%|
+000083d0  75 20 66 61 69 6c 65 64  0a 00 00 00 8c 14 00 00  |u failed........|
+000083e0  ca 14 00 00 16 16 00 00  16 16 00 00 16 16 00 00  |................|
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+00008400  16 16 00 00 16 16 00 00  16 16 00 00 84 15 00 00  |................|
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+0000a350  10 00 01 00 4a 01 00 00  a7 16 00 00 22 00 00 00  |....J......."...|
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+0000a3e0  76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e 63  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 2e  |vtuns0.c.padstr.|
+0000a3f0  63 00 70 61 64 2e 63 00  73 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  |c.pad.c.swritech|
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+0000a430  74 65 00 70 61 64 00 73  70 61 77 6e 00 73 70 72  |te.pad.spawn.spr|
+0000a440  69 6e 74 00 63 76 74 68  65 78 00 63 76 74 75 6e  |int.cvthex.cvtun|
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+0000a6c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  |................|
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+0000b270  72 67 63 20 25 64 2c 20  61 72 67 73 3a 20 00 28  |rgc %d, args: .(|
+0000b280  6e 75 6c 6c 29 00 20 25  73 00 0a 00 75 73 65 72  |null). %s...user|
+0000b290  57 00 57 00 31 30 00 35  00 21 21 20 25 63 3a 20  |W.W.10.5.!! %c: |
+0000b2a0  6b 69 6c 6c 28 25 64 29  20 73 74 61 74 75 73 20  |kill(%d) status |
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+0000b2c0  20 25 64 20 28 25 64 29  0a 00 43 68 69 6c 64 20  | %d (%d)..Child |
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+*
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+0000b8b0  12 00 01 00 c7 00 00 00  6c 1a 00 00 66 00 00 00  |........l...f...|
+0000b8c0  12 00 01 00 86 00 00 00  ef 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+0000b8d0  10 00 01 00 cf 00 00 00  1f 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
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+0000b960  12 00 01 00 0a 01 00 00  d7 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+0000b970  10 00 01 00 0f 01 00 00  00 10 00 00 68 03 00 00  |............h...|
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+0000b990  10 00 01 00 1c 01 00 00  d2 1a 00 00 9d 00 00 00  |................|
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+0000ba20  10 00 01 00 57 01 00 00  37 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....W...7.......|
+0000ba30  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  67 49 2e 63 00 75 6c 69  |.....progI.c.uli|
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+0000ba50  72 32 69 6e 74 2e 63 00  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e 63  |r2int.c.strlen.c|
+0000ba60  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 2e  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  |.cvtdec.c.cvtdec|
+0000ba70  30 2e 63 00 63 76 74 68  65 78 2e 63 00 63 76 74  |0.c.cvthex.c.cvt|
+0000ba80  6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63 76  74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00 63  |oct.c.cvtuns.c.c|
+0000ba90  76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e 63  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 2e  |vtuns0.c.padstr.|
+0000baa0  63 00 70 61 64 2e 63 00  73 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  |c.pad.c.swritech|
+0000bab0  00 77 61 69 74 70 69 64  00 63 77 72 69 74 65 00  |.waitpid.cwrite.|
+0000bac0  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 00  63 76 74 75 6e 73 00 67  |str2int.cvtuns.g|
+0000bad0  65 74 70 69 64 00 73 6c  65 65 70 00 73 77 72 69  |etpid.sleep.swri|
+0000bae0  74 65 00 70 61 64 00 73  70 61 77 6e 00 73 70 72  |te.pad.spawn.spr|
+0000baf0  69 6e 74 00 63 76 74 68  65 78 00 63 76 74 75 6e  |int.cvthex.cvtun|
+0000bb00  73 30 00 6b 69 6c 6c 00  63 77 72 69 74 65 73 00  |s0.kill.cwrites.|
+0000bb10  65 78 65 63 00 77 61 69  74 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  |exec.wait.swrite|
+0000bb20  73 00 5f 73 74 61 72 74  00 72 65 61 64 00 67 65  |s._start.read.ge|
+0000bb30  74 70 72 69 6f 00 63 76  74 64 65 63 30 00 66 6f  |tprio.cvtdec0.fo|
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+0000e820  00 73 74 72 32 69 6e 74  00 63 76 74 75 6e 73 00  |.str2int.cvtuns.|
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+0000f570  25 64 2c 20 61 72 67 73  3a 20 00 28 6e 75 6c 6c  |%d, args: .(null|
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+0000f590  31 35 00 35 00 75 73 65  72 5a 00 5a 00 43 68 69  |15.5.userZ.Z.Chi|
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+0000fd20  12 00 01 00 e7 00 00 00  6c 13 00 00 2d 00 00 00  |........l...-...|
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+0000fe00  12 00 01 00 5d 01 00 00  b4 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....]...........|
+0000fe10  10 00 01 00 4b 01 00 00  21 17 00 00 22 00 00 00  |....K...!..."...|
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+0000fe30  10 00 01 00 58 01 00 00  24 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....X...$.......|
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+0000fe60  74 72 32 69 6e 74 2e 63  00 73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e  |tr2int.c.strlen.|
+0000fe70  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  2e 63 00 63 76 74 64 65  |c.cvtdec.c.cvtde|
+0000fe80  63 30 2e 63 00 63 76 74  68 65 78 2e 63 00 63 76  |c0.c.cvthex.c.cv|
+0000fe90  74 6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63  76 74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00  |toct.c.cvtuns.c.|
+0000fea0  63 76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e  63 00 70 61 64 73 74 72  |cvtuns0.c.padstr|
+0000feb0  2e 63 00 70 61 64 2e 63  00 73 77 72 69 74 65 63  |.c.pad.c.swritec|
+0000fec0  68 00 77 61 69 74 70 69  64 00 63 77 72 69 74 65  |h.waitpid.cwrite|
+0000fed0  00 73 74 72 32 69 6e 74  00 63 76 74 75 6e 73 00  |.str2int.cvtuns.|
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+0000fef0  69 74 65 00 70 61 64 00  73 70 61 77 6e 00 73 70  |ite.pad.spawn.sp|
+0000ff00  72 69 6e 74 00 63 76 74  68 65 78 00 63 76 74 75  |rint.cvthex.cvtu|
+0000ff10  6e 73 30 00 6b 69 6c 6c  00 63 77 72 69 74 65 73  |ns0.kill.cwrites|
+0000ff20  00 65 78 65 63 00 77 61  69 74 00 73 77 72 69 74  |.exec.wait.swrit|
+0000ff30  65 73 00 5f 73 74 61 72  74 00 72 65 61 64 00 67  |es._start.read.g|
+0000ff40  65 74 70 72 69 6f 00 63  76 74 64 65 63 30 00 66  |etprio.cvtdec0.f|
+0000ff50  6f 72 6b 00 6d 61 69 6e  00 67 65 74 70 70 69 64  |ork.main.getppid|
+0000ff60  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 00  73 65 74 70 72 69 6f 00  |.padstr.setprio.|
+0000ff70  63 76 74 6f 63 74 00 63  77 72 69 74 65 63 68 00  |cvtoct.cwritech.|
+0000ff80  67 65 74 74 69 6d 65 00  63 76 74 64 65 63 00 73  |gettime.cvtdec.s|
+0000ff90  74 72 6c 65 6e 00 62 6f  67 75 73 00 66 61 6b 65  |trlen.bogus.fake|
+0000ffa0  5f 65 78 69 74 00 00 2e  73 79 6d 74 61 62 00 2e  |_exit...symtab..|
+0000ffb0  73 74 72 74 61 62 00 2e  73 68 73 74 72 74 61 62  |strtab..shstrtab|
+0000ffc0  00 2e 74 65 78 74 00 2e  72 6f 64 61 74 61 00 2e  |..text..rodata..|
+0000ffd0  64 61 74 61 00 2e 62 73  73 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |data..bss.......|
+0000ffe0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+00010000  00 00 00 00 1b 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00  |................|
+00010010  00 10 00 00 74 00 00 00  7e 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....t...~.......|
+00010020  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  |............!...|
+00010030  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  80 1a 00 00 f4 0a 00 00  |................|
+00010040  b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  |................|
+00010050  00 00 00 00 29 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  |....)...........|
+00010060  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..t...........|
+00010070  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00  |............/...|
+00010080  08 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  |......... ..t...|
+00010090  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+000100a0  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000100b0  00 00 00 00 74 10 00 00  60 03 00 00 06 00 00 00  |....t...`.......|
+000100c0  12 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  10 00 00 00 09 00 00 00  |................|
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+000100f0  00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00010100  00 00 00 00 36 15 00 00  34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....6...4.......|
+00010110  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00010120  7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.ELF............|
+00010130  02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00  87 13 00 00 34 00 00 00  |............4...|
+00010140  6c 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00  |l.......4. ...(.|
+00010150  08 00 07 00 01 00 00 00  74 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  |........t.......|
+00010160  00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 07 00 00 00  |................|
+00010170  04 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....Q.td........|
+00010180  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  |................|
+00010190  10 00 00 00 8d 4c 24 04  83 e4 f0 ff 71 fc 55 89  |.....L$.....q.U.|
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+00013960  64 2c 25 64 5d 00 2a 2a  20 52 5b 25 64 5d 20 66  |d,%d].** R[%d] f|
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+*
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+00013f50  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 2d 00 00 00  |............-...|
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+00014060  55 1a 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b3 00 00 00  |U..."...........|
+00014070  66 12 00 00 75 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b9 00 00 00  |f...u...........|
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+000140f0  4e 12 00 00 18 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 e6 00 00 00  |N...............|
+00014100  65 13 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 ee 00 00 00  |e...-...........|
+00014110  23 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 f5 00 00 00  |#...............|
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+00014170  e5 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 1c 01 00 00  |................|
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+000141d0  3c 17 00 00 47 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 5c 01 00 00  |<...G.......\...|
+000141e0  ad 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 4a 01 00 00  |............J...|
+000141f0  1a 17 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 51 01 00 00  |....".......Q...|
+00014200  15 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 57 01 00 00  |............W...|
+00014210  1d 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  |.............pro|
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+00014230  69 6e 74 2e 63 00 73 74  72 32 69 6e 74 2e 63 00  |int.c.str2int.c.|
+00014240  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e 63  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 2e  |strlen.c.cvtdec.|
+00014250  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  30 2e 63 00 63 76 74 68  |c.cvtdec0.c.cvth|
+00014260  65 78 2e 63 00 63 76 74  6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63 76  |ex.c.cvtoct.c.cv|
+00014270  74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00 63  76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e 63  |tuns.c.cvtuns0.c|
+00014280  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 2e  63 00 70 61 64 2e 63 00  |.padstr.c.pad.c.|
+00014290  73 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  00 77 61 69 74 70 69 64  |swritech.waitpid|
+000142a0  00 63 77 72 69 74 65 00  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 00  |.cwrite.str2int.|
+000142b0  63 76 74 75 6e 73 00 67  65 74 70 69 64 00 73 6c  |cvtuns.getpid.sl|
+000142c0  65 65 70 00 73 77 72 69  74 65 00 70 61 64 00 73  |eep.swrite.pad.s|
+000142d0  70 61 77 6e 00 73 70 72  69 6e 74 00 63 76 74 68  |pawn.sprint.cvth|
+000142e0  65 78 00 63 76 74 75 6e  73 30 00 6b 69 6c 6c 00  |ex.cvtuns0.kill.|
+000142f0  63 77 72 69 74 65 73 00  65 78 65 63 00 77 61 69  |cwrites.exec.wai|
+00014300  74 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  73 00 5f 73 74 61 72 74  |t.swrites._start|
+00014310  00 72 65 61 64 00 67 65  74 70 72 69 6f 00 63 76  |.read.getprio.cv|
+00014320  74 64 65 63 30 00 66 6f  72 6b 00 6d 61 69 6e 00  |tdec0.fork.main.|
+00014330  67 65 74 70 70 69 64 00  70 61 64 73 74 72 00 73  |getppid.padstr.s|
+00014340  65 74 70 72 69 6f 00 63  76 74 6f 63 74 00 63 77  |etprio.cvtoct.cw|
+00014350  72 69 74 65 63 68 00 67  65 74 74 69 6d 65 00 63  |ritech.gettime.c|
+00014360  76 74 64 65 63 00 73 74  72 6c 65 6e 00 62 6f 67  |vtdec.strlen.bog|
+00014370  75 73 00 66 61 6b 65 5f  65 78 69 74 00 00 2e 73  |us.fake_exit...s|
+00014380  79 6d 74 61 62 00 2e 73  74 72 74 61 62 00 2e 73  |ymtab..strtab..s|
+00014390  68 73 74 72 74 61 62 00  2e 74 65 78 74 00 2e 72  |hstrtab..text..r|
+000143a0  6f 64 61 74 61 00 2e 64  61 74 61 00 2e 62 73 73  |odata..data..bss|
+000143b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
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+000143e0  01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00  00 10 00 00 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+000143f0  77 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |w...............|
+00014400  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |....!...........|
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+00014420  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 29 00 00 00  |............)...|
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+00014440  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00014450  00 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00  08 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  |..../...........|
+00014460  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..t...........|
+00014470  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
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+00014490  60 03 00 00 06 00 00 00  12 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  |`...............|
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+000144c0  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00  |................|
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+00014500  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00014510  43 13 00 00 34 00 00 00  6c 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  |C...4...l.......|
+00014520  34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00  08 00 07 00 01 00 00 00  |4. ...(.........|
+00014530  74 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00  |t...............|
+00014540  00 10 00 00 07 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  |............Q.td|
+00014550  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00014560  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  10 00 00 00 8d 4c 24 04  |.............L$.|
+00014570  83 e4 f0 ff 71 fc 55 89  e5 53 51 81 ec 90 00 00  |....q.U..SQ.....|
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+000145c0  ef e9 a4 00 00 00 83 ec  04 ff 33 68 98 19 00 00  |..........3h....|
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+00014610  8d 14 85 00 00 00 00 8b  43 04 01 d0 8b 00 eb 05  |........C.......|
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+00014640  8d 85 6f ff ff ff 50 e8  3c 01 00 00 83 c4 10 83  |..o...P.<.......|
+00014650  45 f0 01 8b 45 f0 3b 03  7e a0 83 ec 0c 68 ba 19  |E...E.;.~....h..|
+00014660  00 00 e8 21 01 00 00 83  c4 10 83 ec 04 6a 01 8d  |...!.........j..|
+00014670  45 ef 50 6a 01 e8 e7 01  00 00 83 c4 10 8b 45 f4  |E.Pj..........E.|
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+00014690  85 6f ff ff ff 50 e8 24  02 00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec  |.o...P.$........|
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+000146c0  00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec 04  6a 01 8d 45 ef 50 6a 01  |........j..E.Pj.|
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+000146e0  83 ec 08 ff 75 08 6a 00  e8 54 01 00 00 83 c4 10  |....u.j..T......|
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+00014710  01 00 00 89 45 f4 83 ec  08 ff 75 0c ff 75 08 e8  |....E.....u..u..|
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+00014780  00 00 00 83 c4 10 c9 c3  55 89 e5 83 ec 18 83 ec  |........U.......|
+00014790  0c ff 75 08 e8 0d 04 00  00 83 c4 10 89 45 f4 8b  |..u..........E..|
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+00014800  00 00 83 c4 10 89 45 f4  8b 45 f4 83 ec 04 50 ff  |......E..E....P.|
+00014810  75 08 6a 01 e8 48 00 00  00 83 c4 10 c9 c3 55 89  |u.j..H........U.|
+00014820  e5 83 ec 08 83 ec 04 ff  75 0c ff 75 08 6a 01 e8  |........u..u.j..|
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+00014f30  65 65 70 69 6e 67 20 25  64 28 25 64 29 0a 00 43  |eeping %d(%d)..C|
+00014f40  68 69 6c 64 20 25 64 20  65 78 65 63 28 29 20 23  |hild %d exec() #|
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+*
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+00015590  98 19 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 02 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000155a0  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 03 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..............|
+000155b0  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 04 00 01 00 00 00  |. ..............|
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+000155f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 24 00 00 00  |............$...|
+00015600  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 2d 00 00 00  |............-...|
+00015610  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 36 00 00 00  |............6...|
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+00015630  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 49 00 00 00  |............I...|
+00015640  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 52 00 00 00  |............R...|
+00015650  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 5b 00 00 00  |............[...|
+00015660  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 65 00 00 00  |............e...|
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+00015680  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+00015690  64 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 7d 00 00 00  |d...!.......}...|
+000156a0  d5 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 85 00 00 00  |................|
+000156b0  49 12 00 00 1b 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 8c 00 00 00  |I...............|
+000156c0  c8 15 00 00 72 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 94 00 00 00  |....r...........|
+000156d0  40 18 00 00 32 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 9b 00 00 00  |@...2...........|
+000156e0  fd 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 a2 00 00 00  |................|
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+00015720  86 11 00 00 75 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b9 00 00 00  |....u...........|
+00015730  53 13 00 00 75 02 00 00  12 00 01 00 c0 00 00 00  |S...u...........|
+00015740  2c 17 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 c7 00 00 00  |,...............|
+00015750  72 18 00 00 66 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 86 00 00 00  |r...f...........|
+00015760  f5 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 cf 00 00 00  |................|
+00015770  25 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 d4 00 00 00  |%...............|
+00015780  1c 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 dc 00 00 00  |....-...........|
+00015790  e5 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 e1 00 00 00  |................|
+000157a0  6e 11 00 00 18 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 e6 00 00 00  |n...............|
+000157b0  85 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 ee 00 00 00  |....-...........|
+000157c0  43 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 f5 00 00 00  |C...............|
+000157d0  ed 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 fa 00 00 00  |................|
+000157e0  15 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 02 01 00 00  |................|
+000157f0  a3 16 00 00 89 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 0a 01 00 00  |................|
+00015800  dd 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 0f 01 00 00  |................|
+00015810  00 10 00 00 6e 01 00 00  12 00 01 00 14 01 00 00  |....n...........|
+00015820  05 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 1c 01 00 00  |................|
+00015830  d8 18 00 00 9d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 23 01 00 00  |............#...|
+00015840  1d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 2b 01 00 00  |............+...|
+00015850  b6 17 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 32 01 00 00  |............2...|
+00015860  fb 11 00 00 21 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 3b 01 00 00  |....!.......;...|
+00015870  0d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 43 01 00 00  |............C...|
+00015880  5c 16 00 00 47 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 5c 01 00 00  |\...G.......\...|
+00015890  cd 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 4a 01 00 00  |............J...|
+000158a0  3a 16 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 51 01 00 00  |:...".......Q...|
+000158b0  35 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 57 01 00 00  |5...........W...|
+000158c0  3d 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  |=............pro|
+000158d0  67 53 2e 63 00 75 6c 69  62 63 2e 63 00 73 70 72  |gS.c.ulibc.c.spr|
+000158e0  69 6e 74 2e 63 00 73 74  72 32 69 6e 74 2e 63 00  |int.c.str2int.c.|
+000158f0  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e 63  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 2e  |strlen.c.cvtdec.|
+00015900  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  30 2e 63 00 63 76 74 68  |c.cvtdec0.c.cvth|
+00015910  65 78 2e 63 00 63 76 74  6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63 76  |ex.c.cvtoct.c.cv|
+00015920  74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00 63  76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e 63  |tuns.c.cvtuns0.c|
+00015930  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 2e  63 00 70 61 64 2e 63 00  |.padstr.c.pad.c.|
+00015940  73 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  00 77 61 69 74 70 69 64  |swritech.waitpid|
+00015950  00 63 77 72 69 74 65 00  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 00  |.cwrite.str2int.|
+00015960  63 76 74 75 6e 73 00 67  65 74 70 69 64 00 73 6c  |cvtuns.getpid.sl|
+00015970  65 65 70 00 73 77 72 69  74 65 00 70 61 64 00 73  |eep.swrite.pad.s|
+00015980  70 61 77 6e 00 73 70 72  69 6e 74 00 63 76 74 68  |pawn.sprint.cvth|
+00015990  65 78 00 63 76 74 75 6e  73 30 00 6b 69 6c 6c 00  |ex.cvtuns0.kill.|
+000159a0  63 77 72 69 74 65 73 00  65 78 65 63 00 77 61 69  |cwrites.exec.wai|
+000159b0  74 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  73 00 5f 73 74 61 72 74  |t.swrites._start|
+000159c0  00 72 65 61 64 00 67 65  74 70 72 69 6f 00 63 76  |.read.getprio.cv|
+000159d0  74 64 65 63 30 00 66 6f  72 6b 00 6d 61 69 6e 00  |tdec0.fork.main.|
+000159e0  67 65 74 70 70 69 64 00  70 61 64 73 74 72 00 73  |getppid.padstr.s|
+000159f0  65 74 70 72 69 6f 00 63  76 74 6f 63 74 00 63 77  |etprio.cvtoct.cw|
+00015a00  72 69 74 65 63 68 00 67  65 74 74 69 6d 65 00 63  |ritech.gettime.c|
+00015a10  76 74 64 65 63 00 73 74  72 6c 65 6e 00 62 6f 67  |vtdec.strlen.bog|
+00015a20  75 73 00 66 61 6b 65 5f  65 78 69 74 00 00 2e 73  |us.fake_exit...s|
+00015a30  79 6d 74 61 62 00 2e 73  74 72 74 61 62 00 2e 73  |ymtab..strtab..s|
+00015a40  68 73 74 72 74 61 62 00  2e 74 65 78 74 00 2e 72  |hstrtab..text..r|
+00015a50  6f 64 61 74 61 00 2e 64  61 74 61 00 2e 62 73 73  |odata..data..bss|
+00015a60  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
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+00015a90  01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00  00 10 00 00 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+00015aa0  97 09 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00015ab0  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |....!...........|
+00015ac0  98 19 00 00 0c 0a 00 00  b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00015ad0  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 29 00 00 00  |............)...|
+00015ae0  01 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  |......... ..t...|
+00015af0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00015b00  00 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00  08 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  |..../...........|
+00015b10  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..t...........|
+00015b20  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00015b30  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 74 10 00 00  |............t...|
+00015b40  60 03 00 00 06 00 00 00  12 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  |`...............|
+00015b50  10 00 00 00 09 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00015b60  00 00 00 00 d4 13 00 00  61 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........a.......|
+00015b70  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00  |................|
+00015b80  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 35 15 00 00  |............5...|
+00015b90  34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |4...............|
+00015ba0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00  |.........ELF....|
+00015bb0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00015bc0  40 16 00 00 34 00 00 00  6c 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  |@...4...l.......|
+00015bd0  34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00  08 00 07 00 01 00 00 00  |4. ...(.........|
+00015be0  74 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00  |t...............|
+00015bf0  00 10 00 00 07 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  |............Q.td|
+00015c00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00015c10  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  10 00 00 00 8d 4c 24 04  |.............L$.|
+00015c20  83 e4 f0 ff 71 fc 55 89  e5 53 51 81 ec a0 01 00  |....q.U..SQ.....|
+00015c30  00 89 cb c7 45 f4 03 00  00 00 c6 45 cb 36 c7 45  |....E......E.6.E|
+00015c40  d0 08 00 00 00 c6 45 f3  01 c6 45 f2 01 c7 45 ec  |......E...E...E.|
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+000168b0  6d 61 69 6e 36 3a 20 61  72 67 63 20 25 64 2c 20  |main6: argc %d, |
+000168c0  61 72 67 73 3a 20 00 28  6e 75 6c 6c 29 00 20 25  |args: .(null). %|
+000168d0  73 00 0a 00 75 73 65 72  57 00 57 00 31 30 00 35  |s...userW.W.10.5|
+000168e0  00 21 21 20 25 63 3a 20  77 61 69 74 70 69 64 28  |.!! %c: waitpid(|
+000168f0  25 64 29 20 73 74 61 74  75 73 20 25 64 0a 00 21  |%d) status %d..!|
+00016900  21 20 25 63 3a 20 6b 69  6c 6c 28 25 64 29 20 73  |! %c: kill(%d) s|
+00016910  74 61 74 75 73 20 25 64  0a 00 21 21 20 25 63 3a  |tatus %d..!! %c:|
+00016920  20 6e 6f 20 63 68 69 6c  64 72 65 6e 0a 00 00 00  | no children....|
+00016930  2a 2a 20 25 63 3a 20 77  61 69 74 2f 6b 69 6c 6c  |** %c: wait/kill|
+00016940  20 50 49 44 20 25 64 2c  20 67 6f 74 20 25 64 0a  | PID %d, got %d.|
+00016950  00 00 00 00 21 21 20 25  63 3a 20 63 68 69 6c 64  |....!! %c: child|
+00016960  20 50 49 44 20 25 64 20  74 65 72 6d 2c 20 4e 4f  | PID %d term, NO|
+00016970  54 20 46 4f 55 4e 44 0a  00 00 00 00 3d 3d 20 25  |T FOUND.....== %|
+00016980  63 3a 20 63 68 69 6c 64  20 25 64 20 28 25 64 2c  |c: child %d (%d,|
+00016990  25 64 29 20 73 74 61 74  75 73 20 25 64 0a 00 00  |%d) status %d...|
+000169a0  3d 3d 20 25 63 3a 20 63  68 69 6c 64 20 25 64 20  |== %c: child %d |
+000169b0  28 25 64 29 20 73 74 61  74 75 73 20 25 64 0a 00  |(%d) status %d..|
+000169c0  43 68 69 6c 64 20 25 64  20 65 78 65 63 28 29 20  |Child %d exec() |
+000169d0  23 25 75 20 66 61 69 6c  65 64 0a 00 19 17 00 00  |#%u failed......|
+000169e0  57 17 00 00 a3 18 00 00  a3 18 00 00 a3 18 00 00  |W...............|
+000169f0  a3 18 00 00 a3 18 00 00  a3 18 00 00 a3 18 00 00  |................|
+00016a00  a3 18 00 00 a3 18 00 00  a3 18 00 00 11 18 00 00  |................|
+00016a10  a3 18 00 00 a3 18 00 00  a3 18 00 00 9b 17 00 00  |................|
+00016a20  a3 18 00 00 52 18 00 00  a3 18 00 00 a3 18 00 00  |....R...........|
+00016a30  cd 17 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00016a40  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
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+00016c40  94 1c 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 02 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00016c50  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 03 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..............|
+00016c60  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 04 00 01 00 00 00  |. ..............|
+00016c70  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 0b 00 00 00  |................|
+00016c80  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 13 00 00 00  |................|
+00016c90  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 1c 00 00 00  |................|
+00016ca0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 26 00 00 00  |............&...|
+00016cb0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 2f 00 00 00  |............/...|
+00016cc0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 38 00 00 00  |............8...|
+00016cd0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 42 00 00 00  |............B...|
+00016ce0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 4b 00 00 00  |............K...|
+00016cf0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 54 00 00 00  |............T...|
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+00016d70  c5 18 00 00 72 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 96 00 00 00  |....r...........|
+00016d80  3d 1b 00 00 32 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 9d 00 00 00  |=...2...........|
+00016d90  fa 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 a4 00 00 00  |................|
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+00016db0  af 15 00 00 1b 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b1 00 00 00  |................|
+00016dc0  72 1c 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b5 00 00 00  |r..."...........|
+00016dd0  83 14 00 00 75 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 bb 00 00 00  |....u...........|
+00016de0  50 16 00 00 75 02 00 00  12 00 01 00 c2 00 00 00  |P...u...........|
+00016df0  29 1a 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 c9 00 00 00  |)...............|
+00016e00  6f 1b 00 00 66 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 88 00 00 00  |o...f...........|
+00016e10  f2 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 d1 00 00 00  |................|
+00016e20  22 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 d6 00 00 00  |"...............|
+00016e30  19 15 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 de 00 00 00  |....-...........|
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+00016e60  82 15 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 f0 00 00 00  |....-...........|
+00016e70  40 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 f7 00 00 00  |@...............|
+00016e80  ea 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 fc 00 00 00  |................|
+00016e90  12 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 04 01 00 00  |................|
+00016ea0  a0 19 00 00 89 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 0c 01 00 00  |................|
+00016eb0  da 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 11 01 00 00  |................|
+00016ec0  00 10 00 00 6b 04 00 00  12 00 01 00 16 01 00 00  |....k...........|
+00016ed0  02 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 1e 01 00 00  |................|
+00016ee0  d5 1b 00 00 9d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 25 01 00 00  |............%...|
+00016ef0  1a 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 2d 01 00 00  |............-...|
+00016f00  b3 1a 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 34 01 00 00  |............4...|
+00016f10  f8 14 00 00 21 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 3d 01 00 00  |....!.......=...|
+00016f20  0a 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 45 01 00 00  |............E...|
+00016f30  59 19 00 00 47 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 5e 01 00 00  |Y...G.......^...|
+00016f40  ca 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 4c 01 00 00  |............L...|
+00016f50  37 19 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 53 01 00 00  |7...".......S...|
+00016f60  32 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 59 01 00 00  |2...........Y...|
+00016f70  3a 16 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  |:............pro|
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+00016f90  70 72 69 6e 74 2e 63 00  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 2e  |print.c.str2int.|
+00016fa0  63 00 73 74 72 6c 65 6e  2e 63 00 63 76 74 64 65  |c.strlen.c.cvtde|
+00016fb0  63 2e 63 00 63 76 74 64  65 63 30 2e 63 00 63 76  |c.c.cvtdec0.c.cv|
+00016fc0  74 68 65 78 2e 63 00 63  76 74 6f 63 74 2e 63 00  |thex.c.cvtoct.c.|
+00016fd0  63 76 74 75 6e 73 2e 63  00 63 76 74 75 6e 73 30  |cvtuns.c.cvtuns0|
+00016fe0  2e 63 00 70 61 64 73 74  72 2e 63 00 70 61 64 2e  |.c.padstr.c.pad.|
+00016ff0  63 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  63 68 00 77 61 69 74 70  |c.swritech.waitp|
+00017000  69 64 00 63 77 72 69 74  65 00 73 74 72 32 69 6e  |id.cwrite.str2in|
+00017010  74 00 63 76 74 75 6e 73  00 67 65 74 70 69 64 00  |t.cvtuns.getpid.|
+00017020  73 6c 65 65 70 00 73 77  72 69 74 65 00 70 61 64  |sleep.swrite.pad|
+00017030  00 73 70 61 77 6e 00 73  70 72 69 6e 74 00 63 76  |.spawn.sprint.cv|
+00017040  74 68 65 78 00 63 76 74  75 6e 73 30 00 6b 69 6c  |thex.cvtuns0.kil|
+00017050  6c 00 63 77 72 69 74 65  73 00 65 78 65 63 00 77  |l.cwrites.exec.w|
+00017060  61 69 74 00 73 77 72 69  74 65 73 00 5f 73 74 61  |ait.swrites._sta|
+00017070  72 74 00 72 65 61 64 00  67 65 74 70 72 69 6f 00  |rt.read.getprio.|
+00017080  63 76 74 64 65 63 30 00  66 6f 72 6b 00 6d 61 69  |cvtdec0.fork.mai|
+00017090  6e 00 67 65 74 70 70 69  64 00 70 61 64 73 74 72  |n.getppid.padstr|
+000170a0  00 73 65 74 70 72 69 6f  00 63 76 74 6f 63 74 00  |.setprio.cvtoct.|
+000170b0  63 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  00 67 65 74 74 69 6d 65  |cwritech.gettime|
+000170c0  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 00  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 00 62  |.cvtdec.strlen.b|
+000170d0  6f 67 75 73 00 66 61 6b  65 5f 65 78 69 74 00 00  |ogus.fake_exit..|
+000170e0  2e 73 79 6d 74 61 62 00  2e 73 74 72 74 61 62 00  |.symtab..strtab.|
+000170f0  2e 73 68 73 74 72 74 61  62 00 2e 74 65 78 74 00  |.shstrtab..text.|
+00017100  2e 72 6f 64 61 74 61 00  2e 64 61 74 61 00 2e 62  |.rodata..data..b|
+00017110  73 73 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |ss..............|
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+00017130  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 1b 00 00 00  |................|
+00017140  01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00  00 10 00 00 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+00017150  94 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00017160  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |....!...........|
+00017170  94 1c 00 00 08 0d 00 00  84 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00017180  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 29 00 00 00  |............)...|
+00017190  01 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  |......... ..t...|
+000171a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+000171b0  00 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00  08 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  |..../...........|
+000171c0  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..t...........|
+000171d0  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
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+000171f0  60 03 00 00 06 00 00 00  12 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  |`...............|
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+00017210  00 00 00 00 d4 13 00 00  63 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........c.......|
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+00017230  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 37 15 00 00  |............7...|
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+00017290  74 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00  |t...............|
+000172a0  00 10 00 00 07 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  |............Q.td|
+000172b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000172c0  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  10 00 00 00 8d 4c 24 04  |.............L$.|
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+00017460  0f be c0 83 ec 0c ff 75  e0 ff 75 e4 50 68 5f 1a  |.......u..u.Ph_.|
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+00017490  83 c4 10 8b 45 f0 69 c0  e8 03 00 00 83 ec 0c 50  |....E.i........P|
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+00017530  81 01 00 00 83 c4 10 83  ec 0c 8d 85 f4 fe ff ff  |................|
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+00017760  7d f3 39 7e cc 0f be 45  f3 83 e8 63 83 f8 15 0f  |}.9~...E...c....|
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+000177d0  ea 01 00 00 83 c4 10 89  45 e0 83 ec 08 ff 75 e4  |........E.....u.|
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+000177f0  e8 45 04 00 00 83 c4 20  89 45 08 e9 08 01 00 00  |.E..... .E......|
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+00017810  08 ff 75 e4 ff 75 ec ff  75 e8 6a ff ff 75 dc ff  |..u..u..u.j..u..|
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+00017830  00 00 8b 45 f4 8d 50 04  89 55 f4 8b 00 83 ec 08  |...E..P..U......|
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+00017850  83 ec 08 ff 75 e4 ff 75  ec ff 75 e8 ff 75 e0 8d  |....u..u..u..u..|
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+000178b0  c4 20 89 45 08 eb 51 8b  45 f4 8d 50 04 89 55 f4  |. .E..Q.E..P..U.|
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+000185f0  63 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 4a 01 00 00  |c...........J...|
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+00018610  cb 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 57 01 00 00  |............W...|
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+00018650  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e 63  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 2e  |strlen.c.cvtdec.|
+00018660  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  30 2e 63 00 63 76 74 68  |c.cvtdec0.c.cvth|
+00018670  65 78 2e 63 00 63 76 74  6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63 76  |ex.c.cvtoct.c.cv|
+00018680  74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00 63  76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e 63  |tuns.c.cvtuns0.c|
+00018690  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 2e  63 00 70 61 64 2e 63 00  |.padstr.c.pad.c.|
+000186a0  73 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  00 77 61 69 74 70 69 64  |swritech.waitpid|
+000186b0  00 63 77 72 69 74 65 00  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 00  |.cwrite.str2int.|
+000186c0  63 76 74 75 6e 73 00 67  65 74 70 69 64 00 73 6c  |cvtuns.getpid.sl|
+000186d0  65 65 70 00 73 77 72 69  74 65 00 70 61 64 00 73  |eep.swrite.pad.s|
+000186e0  70 61 77 6e 00 73 70 72  69 6e 74 00 63 76 74 68  |pawn.sprint.cvth|
+000186f0  65 78 00 63 76 74 75 6e  73 30 00 6b 69 6c 6c 00  |ex.cvtuns0.kill.|
+00018700  63 77 72 69 74 65 73 00  65 78 65 63 00 77 61 69  |cwrites.exec.wai|
+00018710  74 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  73 00 5f 73 74 61 72 74  |t.swrites._start|
+00018720  00 72 65 61 64 00 67 65  74 70 72 69 6f 00 63 76  |.read.getprio.cv|
+00018730  74 64 65 63 30 00 66 6f  72 6b 00 6d 61 69 6e 00  |tdec0.fork.main.|
+00018740  67 65 74 70 70 69 64 00  70 61 64 73 74 72 00 73  |getppid.padstr.s|
+00018750  65 74 70 72 69 6f 00 63  76 74 6f 63 74 00 63 77  |etprio.cvtoct.cw|
+00018760  72 69 74 65 63 68 00 67  65 74 74 69 6d 65 00 63  |ritech.gettime.c|
+00018770  76 74 64 65 63 00 73 74  72 6c 65 6e 00 62 6f 67  |vtdec.strlen.bog|
+00018780  75 73 00 66 61 6b 65 5f  65 78 69 74 00 00 2e 73  |us.fake_exit...s|
+00018790  79 6d 74 61 62 00 2e 73  74 72 74 61 62 00 2e 73  |ymtab..strtab..s|
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+000187b0  6f 64 61 74 61 00 2e 64  61 74 61 00 2e 62 73 73  |odata..data..bss|
+000187c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
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+00018810  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |....!...........|
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+00018930  34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00  08 00 07 00 01 00 00 00  |4. ...(.........|
+00018940  74 00 00 00 00 10 00 00  00 10 00 00 00 10 00 00  |t...............|
+00018950  00 10 00 00 07 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 51 e5 74 64  |............Q.td|
+00018960  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+00018970  00 00 00 00 07 00 00 00  10 00 00 00 8d 4c 24 04  |.............L$.|
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+000189d0  f3 e9 a4 00 00 00 83 ec  04 ff 33 68 b8 19 00 00  |..........3h....|
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+00018a10  00 00 00 8b 43 04 01 d0  8b 00 85 c0 74 12 8b 03  |....C.......t...|
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+00018a30  b8 cf 19 00 00 83 ec 04  50 68 d6 19 00 00 8d 85  |........Ph......|
+00018a40  60 ff ff ff 50 e8 a4 02  00 00 83 c4 10 83 ec 0c  |`...P...........|
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+00018b10  ec 08 ff 75 08 6a 00 e8  54 01 00 00 83 c4 10 c9  |...u.j..T.......|
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+00018b30  45 f4 83 7d f4 00 74 05  8b 45 f4 eb 57 e8 56 01  |E..}..t..E..W.V.|
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+00018c00  89 e5 83 ec 18 8b 45 08  88 45 f4 83 ec 04 6a 01  |......E..E....j.|
+00018c10  8d 45 f4 50 6a 01 e8 75  00 00 00 83 c4 10 c9 c3  |.E.Pj..u........|
+00018c20  55 89 e5 83 ec 18 83 ec  0c ff 75 08 e8 a4 03 00  |U.........u.....|
+00018c30  00 83 c4 10 89 45 f4 8b  45 f4 83 ec 04 50 ff 75  |.....E..E....P.u|
+00018c40  08 6a 01 e8 48 00 00 00  83 c4 10 c9 c3 55 89 e5  |.j..H........U..|
+00018c50  83 ec 08 83 ec 04 ff 75  0c ff 75 08 6a 01 e8 2d  |.......u..u.j..-|
+00018c60  00 00 00 83 c4 10 c9 c3  b8 00 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  |................|
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+00018c80  b8 03 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  b8 04 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  |................|
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+00018ca0  b8 07 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  b8 08 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  |................|
+00018cb0  b8 09 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  b8 0a 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  |................|
+00018cc0  b8 0b 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  b8 0c 00 00 00 cd 80 c3  |................|
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+00018d00  00 00 80 7d f3 25 0f 85  26 02 00 00 c7 45 ec 00  |...}.%..&....E..|
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+00018d30  80 7d f3 2d 75 16 c7 45  ec 01 00 00 00 8b 45 0c  |.}.-u..E......E.|
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+00018de0  d0 50 ff 75 08 e8 89 04  00 00 83 c4 20 89 45 08  |.P.u........ .E.|
+00018df0  e9 4c 01 00 00 8b 45 f4  8d 50 04 89 55 f4 8b 00  |.L....E..P..U...|
+00018e00  83 ec 08 50 8d 45 d0 50  e8 ea 01 00 00 83 c4 10  |...P.E.P........|
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+00019010  55 f4 c6 00 2d f7 5d 0c  83 ec 08 ff 75 0c ff 75  |U...-.].....u..u|
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+00019030  00 00 8b 55 f4 8b 45 08  29 c2 89 d0 c9 c3 55 89  |...U..E.).....U.|
+00019040  e5 83 ec 18 8b 4d 0c ba  67 66 66 66 89 c8 f7 ea  |.....M..gfff....|
+00019050  c1 fa 02 89 c8 c1 f8 1f  29 c2 89 d0 89 45 f4 83  |........)....E..|
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+00019070  00 00 00 83 7d f4 00 74  14 83 ec 08 ff 75 f4 ff  |....}..t.....u..|
+00019080  75 08 e8 b7 ff ff ff 83  c4 10 89 45 08 8b 4d 0c  |u..........E..M.|
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+000190d0  30 31 32 33 c7 45 e7 34  35 36 37 c7 45 eb 38 39  |0123.E.4567.E.89|
+000190e0  41 42 c7 45 ef 43 44 45  46 c6 45 f3 00 c7 45 fc  |AB.E.CDEF.E...E.|
+000190f0  00 00 00 00 c7 45 f8 00  00 00 00 eb 43 8b 45 0c  |.....E......C.E.|
+00019100  25 00 00 00 f0 89 45 f4  83 7d fc 00 75 0c 83 7d  |%.....E..}..u..}|
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+00019170  6d f0 1e c7 45 fc 00 00  00 00 eb 47 83 7d fc 0a  |m...E......G.}..|
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+000191f0  e8 18 00 00 00 83 c4 10  89 45 f4 8b 45 f4 c6 00  |.........E..E...|
+00019200  00 8b 55 f4 8b 45 08 29  c2 89 d0 c9 c3 55 89 e5  |..U..E.).....U..|
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+00019250  d0 c1 e0 02 01 d0 01 c0  29 c1 89 ca 89 d0 8d 48  |........)......H|
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+00019270  08 c9 c3 55 89 e5 83 ec  18 83 7d 10 00 79 11 83  |...U......}..y..|
+00019280  ec 0c ff 75 0c e8 4b fd  ff ff 83 c4 10 89 45 10  |...u..K.......E.|
+00019290  8b 45 14 2b 45 10 89 45  f0 83 7d f0 00 7e 1d 83  |.E.+E..E..}..~..|
+000192a0  7d 18 00 75 17 83 ec 04  ff 75 1c ff 75 f0 ff 75  |}..u.....u..u..u|
+000192b0  08 e8 5a 00 00 00 83 c4  10 89 45 08 c7 45 f4 00  |..Z.......E..E..|
+000192c0  00 00 00 eb 1b 8b 55 f4  8b 45 0c 8d 0c 02 8b 45  |......U..E.....E|
+000192d0  08 8d 50 01 89 55 08 0f  b6 11 88 10 83 45 f4 01  |..P..U.......E..|
+000192e0  8b 45 f4 3b 45 10 7c dd  83 7d f0 00 7e 1d 83 7d  |.E.;E.|..}..~..}|
+000192f0  18 00 74 17 83 ec 04 ff  75 1c ff 75 f0 ff 75 08  |..t.....u..u..u.|
+00019300  e8 0b 00 00 00 83 c4 10  89 45 08 8b 45 08 c9 c3  |.........E..E...|
+00019310  55 89 e5 eb 12 8b 45 08  8d 50 01 89 55 08 8b 55  |U.....E..P..U..U|
+00019320  10 88 10 83 6d 0c 01 83  7d 0c 00 7f e8 8b 45 08  |....m...}.....E.|
+00019330  5d c3 00 00 75 73 65 72  58 3a 20 61 72 67 63 20  |]...userX: argc |
+00019340  25 64 2c 20 61 72 67 73  3a 20 00 28 6e 75 6c 6c  |%d, args: .(null|
+00019350  29 00 20 25 73 00 0a 00  20 25 63 5b 25 64 5d 00  |). %s... %c[%d].|
+00019360  43 68 69 6c 64 20 25 64  20 65 78 65 63 28 29 20  |Child %d exec() |
+00019370  23 25 75 20 66 61 69 6c  65 64 0a 00 3b 14 00 00  |#%u failed..;...|
+00019380  79 14 00 00 c5 15 00 00  c5 15 00 00 c5 15 00 00  |y...............|
+00019390  c5 15 00 00 c5 15 00 00  c5 15 00 00 c5 15 00 00  |................|
+000193a0  c5 15 00 00 c5 15 00 00  c5 15 00 00 33 15 00 00  |............3...|
+000193b0  c5 15 00 00 c5 15 00 00  c5 15 00 00 bd 14 00 00  |................|
+000193c0  c5 15 00 00 74 15 00 00  c5 15 00 00 c5 15 00 00  |....t...........|
+000193d0  ef 14 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000193e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+00019990  00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 01 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000199a0  b8 19 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 02 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+000199b0  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 03 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..............|
+000199c0  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 04 00 01 00 00 00  |. ..............|
+000199d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 09 00 00 00  |................|
+000199e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 11 00 00 00  |................|
+000199f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 1a 00 00 00  |................|
+00019a00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 24 00 00 00  |............$...|
+00019a10  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 2d 00 00 00  |............-...|
+00019a20  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 36 00 00 00  |............6...|
+00019a30  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 40 00 00 00  |............@...|
+00019a40  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 49 00 00 00  |............I...|
+00019a50  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 52 00 00 00  |............R...|
+00019a60  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 5b 00 00 00  |............[...|
+00019a70  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 65 00 00 00  |............e...|
+00019a80  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 6e 00 00 00  |............n...|
+00019a90  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+00019aa0  83 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 7d 00 00 00  |....!.......}...|
+00019ab0  f4 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 85 00 00 00  |................|
+00019ac0  68 12 00 00 1b 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 8c 00 00 00  |h...............|
+00019ad0  e7 15 00 00 72 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 94 00 00 00  |....r...........|
+00019ae0  5f 18 00 00 32 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 9b 00 00 00  |_...2...........|
+00019af0  1c 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 a2 00 00 00  |................|
+00019b00  4c 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 a8 00 00 00  |L...............|
+00019b10  d1 12 00 00 1b 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 af 00 00 00  |................|
+00019b20  94 19 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b3 00 00 00  |...."...........|
+00019b30  a5 11 00 00 75 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b9 00 00 00  |....u...........|
+00019b40  72 13 00 00 75 02 00 00  12 00 01 00 c0 00 00 00  |r...u...........|
+00019b50  4b 17 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 c7 00 00 00  |K...............|
+00019b60  91 18 00 00 66 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 86 00 00 00  |....f...........|
+00019b70  14 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 cf 00 00 00  |................|
+00019b80  44 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 d4 00 00 00  |D...............|
+00019b90  3b 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 dc 00 00 00  |;...-...........|
+00019ba0  04 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 e1 00 00 00  |................|
+00019bb0  8d 11 00 00 18 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 e6 00 00 00  |................|
+00019bc0  a4 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 ee 00 00 00  |....-...........|
+00019bd0  62 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 f5 00 00 00  |b...............|
+00019be0  0c 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 fa 00 00 00  |................|
+00019bf0  34 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 02 01 00 00  |4...............|
+00019c00  c2 16 00 00 89 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 0a 01 00 00  |................|
+00019c10  fc 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 0f 01 00 00  |................|
+00019c20  00 10 00 00 8d 01 00 00  12 00 01 00 14 01 00 00  |................|
+00019c30  24 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 1c 01 00 00  |$...............|
+00019c40  f7 18 00 00 9d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 23 01 00 00  |............#...|
+00019c50  3c 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 2b 01 00 00  |<...........+...|
+00019c60  d5 17 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 32 01 00 00  |............2...|
+00019c70  1a 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 3b 01 00 00  |....!.......;...|
+00019c80  2c 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 43 01 00 00  |,...........C...|
+00019c90  7b 16 00 00 47 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 5c 01 00 00  |{...G.......\...|
+00019ca0  ec 12 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 4a 01 00 00  |............J...|
+00019cb0  59 16 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 51 01 00 00  |Y...".......Q...|
+00019cc0  54 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 57 01 00 00  |T...........W...|
+00019cd0  5c 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  |\............pro|
+00019ce0  67 58 2e 63 00 75 6c 69  62 63 2e 63 00 73 70 72  |gX.c.ulibc.c.spr|
+00019cf0  69 6e 74 2e 63 00 73 74  72 32 69 6e 74 2e 63 00  |int.c.str2int.c.|
+00019d00  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e 63  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 2e  |strlen.c.cvtdec.|
+00019d10  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  30 2e 63 00 63 76 74 68  |c.cvtdec0.c.cvth|
+00019d20  65 78 2e 63 00 63 76 74  6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63 76  |ex.c.cvtoct.c.cv|
+00019d30  74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00 63  76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e 63  |tuns.c.cvtuns0.c|
+00019d40  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 2e  63 00 70 61 64 2e 63 00  |.padstr.c.pad.c.|
+00019d50  73 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  00 77 61 69 74 70 69 64  |swritech.waitpid|
+00019d60  00 63 77 72 69 74 65 00  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 00  |.cwrite.str2int.|
+00019d70  63 76 74 75 6e 73 00 67  65 74 70 69 64 00 73 6c  |cvtuns.getpid.sl|
+00019d80  65 65 70 00 73 77 72 69  74 65 00 70 61 64 00 73  |eep.swrite.pad.s|
+00019d90  70 61 77 6e 00 73 70 72  69 6e 74 00 63 76 74 68  |pawn.sprint.cvth|
+00019da0  65 78 00 63 76 74 75 6e  73 30 00 6b 69 6c 6c 00  |ex.cvtuns0.kill.|
+00019db0  63 77 72 69 74 65 73 00  65 78 65 63 00 77 61 69  |cwrites.exec.wai|
+00019dc0  74 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  73 00 5f 73 74 61 72 74  |t.swrites._start|
+00019dd0  00 72 65 61 64 00 67 65  74 70 72 69 6f 00 63 76  |.read.getprio.cv|
+00019de0  74 64 65 63 30 00 66 6f  72 6b 00 6d 61 69 6e 00  |tdec0.fork.main.|
+00019df0  67 65 74 70 70 69 64 00  70 61 64 73 74 72 00 73  |getppid.padstr.s|
+00019e00  65 74 70 72 69 6f 00 63  76 74 6f 63 74 00 63 77  |etprio.cvtoct.cw|
+00019e10  72 69 74 65 63 68 00 67  65 74 74 69 6d 65 00 63  |ritech.gettime.c|
+00019e20  76 74 64 65 63 00 73 74  72 6c 65 6e 00 62 6f 67  |vtdec.strlen.bog|
+00019e30  75 73 00 66 61 6b 65 5f  65 78 69 74 00 00 2e 73  |us.fake_exit...s|
+00019e40  79 6d 74 61 62 00 2e 73  74 72 74 61 62 00 2e 73  |ymtab..strtab..s|
+00019e50  68 73 74 72 74 61 62 00  2e 74 65 78 74 00 2e 72  |hstrtab..text..r|
+00019e60  6f 64 61 74 61 00 2e 64  61 74 61 00 2e 62 73 73  |odata..data..bss|
+00019e70  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+00019e90  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 1b 00 00 00  |................|
+00019ea0  01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00  00 10 00 00 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+00019eb0  b6 09 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+00019ec0  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |....!...........|
+00019ed0  b8 19 00 00 2c 0a 00 00  a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....,...........|
+00019ee0  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 29 00 00 00  |............)...|
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+00019f00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
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+*
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+*
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+0001bf60  00 00 8b 55 f4 8b 45 08  29 c2 89 d0 c9 c3 55 89  |...U..E.).....U.|
+0001bf70  e5 83 ec 18 8b 45 08 89  45 f4 83 ec 08 ff 75 0c  |.....E..E.....u.|
+0001bf80  ff 75 f4 e8 18 00 00 00  83 c4 10 89 45 f4 8b 45  |.u..........E..E|
+0001bf90  f4 c6 00 00 8b 55 f4 8b  45 08 29 c2 89 d0 c9 c3  |.....U..E.).....|
+0001bfa0  55 89 e5 83 ec 18 8b 45  0c ba cd cc cc cc f7 e2  |U......E........|
+0001bfb0  89 d0 c1 e8 03 89 45 f4  83 7d f4 00 74 15 8b 45  |......E..}..t..E|
+0001bfc0  f4 83 ec 08 50 ff 75 08  e8 04 fe ff ff 83 c4 10  |....P.u.........|
+0001bfd0  89 45 08 8b 4d 0c ba cd  cc cc cc 89 c8 f7 e2 c1  |.E..M...........|
+0001bfe0  ea 03 89 d0 c1 e0 02 01  d0 01 c0 29 c1 89 ca 89  |...........)....|
+0001bff0  d0 8d 48 30 8b 45 08 8d  50 01 89 55 08 89 ca 88  |..H0.E..P..U....|
+0001c000  10 8b 45 08 c9 c3 55 89  e5 83 ec 18 83 7d 10 00  |..E...U......}..|
+0001c010  79 11 83 ec 0c ff 75 0c  e8 4b fd ff ff 83 c4 10  |y.....u..K......|
+0001c020  89 45 10 8b 45 14 2b 45  10 89 45 f0 83 7d f0 00  |.E..E.+E..E..}..|
+0001c030  7e 1d 83 7d 18 00 75 17  83 ec 04 ff 75 1c ff 75  |~..}..u.....u..u|
+0001c040  f0 ff 75 08 e8 5a 00 00  00 83 c4 10 89 45 08 c7  |..u..Z.......E..|
+0001c050  45 f4 00 00 00 00 eb 1b  8b 55 f4 8b 45 0c 8d 0c  |E........U..E...|
+0001c060  02 8b 45 08 8d 50 01 89  55 08 0f b6 11 88 10 83  |..E..P..U.......|
+0001c070  45 f4 01 8b 45 f4 3b 45  10 7c dd 83 7d f0 00 7e  |E...E.;E.|..}..~|
+0001c080  1d 83 7d 18 00 74 17 83  ec 04 ff 75 1c ff 75 f0  |..}..t.....u..u.|
+0001c090  ff 75 08 e8 0b 00 00 00  83 c4 10 89 45 08 8b 45  |.u..........E..E|
+0001c0a0  08 c9 c3 55 89 e5 eb 12  8b 45 08 8d 50 01 89 55  |...U.....E..P..U|
+0001c0b0  08 8b 55 10 88 10 83 6d  0c 01 83 7d 0c 00 7f e8  |..U....m...}....|
+0001c0c0  8b 45 08 5d c3 00 00 00  3f 3a 20 61 72 67 63 20  |.E.]....?: argc |
+0001c0d0  25 64 2c 20 61 72 67 73  3a 20 00 28 6e 75 6c 6c  |%d, args: .(null|
+0001c0e0  29 00 20 25 73 00 0a 00  20 25 63 5b 25 64 5d 00  |). %s... %c[%d].|
+0001c0f0  43 68 69 6c 64 20 25 64  20 65 78 65 63 28 29 20  |Child %d exec() |
+0001c100  23 25 75 20 66 61 69 6c  65 64 0a 00 6e 14 00 00  |#%u failed..n...|
+0001c110  ac 14 00 00 f8 15 00 00  f8 15 00 00 f8 15 00 00  |................|
+0001c120  f8 15 00 00 f8 15 00 00  f8 15 00 00 f8 15 00 00  |................|
+0001c130  f8 15 00 00 f8 15 00 00  f8 15 00 00 66 15 00 00  |............f...|
+0001c140  f8 15 00 00 f8 15 00 00  f8 15 00 00 f0 14 00 00  |................|
+0001c150  f8 15 00 00 a7 15 00 00  f8 15 00 00 f8 15 00 00  |................|
+0001c160  22 15 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |"...............|
+0001c170  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+0001c6f0  00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 01 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c700  ec 19 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 02 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c710  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 03 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..............|
+0001c720  00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00  03 00 04 00 01 00 00 00  |. ..............|
+0001c730  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 09 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c740  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 11 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c750  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 1a 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c760  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 24 00 00 00  |............$...|
+0001c770  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 2d 00 00 00  |............-...|
+0001c780  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 36 00 00 00  |............6...|
+0001c790  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 40 00 00 00  |............@...|
+0001c7a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 49 00 00 00  |............I...|
+0001c7b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 52 00 00 00  |............R...|
+0001c7c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 5b 00 00 00  |............[...|
+0001c7d0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 65 00 00 00  |............e...|
+0001c7e0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 6e 00 00 00  |............n...|
+0001c7f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 f1 ff 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+0001c800  b6 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 7d 00 00 00  |....!.......}...|
+0001c810  27 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 85 00 00 00  |'...............|
+0001c820  9b 12 00 00 1b 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 8c 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c830  1a 16 00 00 72 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 94 00 00 00  |....r...........|
+0001c840  92 18 00 00 32 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 9b 00 00 00  |....2...........|
+0001c850  4f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 a2 00 00 00  |O...............|
+0001c860  7f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 a8 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c870  04 13 00 00 1b 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 af 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c880  c7 19 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b3 00 00 00  |...."...........|
+0001c890  d8 11 00 00 75 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 b9 00 00 00  |....u...........|
+0001c8a0  a5 13 00 00 75 02 00 00  12 00 01 00 c0 00 00 00  |....u...........|
+0001c8b0  7e 17 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 c7 00 00 00  |~...............|
+0001c8c0  c4 18 00 00 66 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 86 00 00 00  |....f...........|
+0001c8d0  47 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 cf 00 00 00  |G...............|
+0001c8e0  77 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 d4 00 00 00  |w...............|
+0001c8f0  6e 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 dc 00 00 00  |n...-...........|
+0001c900  37 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 e1 00 00 00  |7...............|
+0001c910  c0 11 00 00 18 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 e6 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c920  d7 12 00 00 2d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 ee 00 00 00  |....-...........|
+0001c930  95 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 f5 00 00 00  |................|
+0001c940  3f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 fa 00 00 00  |?...............|
+0001c950  67 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 02 01 00 00  |g...............|
+0001c960  f5 16 00 00 89 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 0a 01 00 00  |................|
+0001c970  2f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 0f 01 00 00  |/...............|
+0001c980  00 10 00 00 c0 01 00 00  12 00 01 00 14 01 00 00  |................|
+0001c990  57 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 1c 01 00 00  |W...............|
+0001c9a0  2a 19 00 00 9d 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 23 01 00 00  |*...........#...|
+0001c9b0  6f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 2b 01 00 00  |o...........+...|
+0001c9c0  08 18 00 00 8a 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 32 01 00 00  |............2...|
+0001c9d0  4d 12 00 00 21 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 3b 01 00 00  |M...!.......;...|
+0001c9e0  5f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 43 01 00 00  |_...........C...|
+0001c9f0  ae 16 00 00 47 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 5c 01 00 00  |....G.......\...|
+0001ca00  1f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 4a 01 00 00  |............J...|
+0001ca10  8c 16 00 00 22 00 00 00  12 00 01 00 51 01 00 00  |....".......Q...|
+0001ca20  87 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 57 01 00 00  |............W...|
+0001ca30  8f 13 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 00 01 00 00 70 72 6f  |.............pro|
+0001ca40  67 5a 2e 63 00 75 6c 69  62 63 2e 63 00 73 70 72  |gZ.c.ulibc.c.spr|
+0001ca50  69 6e 74 2e 63 00 73 74  72 32 69 6e 74 2e 63 00  |int.c.str2int.c.|
+0001ca60  73 74 72 6c 65 6e 2e 63  00 63 76 74 64 65 63 2e  |strlen.c.cvtdec.|
+0001ca70  63 00 63 76 74 64 65 63  30 2e 63 00 63 76 74 68  |c.cvtdec0.c.cvth|
+0001ca80  65 78 2e 63 00 63 76 74  6f 63 74 2e 63 00 63 76  |ex.c.cvtoct.c.cv|
+0001ca90  74 75 6e 73 2e 63 00 63  76 74 75 6e 73 30 2e 63  |tuns.c.cvtuns0.c|
+0001caa0  00 70 61 64 73 74 72 2e  63 00 70 61 64 2e 63 00  |.padstr.c.pad.c.|
+0001cab0  73 77 72 69 74 65 63 68  00 77 61 69 74 70 69 64  |swritech.waitpid|
+0001cac0  00 63 77 72 69 74 65 00  73 74 72 32 69 6e 74 00  |.cwrite.str2int.|
+0001cad0  63 76 74 75 6e 73 00 67  65 74 70 69 64 00 73 6c  |cvtuns.getpid.sl|
+0001cae0  65 65 70 00 73 77 72 69  74 65 00 70 61 64 00 73  |eep.swrite.pad.s|
+0001caf0  70 61 77 6e 00 73 70 72  69 6e 74 00 63 76 74 68  |pawn.sprint.cvth|
+0001cb00  65 78 00 63 76 74 75 6e  73 30 00 6b 69 6c 6c 00  |ex.cvtuns0.kill.|
+0001cb10  63 77 72 69 74 65 73 00  65 78 65 63 00 77 61 69  |cwrites.exec.wai|
+0001cb20  74 00 73 77 72 69 74 65  73 00 5f 73 74 61 72 74  |t.swrites._start|
+0001cb30  00 72 65 61 64 00 67 65  74 70 72 69 6f 00 63 76  |.read.getprio.cv|
+0001cb40  74 64 65 63 30 00 66 6f  72 6b 00 6d 61 69 6e 00  |tdec0.fork.main.|
+0001cb50  67 65 74 70 70 69 64 00  70 61 64 73 74 72 00 73  |getppid.padstr.s|
+0001cb60  65 74 70 72 69 6f 00 63  76 74 6f 63 74 00 63 77  |etprio.cvtoct.cw|
+0001cb70  72 69 74 65 63 68 00 67  65 74 74 69 6d 65 00 63  |ritech.gettime.c|
+0001cb80  76 74 64 65 63 00 73 74  72 6c 65 6e 00 62 6f 67  |vtdec.strlen.bog|
+0001cb90  75 73 00 66 61 6b 65 5f  65 78 69 74 00 00 2e 73  |us.fake_exit...s|
+0001cba0  79 6d 74 61 62 00 2e 73  74 72 74 61 62 00 2e 73  |ymtab..strtab..s|
+0001cbb0  68 73 74 72 74 61 62 00  2e 74 65 78 74 00 2e 72  |hstrtab..text..r|
+0001cbc0  6f 64 61 74 61 00 2e 64  61 74 61 00 2e 62 73 73  |odata..data..bss|
+0001cbd0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+*
+0001cbf0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 1b 00 00 00  |................|
+0001cc00  01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00  00 10 00 00 74 00 00 00  |............t...|
+0001cc10  e9 09 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+0001cc20  00 00 00 00 21 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |....!...........|
+0001cc30  ec 19 00 00 60 0a 00 00  9c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....`...........|
+0001cc40  00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 29 00 00 00  |............)...|
+0001cc50  01 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  |......... ..t...|
+0001cc60  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+0001cc70  00 00 00 00 2f 00 00 00  08 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  |..../...........|
+0001cc80  00 20 00 00 74 10 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |. ..t...........|
+0001cc90  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
+0001cca0  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 74 10 00 00  |............t...|
+0001ccb0  60 03 00 00 06 00 00 00  12 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  |`...............|
+0001ccc0  10 00 00 00 09 00 00 00  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
+0001ccd0  00 00 00 00 d4 13 00 00  61 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |........a.......|
+0001cce0  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00  |................|
+0001ccf0  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 35 15 00 00  |............5...|
+0001cd00  34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |4...............|
+0001cd10  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                           |........|
+0001cd18
diff --git a/doc/usermatrix.txt b/doc/usermatrix.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c7191b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/usermatrix.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+Process/Syscall matrix
+======================
+
+System calls in this system:
+	process management:	exit, waitpid, fork, exec, kill
+	i/o:			read	write
+	information:		getpid	getppid	gettime	getprio
+	other:			sleep, setprio
+
+There is also a "bogus" system call which attempts to use an invalid
+system call code; this should be caught by the syscall handler and
+the process should be terminated.
+
+These are the system calls which are used in each of the user-level
+main functions.  Some main functions only invoke certain system calls
+when given specific command-line arguments.
+
+Note that some system calls are nested inside library functions - e.g.,
+cwrite*() and swrite*() perform write(), etc.
+
+    progABC runs for userA, userB, and userC
+    progDE  runs for userD and userE
+    progFG  runs for userF and userG
+    progKL  runs for userK and userL
+    progMN  runs for userM and userN
+    progTUV runs for userT, userU, and userV
+    all others run individual main functions
+
+                       baseline system calls in use
+prog   ext  wtp  for  exe  rea  wrt  gpi  gpp  gti  kil  slp  gtp  stp  bog
+-----  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
+init    .    X    .    .    .    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+idle    X    .    .    .    .    X    X    .    X    .    .    X    X    .
+shell   X    X    X    X    X    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+-----  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---
+abc     X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+de      .    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+fg      X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .
+h       X    .    X    X    .    X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .
+i       X    X    X    X    .    X    .    .    .    X    X    .    .    .
+j       X    .    X    X    .    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+kl      X    .    X    X    .    X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .
+mn      X    .    X    X    .    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+p       X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    X    .    X    .    .    .
+q       X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    X
+r       X    .    X    .    .    X    X    X    .    .    X    .    .    .
+s       X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .
+tuv     X    X    X    X    .    X    .    .    .    X    X    .    .    .
+w       X    .    .    .    .    X    X    .    X    .    X    .    .    .
+x       X    .    .    .    .    X    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+y       X    .    .    .    .    X    X    .    .    .    X    .    .    .
+z       X    .    .    .    .    X    X    .    .    .    X    .    .    .
+...........................................................................
diff --git a/include/bootstrap.h b/include/bootstrap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ade778a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/bootstrap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/*
+** SCCS ID:	@(#)bootstrap.h	2.4	1/22/25
+**
+** @file	bootstrap.h
+**
+** @author	K. Reek
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers, Garrett C. Smith
+**
+** Addresses where various stuff goes in memory.
+*/
+
+#ifndef	BOOTSTRAP_H_
+#define	BOOTSTRAP_H_
+
+/*
+** The boot device
+*/
+#define	BDEV_FLOPPY		0x00
+#define	BDEV_USB		0x80	/* hard drive */
+
+#define	BDEV			BDEV_USB	/* default */
+
+/*
+** Bootstrap definitions
+*/
+#define	BOOT_SEG		0x07c0		/* 07c0:0000 */
+#define	BOOT_DISP		0x0000
+#define	BOOT_ADDR		((BOOT_SEG << 4) + BOOT_DISP)
+
+#define	PART2_DISP		0x0200		/* 07c0:0200 */
+#define	PART2_ADDR		((BOOT_SEG << 4) + PART2_DISP)
+
+#define	SECTOR_SIZE		0x200	/* 512 bytes */
+
+/* Note: this assumes the bootstrap is two sectors long! */
+#define	BOOT_SIZE		(SECTOR_SIZE + SECTOR_SIZE)
+
+#define	OFFSET_LIMIT	(0x10000 - SECTOR_SIZE)
+
+#define	BOOT_SP_DISP	0x4000	/* stack pointer 07c0:4000, or 0xbc00 */
+#define	BOOT_SP_ADDR	((BOOT_SEG << 4) + BOOT_SP_DISP)
+
+#define SECTOR1_END		(BOOT_ADDR + SECTOR_SIZE)
+#define SECTOR2_END		(BOOT_ADDR + BOOT_SIZE)
+
+// location of the user blob data
+// (three halfwords of data)
+#define	USER_BLOB_DATA  (SECTOR2_END - 12)
+
+/*
+** The target program itself
+*/
+#define	TARGET_SEG		0x00001000		/* 1000:0000 */
+#define	TARGET_ADDR		0x00010000		/* and upward */
+#define	TARGET_STACK	0x00010000		/* and downward */
+
+/*
+** The Global Descriptor Table (0000:0500 - 0000:2500)
+*/
+#define	GDT_SEG			0x00000050
+#define	GDT_ADDR		0x00000500
+
+	/* segment register values */
+#define	GDT_LINEAR		0x0008		/* All of memory, R/W */
+#define	GDT_CODE		0x0010		/* All of memory, R/E */
+#define	GDT_DATA		0x0018		/* All of memory, R/W */
+#define	GDT_STACK		0x0020		/* All of memory, R/W */
+
+/*
+** The Interrupt Descriptor Table (0000:2500 - 0000:2D00)
+*/
+#define	IDT_SEG			0x00000250
+#define	IDT_ADDR		0x00002500
+
+/*
+** Additional I/O ports used by the bootstrap code
+*/
+
+// keyboard controller
+#define KBD_DATA        0x60
+#define KBD_CMD         0x64
+#define KBD_STAT        0x64
+
+// status register bits
+#define	KBD_OBSTAT      0x01
+#define	KBD_IBSTAT      0x02
+#define KBD_SYSFLAG     0x04
+#define KBD_CMDDAT      0x08
+
+// commands
+#define KBD_P1_DISABLE  0xad
+#define KBD_P1_ENABLE   0xae
+#define KBD_RD_OPORT    0xd0
+#define KBD_WT_OPORT    0xd1
+
+#ifdef ASM_SRC
+
+// segment descriptor macros for use in assembly source files
+// layout:
+//     .word    lower 16 bits of limit
+//     .word    lower 16 bits of base
+//     .byte    middle 8 bits of base
+//     .byte    type byte
+//     .byte    granularity byte
+//     .byte    upper 8 bits of base
+// we use 4K units, so we ignore the lower 12 bits of the limit
+#define SEGNULL       \
+	.word 0, 0, 0, 0
+
+#define SEGMENT(base,limit,dpl,type) \
+	.word (((limit) >> 12) & 0xffff); \
+	.word ((base) & 0xffff) ; \
+	.byte (((base) >> 16) & 0xff) ; \
+	.byte (SEG_PRESENT | (dpl) | SEG_NON_SYSTEM | (type)) ; \
+	.byte (SEG_GRAN_4KBYTE | SEG_DB_32BIT | (((limit) >> 28) & 0xf)) ; \
+	.byte (((base) >> 24) & 0xff)
+
+#endif  /* ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/cio.h b/include/cio.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1854f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/cio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+/**
+** SCCS ID:	@(#)cio.h	2.7	1/22/25
+**
+** @file	cio.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+** @authors	K. Reek, Jon Coles
+**
+** Based on:    c_io.c 1.13 (Ken Reek, Jon Coles, Warren R. Carithers)
+**
+** Declarations and descriptions of console I/O routines
+**
+**  These routines provide a rudimentary capability for printing to
+**  the screen and reading from the keyboard.  
+**
+** Screen output:
+**  There are two families of functions.  The first provides a window
+**  that behaves in the usual manner: writes extending beyond the right
+**  edge of the window wrap around to the next line, the top line
+**  scrolls off the window to make room for new lines at the bottom.
+**  However, you may choose what part of the screen contains this
+**  scrolling window.  This allows you to print some text at fixed
+**  locations on the screen while the rest of the screen scrolls.
+**
+**  The second family allows for printing at fixed locations on the
+**  screen.  No scrolling or line wrapping are done for these functions.
+**  It is not intended that these functions be used to write in the
+**  scrolling area of the screen.
+**
+**  In both sets of functions, the (x,y) coordinates are interpreted
+**  as (column,row), with the upper left corner of the screen being
+**  (0,0) and the lower right corner being (79,24).
+**
+**  The printf provided in both sets of functions has the same
+**  conversion capabilities.  Format codes are of the form:
+**
+**      %-0WC
+**
+**  where "-", "0", and "W" are all optional:
+**    "-" is the left-adjust flag (default is right-adjust)
+**    "0" is the zero-fill flag (default is space-fill)
+**    "W" is a number specifying the minimum field width (default: 1 )
+**  and "C" is the conversion type, which must be one of these:
+**    "c" print a single character
+**    "s" print a null-terminated string
+**    "d" print an integer as a decimal value
+**    "x" print an integer as a hexadecimal value
+**    "o" print an integer as a octal value
+**
+** Keyboard input:
+**  Two functions are provided: getting a single character and getting
+**  a newline-terminated line.  A third function returns a count of
+**  the number of characters available for immediate reading. 
+**  No conversions are provided (yet).
+*/
+
+#ifndef CIO_H_
+#define CIO_H_
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+// EOT indicator (control-D)
+#define EOT '\04'
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+**
+** INITIALIZATION ROUTINES
+**
+**  Initializes the I/O system.
+*/
+
+/**
+** cio_init
+**
+** Initializes the I/O routines.  Must be called before
+** any CIO functions can be used.
+**
+** @param notify  pointer to an input notification function, or NULL
+*/
+void cio_init( void (*notify)(int) );
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+**
+** SCROLLING OUTPUT ROUTINES
+**
+**  Each operation begins at the current cursor position and advances
+**  it.  If a newline is output, the reminder of that line is cleared.
+**  Output extending past the end of the line is wrapped.  If the
+**  cursor is moved below the scrolling region's bottom edge, scrolling
+**  is delayed until the next output is produced.
+*/
+
+/**
+** cio_setscroll
+**
+** This sets the scrolling region to be the area defined by the arguments.
+** The remainder of the screen does not scroll and may be used to display
+** data you do not want to move.  By default, the scrolling region is the
+** entire screen. X and Y coordinates begin at 0 in the upper left corner
+** of the screen.
+**
+** @param min_x,min_y    upper-left corner of the region
+** @param max_x,max_y    lower-right corner of the region
+*/
+void cio_setscroll( unsigned int min_x, unsigned int min_y,
+		unsigned int max_x, unsigned int max_y );
+
+/**
+** cio_moveto
+**
+** Moves the cursor to the specified position. (0,0) indicates
+** the upper left corner of the scrolling region.  Subsequent
+** output will begin at the cursor position.
+**
+** @param x,y   desired coordinate position
+*/
+void cio_moveto( unsigned int x, unsigned int y );
+
+/**
+** cio_putchar
+**
+** Prints a single character.
+**
+** @param c   the character to be printed
+*/
+void cio_putchar( unsigned int c );
+
+/**
+** cio_puts
+**
+** Prints the characters in the string up to but not including
+** the terminating null byte.
+**
+** @param str   pointer to a NUL-terminated string to be printed
+*/
+void cio_puts( const char *str );
+
+/**
+** cio_write
+**
+** Prints "length" characters from the buffer.
+**
+** @param buf     the buffer of characters
+** @param length  the number of characters to print
+*/
+void cio_write( const char *buf, int length );
+
+/**
+** cio_printf
+**
+** Limited form of printf (see the beginning of this file for
+** a list of what is implemented).
+**
+** @param fmt   a printf-style format control string
+** @param ...   optional additional values to be printed
+*/
+void cio_printf( char *fmt, ... );
+
+/**
+** cio_scroll
+**
+** Scroll the scrolling region up by the given number of lines.
+** The output routines scroll automatically so normally you
+** do not need to call this routine yourself.
+**
+** @param lines   the number of lines to scroll
+*/
+void cio_scroll( unsigned int lines );
+
+/**
+** cio_clearscroll
+**
+** Clears the entire scrolling region to blank spaces, and
+** moves the cursor to (0,0).
+*/
+void cio_clearscroll( void );
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+**
+** NON-SCROLLING OUTPUT ROUTINES
+**
+**  Coordinates are relative to the entire screen: (0,0) is the upper
+**  left corner.  There is no line wrap or scrolling.
+*/
+
+/**
+** cio_putchar_at
+**
+** Prints the given character.  If a newline is printed,
+** the rest of the line is cleared.  If this happens to the
+** left of the scrolling region, the clearing stops when the
+** region is reached.  If this happens inside the scrolling
+** region, the clearing stops when the edge of the region
+** is reached.
+**
+** @param x,y   desired coordinate position
+** @param c   the character to be printed
+*/
+void cio_putchar_at( unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int c );
+
+/**
+** cio_puts_at
+**
+** Prints the given string.  cio_putchar_at is used to print
+** the individual characters; see that description for details.
+**
+** @param x,y   desired coordinate position
+** @param str   pointer to a NUL-terminated string to be printed
+*/
+void cio_puts_at( unsigned int x, unsigned int y, const char *str );
+
+/**
+** cio_printf_at
+**
+** Limited form of printf (see the beginning of this file for
+** a list of what is implemented).
+**
+** @param x,y   desired coordinate position
+** @param fmt   a printf-style format control string
+** @param ...   optional additional values to be printed
+*/
+void cio_printf_at( unsigned int x, unsigned int y, char *fmt, ... );
+
+/**
+** cio_clearscreen
+**
+** This function clears the entire screen, including the scrolling region.
+*/
+void cio_clearscreen( void );
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+**
+** INPUT ROUTINES
+**
+**  When interrupts are enabled, a keyboard ISR collects keystrokes
+**  and saves them until the program calls for them.  If the input
+**  queue fills, additional characters are silently discarded.
+**  When interrupts are not enabled, keystrokes made when no input
+**  routines have been **   called are lost.  This can cause errors in
+**  the input translation because the states of the Shift and Ctrl keys
+**  may not be tracked accurately.  If interrupts are disabled, the user
+**  is advised to refrain from typing anything except when the program is
+**  waiting for input.
+*/
+
+/**
+** cio_getchar
+**
+** If the character is not immediately available, the function
+** waits until the character arrives.
+**
+** @return  the next character from the keyboard input buffer
+*/
+int cio_getchar( void );
+
+/**
+** cio_gets
+**
+** This function reads a newline-terminated line from the
+** keyboard.  cio_getchar is used to obtain the characters;
+** see that description for more details.  The function
+** returns when:
+**          a newline is entered (this is stored in the buffer)
+**          ctrl-D is entered (not stored in the buffer)
+**          the buffer becomes full.
+** The buffer is null-terminated in all cases.
+**
+** @param buffer  destination buffer for the input character sequence
+** @param size    the buffer length
+**
+** @return count of the number of characters read into the buffer
+*/
+int cio_gets( char *buffer, unsigned int size );
+
+/**
+** cio_input_queue
+**
+** This function lets the program determine whether there is input
+** available.  This indicates whether or not a call to cio_getchar()
+** would block.
+**
+** @return number of characters in the input queue
+*/
+int cio_input_queue( void );
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/clock.h b/include/clock.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eae41f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/clock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+** @file	clock.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Clock module declarations
+*/
+
+#ifndef CLOCK_H_
+#define CLOCK_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+// conversion functions for seconds, ms, and ticks
+// (SEC_TO_MS is defined in defs.h)
+#define MS_TO_TICKS(n)           ((n))
+#define SEC_TO_TICKS(n)          (MS_TO_TICKS(SEC_TO_MS(n)))
+#define TICKS_TO_SEC(n)          ((n) / CLOCK_FREQ)
+#define TICKS_TO_SEC_ROUNDED(n)  (((n)+(CLOCK_FREQ-1)) / CLOCK_FREQ)
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+// current system time
+extern uint32_t system_time;
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	clk_init
+**
+** Clock module initialization
+*/
+void clk_init( void );
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/common.h b/include/common.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..599c492
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+** @file	common.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	Common definitions for the baseline system.
+**
+** This header file pulls in the standard header information needed
+** by all parts of the system. It is purely for our convenience.
+*/
+
+#ifndef COMMON_H_
+#define COMMON_H_
+
+// everything needs these; they also pull in
+// the kernel- or user-level defs and lib headers
+#include <types.h>
+#include <params.h>
+#include <defs.h>
+#include <lib.h>
+
+#ifdef KERNEL_SRC
+
+// only kernel code needs these headers
+#include <common.h>
+#include <cio.h>
+#include <debug.h>
+
+#endif  /* KERNEL_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/compat.h b/include/compat.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee62090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/compat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/**
+** @file	compat.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	Compatibility definitions for standard modules.
+**
+** These definitions are here to simplify the integration
+** of some pre-written modules into the 452 baseline system.
+** This is used primarily for the 'kmem' and 'sio' modules.
+**
+** We use CPP symbols and not actual data types for things here,
+** as this means we don't need to include any other header files
+** into this file.  This helps get around "include loops" (e.g.,
+** a.h includes b.h, which includes c.h, which includes a.h) when
+** there are many interdependencies between source files.
+*/
+
+#ifndef COMPAT_H_
+#define COMPAT_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+
+/*
+** Section 1:  sized integer types
+**
+** Internally, we use standard names for "sized" integer types for
+** simplicity.  If those disagree with the names used in the rest of
+** the system, we take the opportunity to define our names here.
+**
+** To enable these, uncomment them, and place the apropriate
+** existing type names in place of the '?' characters.
+*/
+
+// standard "sized integer" types
+// #define int8_t       ?
+// #define uint8_t      ?
+// #define int16_t      ?
+// #define uint16_t     ?
+// #define int32_t      ?
+// #define uint32_t     ?
+// #define int64_t      ?
+// #define uint64_t     ?
+// #define bool_t       ?
+
+/*
+** Section 2:  other types
+**
+** Add type definitions here as needed.
+**
+** Note:  we do not include the PCB and Queue declarations
+** here because we don't actually need them in this header
+** file - we're only defining CPP macros.  Whatever file
+** uses these macros, however, must include the appropriate
+** headers if it uses these macros.
+**
+** To enable these, uncomment them, and place the apropriate
+** existing type names in place of the '?' characters.
+*/
+
+// type name for the PCB
+#define PCBTYPE		pcb_t
+
+// type name for our queue
+#define QTYPE		pcb_queue_t
+
+/*
+** Section 3:  interface and behavior
+**
+** Include #define statements here as needed to define
+** the names of functions and globals used in these modules
+** in terms of the names used in the rest of the baseline.
+**
+** To enable these, uncomment them, and place the apropriate
+** existing variable or function names in place of the '?' characters.
+*/
+
+// string functions
+#define SLENGTH		strlen
+
+// scheduler
+#define SCHED		schedule
+
+// dispatcher
+#define DISPATCH	dispatch
+
+/*
+** blocked queue for reading processes
+**
+** Define this if we are blocking processes which try to
+** read from the SIO when no characters are available.
+** Its value should be the name of the globally-visible
+** queue to be used.
+*/
+#define QNAME		sioread
+
+#ifdef QNAME
+
+// Only define these macros if we need to be able to create and
+// manage a queue of things. It is expected that these will need
+// to be customized based on the names and calling sequences of
+// the appropriate functions.
+
+// invoke the queue creation function
+// examples:
+//
+// 	#define QCREATE(q)	do { 
+// 		_que_create( &(q), NULL ); 
+//		} while(0)
+//
+//	#define QCREATE(q)	// do nothing
+
+#define	QCREATE(q)	// handled elsewhere for us
+
+// check to see if the queue is empty
+// examples:
+//
+//	#define QEMPTY(q)	queue_is_empty(q)
+//	#define	QEMPTY(q)	(quene_length(q) > 0)
+#define	QEMPTY(q)	pcb_queue_empty(q)
+
+// this macro expands into code that removes a value from
+// 'q' and places it into 'd'
+#define QDEQUE(q,d)	do { \
+		assert(pcb_queue_remove( (q), (pcb_t **) &(d) ) == SUCCESS ); \
+	} while(0)
+
+#endif /* QNAME */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/debug.h b/include/debug.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8ddfb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/debug.h
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/**
+** @file debug.h
+**
+** @author Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** Debugging macros and constants.
+**
+*/
+
+#ifndef DEBUG_H_
+#define DEBUG_H_
+
+// Standard system headers
+
+#include <cio.h>
+#include <support.h>
+
+// Kernel library
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** General function entry/exit announcements
+*/
+
+#ifdef ANNOUNCE_ENTRY
+// Announce that we have entered a kernel function
+// usage: ENTERING( "name" ), EXITING( "name" )
+// currently, these do not use the macro parameter, but could be
+// modified to do so; instead, we use the __func__ CPP pseudo-macro
+// to get the function name
+#define ENTERING(n)    do { cio_puts( " enter " __func__ ); } while(0)
+#define EXITING(n)     do { cio_puts( " exit "  __func__ ); } while(0)
+#else
+#define ENTERING(m)    // do nothing
+#define EXITING(m)     // do nothing
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Console messages when error conditions are noted.
+*/
+
+// Warning messages to the console
+// m: message (condition, etc.)
+#define WARNING(m)  do { \
+		cio_printf( "\n** %s (%s @ %d): ", __func__, __FILE__, __LINE__ ); \
+		cio_puts( m ); \
+		cio_putchar( '\n' ); \
+	} while(0)
+
+// Panic messages to the console
+// n: severity level
+// m: message (condition, etc.)
+#define PANIC(n,m)  do { \
+		sprint( b512, "%s (%s @ %d), %d: %s\n", \
+				__func__, __FILE__, __LINE__, n, # m ); \
+		kpanic( b512 ); \
+	} while(0)
+
+/*
+** Assertions are categorized by the "sanity level" being used in this
+** compilation; each only triggers a fault if the sanity level is at or
+** above a specific value.  This allows selective enabling/disabling of
+** debugging checks.
+**
+** The sanity level is set during compilation with the CPP macro
+** "SANITY".  A sanity level of 0 disables conditional assertions,
+** but not the basic assert() version.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SANITY
+// default sanity check level: check everything!
+#define SANITY  9999
+#endif
+
+// Always-active assertions
+#define assert(x)   if( !(x) ) { PANIC(0,x); }
+
+// only provide these macros if the sanity check level is positive
+
+#if SANITY > 0
+
+#define	assert1(x)	if( SANITY >= 1 && !(x) ) { PANIC(1,x); }
+#define	assert2(x)	if( SANITY >= 2 && !(x) ) { PANIC(2,x); }
+#define	assert3(x)	if( SANITY >= 3 && !(x) ) { PANIC(3,x); }
+#define	assert4(x)	if( SANITY >= 4 && !(x) ) { PANIC(4,x); }
+// arbitrary sanity level
+#define	assertN(n,x)	if( SANITY >= (n) && !(x) ) { PANIC(n,x); }
+
+#else
+
+#define	assert1(x)		// do nothing
+#define	assert2(x)		// do nothing
+#define	assert3(x)		// do nothing
+#define	assert4(x)		// do nothing
+#define	assertN(n,x)	// do nothing
+
+#endif /* SANITY > 0 */
+
+/*
+** Tracing options are enabled by defining one or more of the T_
+** macros described in the Makefile.
+**
+** To add a tracing option:
+**
+**  1) Pick a short name for it (e.g., "PCB", "VM", ...)
+**  2) At the end of this list, add code like this, with "name"
+**     replaced by your short name, and "nnnnnnnn" replaced by a
+**     unique bit that will designate this tracing option:
+**
+**        #ifdef T_name
+**        #define TRname     0xnnnnnnnn
+**        #else
+**        #define TRname     0
+**        #endif
+**
+**    Use the next bit position following the one in last list entry.
+**  3) Add this to the end of the "TRACE" macro definition:
+**
+**        | TRname
+**
+**  4) In the list of "TRACING_*" macros, add one for your option
+**     (using a name that might be more descriptive) in the 'then' clause:
+**
+**        #define TRACING_bettername  ((TRACE & TRname) != 0)
+**
+**  5) Also add a "null" version in the 'else' clause:
+**
+**        #define TRACING_bettername  0
+**
+**  6) Maybe add your T_name choice to the Makefile with an explanation
+**     on the off chance you want anyone else to be able to understand
+**     what it's used for. :-)
+**
+** We're making CPP work for its pay with this file.
+*/
+
+// 2^0 bit
+#ifdef T_PCB
+#define TRPCB           0x00000001
+#else
+#define TRPCB           0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_VM
+#define TRVM            0x00000002
+#else
+#define TRVM            0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_QUE
+#define TRQUEUE         0x00000004
+#else
+#define TRQUEUE         0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_SCH
+#define TRSCHED         0x00000008
+#else
+#define TRSCHED         0
+#endif
+
+// 2^4 bit
+#ifdef T_DSP
+#define TRDISP          0x00000010
+#else
+#define TRDISP          0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_SCALL
+#define TRSYSCALLS      0x00000020
+#else
+#define TRSYSCALLS      0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_SRET
+#define TRSYSRETS       0x00000040
+#else
+#define TRSYSRETS       0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_EXIT
+#define TREXIT          0x00000080
+#else
+#define TREXIT          0
+#endif
+
+// 2^8 bit
+#ifdef T_INIT
+#define TRINIT          0x00000100
+#else
+#define TRINIT          0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_KM
+#define TRKMEM          0x00000200
+#else
+#define TRKMEM          0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_KMFR
+#define TRKMEM_F        0x00000400
+#else
+#define TRKMEM_F        0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_KMIN
+#define TRKMEM_I        0x00000800
+#else
+#define TRKMEM_I        0
+#endif
+
+// 2^12 bit
+#ifdef T_FORK
+#define TRFORK          0x00001000
+#else
+#define TRFORK          0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_EXEC
+#define TREXEC          0x00002000
+#else
+#define TREXEC          0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_SIO
+#define TRSIO_STAT      0x00004000
+#else
+#define TRSIO_STAT      0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_SIOR
+#define TRSIO_RD        0x00008000
+#else
+#define TRSIO_RD        0
+#endif
+
+// 2^16 bit
+#ifdef T_SIOW
+#define TRSIO_WR        0x00010000
+#else
+#define TRSIO_WR        0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_USER
+#define TRUSER          0x00020000
+#else
+#define TRUSER          0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef T_ELF
+#define TRELF           0x00040000
+#else
+#define TRELF           0
+#endif
+
+// 13 bits remaining for tracing options
+// next available bit: 0x00080000
+
+#define TRACE (TRDISP | TREXIT | TRINIT | TRKMEM | TRKMEM_F | TRKMEM_I | TRPCB | TRQUEUE | TRSCHED | TREXEC | TRSIO_RD | TRSIO_STAT | TRSIO_WR | TRFORK | TRVM | TRSYSCALLS | TRSYSRETS | TRUSER | TRELF)
+
+#if TRACE > 0
+
+// compile-time expressions for testing trace options
+// usage:  #if TRACING_thing
+#define TRACING_PCB             ((TRACE & TRPCB) != 0)
+#define TRACING_VM              ((TRACE & TRVM) != 0)
+#define TRACING_QUEUE           ((TRACE & TRQUEUE) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SCHED           ((TRACE & TRSCHED) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SYSCALLS        ((TRACE & TRSYSCALLS) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SYSRETS         ((TRACE & TRSYSRETS) != 0)
+#define TRACING_EXIT            ((TRACE & TREXIT) != 0)
+#define TRACING_DISPATCH        ((TRACE & TRDISPATCH) != 0)
+#define TRACING_INIT            ((TRACE & TRINIT) != 0)
+#define TRACING_KMEM            ((TRACE & TRKMEM) != 0)
+#define TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST   ((TRACE & TRKMEM_F) != 0)
+#define TRACING_KMEM_INIT       ((TRACE & TRKMEM_I) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SPAWN           ((TRACE & TRSPAWN) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SIO_STAT        ((TRACE & TRSIO_STAT) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SIO_ISR         ((TRACE & TRSIO_ISR) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SIO_RD          ((TRACE & TRSIO_RD) != 0)
+#define TRACING_SIO_WR          ((TRACE & TRSIO_WR) != 0)
+#define TRACING_USER            ((TRACE & TRUSER) != 0)
+#define TRACING_ELF             ((TRACE & TRELF) != 0)
+
+#define TRACING_SOMETHING       (TRACE != 0)
+
+#else
+
+// TRACE == 0, so just define these all as "false"
+
+#define TRACING_PCB             0
+#define TRACING_STACK           0
+#define TRACING_QUEUE           0
+#define TRACING_SCHED           0
+#define TRACING_SYSCALLS        0
+#define TRACING_SYSRET          0
+#define TRACING_EXIT            0
+#define TRACING_DISPATCH        0
+#define TRACING_INIT            0
+#define TRACING_KMEM            0
+#define TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST   0
+#define TRACING_KMEM_INIT       0
+#define TRACING_SPAWN           0
+#define TRACING_SI_STAT         0
+#define TRACING_SIO_ISR         0
+#define TRACING_SIO_RD          0
+#define TRACING_SIO_WR          0
+#define TRACING_USER            0
+#define TRACING_ELF             0
+
+#define TRACING_SOMETHING       0
+
+#endif /* TRACE */
+
+#endif /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/defs.h b/include/defs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0280c47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/defs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/**
+** @file	defs.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	Common definitions.
+**
+** This header file defines things which are neede by all
+** parts of the system (OS and user levels).
+**
+** Things which are kernel-specific go in the kdefs.h file;
+** things which are user-specific go in the udefs.h file.
+** The correct one of these will be automatically included
+** at the end of this file.
+*/
+
+#ifndef DEFS_H_
+#define DEFS_H_
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+**
+** This section of the header file contains definitions that can be
+** used in either C or assembly-language source code.
+*/
+
+// NULL pointer value
+//
+// we define this the traditional way so that
+// it's usable from both C and assembly
+
+#define NULL                0
+
+// predefined i/o channels
+
+#define CHAN_CIO            0
+#define CHAN_SIO            1
+
+// maximum allowable number of command-line arguments
+#define MAX_ARGS            10
+
+// sizes of various things
+#define NUM_1KB           0x00000400    // 2^10
+#define NUM_4KB           0x00001000    // 2^12
+#define NUM_1MB           0x00100000    // 2^20
+#define NUM_4MB           0x00400000    // 2^22
+#define NUM_1GB           0x40000000    // 2^30
+#define NUM_2GB           0x80000000    // 2^31
+#define NUM_3GB           0xc0000000
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+**
+** Anything that should not be visible to something other than
+** the C compiler should be put here.
+*/
+
+/*
+** System error codes
+**
+** These can be returned to both system functions
+** and to user system calls.
+*/
+	// success!
+#define SUCCESS             (0)
+#   define E_SUCCESS        SUCCESS
+	// generic "something went wrong"
+#define E_FAILURE           (-1)
+	// specific failure reasons
+#define E_BAD_PARAM         (-2)
+#define E_BAD_CHAN          (-3)
+#define E_NO_CHILDREN       (-4)
+#define	E_NO_MEMORY         (-5)
+#define	E_NOT_FOUND         (-6)
+#define E_NO_PROCS          (-7)
+
+/*
+** These error codes are internal to the OS.
+*/
+#define E_EMPTY_QUEUE       (-100)
+#define E_NO_PCBS           (-101)
+#define	E_NO_PTE            (-102)
+#define E_LOAD_LIMIT        (-103)
+
+// exit status values
+#define EXIT_SUCCESS        (0)
+#define EXIT_FAILURE        (-1)
+#define EXIT_KILLED         (-101)
+#define EXIT_BAD_SYSCALL    (-102)
+
+/*
+** Process priority values
+*/
+enum priority_e {
+	PRIO_HIGH, PRIO_STD, PRIO_LOW, PRIO_DEFERRED
+	// sentinel
+	, N_PRIOS
+};
+
+// halves of various data sizes
+
+#define UI16_UPPER		0xff00
+#define UI16_LOWER		0x00ff
+
+#define UI32_UPPER		0xffff0000
+#define UI32_LOWER		0x0000ffff
+
+#define UI64_UPPER		0xffffffff00000000LL
+#define UI64_LOWER		0x00000000ffffffffLL
+
+// Simple conversion pseudo-functions usable by everyone
+
+// convert seconds to ms
+#define SEC_TO_MS(n)	((n) * 1000)
+
+#endif	/* !ASM_SRC */
+
+/*
+** Level-specific definitions
+*/
+#ifdef KERNEL_SRC
+#include <kdefs.h>
+#else
+#include <udefs.h>
+#endif  /* KERNEL_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/elf.h b/include/elf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a43e5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/elf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+/**
+** @file	elf.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	ELF format declarations
+*/
+
+#ifndef ELF_H_
+#define ELF_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+// ELF data types (TIS ELF Spec v1.2, May 1995
+typedef uint32_t e32_a;    // 32-bit unsigned address
+typedef uint16_t e32_h;    // 16-bit unsigned "medium" integer
+typedef uint32_t e32_o;    // 32-bit unsigned offset
+typedef int32_t  e32_sw;   // 32-bit signed "large" integer
+typedef uint32_t e32_w;    // 32-bit unsigned "large" integer
+typedef uint8_t  e32_si;   // 8-bit unsigned "small" integer
+
+// ELF magic number - first four bytes
+#define ELF_MAGIC    0x464C457FU    // "\x7FELF" in little-endian order
+#define	EI_NIDENT    16
+
+union elfident_u {
+	uint8_t bytes[EI_NIDENT];  // array of 16 bytes
+	struct {
+		uint32_t magic;        // magic number
+		uint8_t  class;        // file class
+		uint8_t  data;         // data encoding
+		uint8_t  version;      // file version
+		uint8_t  osabi;        // OS ABI identification
+		uint8_t  abivers;      // ABI version
+		uint8_t  pad[7];       // padding to 16 bytes
+	} f;
+};
+
+// indices for byte fields in the ident array
+#define EI_MAGIC          0
+#	define EI_MAG0        EI_MAGIC
+#	define EI_MAG1        1
+#	define EI_MAG2        2
+#	define EI_MAG3        3
+#define EI_CLASS          4
+#define EI_DATA           5
+#define EI_VERSION        6
+#define EI_OSABI          7
+#define EI_ABIVERSION     8
+
+// ELF classes
+#define ELF_CLASS_NONE    0
+#define ELF_CLASS_32      1   // 32-bit objects
+#define ELF_CLASS_64      2   // 64-bit objects
+
+// ELF data encoding
+#define ELF_DATA_NONE     0   // invalid data encoding
+#define ELF_DATA_2LSB     1   // two's complement little-endian
+#define ELF_DATA_2MSB     2   // two's complement big-endian
+
+// ELF versions
+#define ELF_VERSION__NONE     0   // invalid version
+#	define EV_NONE            ELF_VERSION_NONE
+#define ELF_VERSION__CURRENT  1   // current version
+#	define EV_CURRENT         ELF_VERSION_CURRENT
+
+// ELF header
+//
+// field names are from the TIS ELF Spec v1.2, May 1995
+typedef struct elfhdr_s {
+	union elfident_u e_ident;  // file identification
+	e32_h e_type;              // file type
+	e32_h e_machine;           // required architecture
+	e32_w e_version;           // object file version
+	e32_a e_entry;             // entry point (VA)
+	e32_o e_phoff;             // offset to program header table (PHT)
+	e32_o e_shoff;             // offset to section header table (SHT)
+	e32_w e_flags;             // processor-specific flags
+	e32_h e_ehsize;            // ELF header size (bytes)
+	e32_h e_phentsize;         // size of one PHT entry (bytes)
+	e32_h e_phnum;             // number of PHT entries
+	e32_h e_shentsize;         // size of one SHT entry (bytes)
+	e32_h e_shnum;             // number of SHT entries
+	e32_h e_shstrndx;          // SHT index of the sect. name string table
+} elfhdr_t;
+
+#define SZ_ELFHDR   sizeof(elfhdr_t)
+
+// field values
+// e_type
+#define ET_NONE     0        // no file type
+#define ET_REL      1        // relocatable file
+#define ET_EXEC     2        // executable file
+#define ET_DYN      3        // shared object file
+#define ET_CORE     4        // core file
+#define ET_LO_OS    0xfe00   // processor-specific
+#define ET_HI_OS    0xfeff   // processor-specific
+#define ET_LO_CP    0xff00   // processor-specific
+#define ET_HI_CP    0xffff   // processor-specific
+
+// e_machine
+#define EM_NONE         0x00   // no machine type
+#define EM_M32          0x01   // AT&T WE 32100
+#define EM_SPARC        0x02   // SUN SPARC
+#define EM_386          0x03   // Intel Architecture
+#define EM_68K          0x04   // Motorola 68000
+#define EM_88K          0x05   // Motorola 88000
+#define EM_IAMCU        0x06   // Intel MCU
+#define EM_860          0x07   // Intel 80860
+#define EM_MIPS         0x08   // MIPS RS3000 Big-Endian
+#define EM_S370         0x09   // IBM System/370
+#define EM_MIPS_RS3_LE  0x0a   // MIPS RS3000 Big-Endian
+#define EM_SPARC32PLLUS 0x12   // Sun "v8plus"
+#define EM_PPC          0x14   // IBM PowerPC
+#define EM_PPC64        0x15   // IBM PowerPC 64-bit
+#define EM_S390         0x16   // IBM System/390
+#define EM_ARM          0x28   // ARM up to V7/AArch32
+#define EM_SPARCV9      0x2b   // SPARC V9 64-bit
+#define EM_IA_64        0x32   // Intel Itanium (Merced)
+#define EM_MIPS_X       0x32   // Stanford MIPS-X
+#define EM_X86_64       0x3E   // AMD x86-64 (Intel64)
+#define EM_PDP11        0x40   // DEC PDP-11
+#define EM_VAX          0x4b   // DEC VAX
+#define EM_AARCH64      0xb7   // ARM AArch64
+#define EM_Z80          0xec   // Zilog Z-80
+#define EM_AMDGPU       0xf0   // AMD GPU
+#define EM_RISCV        0xf3   // RISC-V
+#define EM_BPF          0xf7   // Berkeley Packet Filter
+
+// ELF section header
+//
+// field names are from the TIS ELF Spec v1.2, May 1995
+typedef struct shdr_s {
+	e32_w sh_name;         // section name (index into string table)
+	e32_w sh_type;         // section contents/semantics
+	e32_w sh_flags;        // attribute flag bits
+	e32_a sh_addr;         // 0, or load point of this section in memory
+	e32_o sh_offset;       // byte offset within the file
+	e32_w sh_size;         // section size in bytes
+	e32_w sh_link;         // section header index table link
+	e32_w sh_info;         // "extra information"
+	e32_w sh_addralign;    // required alignment
+	e32_w sh_entsize;      // 0, or size of each entry in the section
+} elfsecthdr_t;
+
+#define SZ_ELFSECTHDR   sizeof(elfsecthdr_t)
+
+// sh_name
+#define SHN_UNDEF       0
+
+// sh_type
+#define SHT_NULL        0x00
+#define SHT_PROGBITS    0x01
+#define SHT_SYMTAB      0x02
+#define SHT_STRTAB      0x03
+#define SHT_RELA        0x04
+#define SHT_HASH        0x05
+#define SHT_DYNAMIC     0x06
+#define SHT_NOTE        0x07
+#define SHT_NOBITS      0x08
+#define SHT_REL         0x09
+#define SHT_SHLIB       0x0a
+#define SHT_DYNSYM      0x0b
+#define SHT_LO_CP       0x70000000
+#define SHT_HI_CP       0x7fffffff
+#define SHT_LO_US       0x80000000
+#define SHT_HI_US       0x8fffffff
+
+// sh_flags
+#define SHF_WRITE       0x001
+#define SHF_ALLOC       0x002
+#define SHF_EXECINSTR   0x004
+#define SHF_MERGE       0x010
+#define SHF_STRINGS     0x020
+#define SHF_INFO_LINK   0x040
+#define SHF_LINK_ORDER  0x080
+#define SHF_OS_NONCON   0x100
+#define SHF_GROUP       0x200
+#define SHF_TLS         0x400
+#define SHF_MASKOS      0x0ff00000
+#define SHF_MASKPROC    0xf0000000
+
+// ELF program header
+//
+// field names are from the TIS ELF Spec v1.2, May 1995
+typedef struct phdr_s {
+	e32_w p_type;        // type of segment
+	e32_o p_offset;      // byte offset in file
+	e32_a p_va;          // load point in memory (virtual address)
+	e32_a p_pa;          // load point in memory (physical address)
+	e32_w p_filesz;      // number of bytes in this file
+	e32_w p_memsz;       // number of bytes in memory
+	e32_w p_flags;       // attribute flag bits
+	e32_w p_align;       // required alignment
+} elfproghdr_t;
+
+#define SZ_ELFPROGHDR   sizeof(elfproghdr_t)
+
+// p_type
+#define PT_NULL        0
+#define PT_LOAD        1
+#define PT_DYNAMIC     2
+#define PT_INTERP      3
+#define PT_NOTE        4
+#define PT_SHLIB       5
+#define PT_PHDR        6
+#define PT_TLS         7
+#define PT_LO_OS       0x70000000
+#define PT_HI_OS       0x7fffffff
+#define PT_LO_CP       0x70000000
+#define PT_HI_CP       0x7fffffff
+
+// p_flags
+#define PF_E           0x1
+#define PF_W           0x2
+#define PF_R           0x4
+#define PF_MASKPROC    0xf0000000
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/kdefs.h b/include/kdefs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9fe853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/kdefs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/**
+** @file	kdefs.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Kernel-only declarations.
+*/
+
+#ifndef KDEFS_H_
+#define KDEFS_H_
+
+// debugging macros
+#include <debug.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+// page sizes
+#define	SZ_PAGE          NUM_4KB
+#define SZ_BIGPAGE       NUM_4MB
+
+// kernel stack size (bytes)
+#define	N_KSTKPAGES      1 
+#define SZ_KSTACK        (N_KSTKPAGES * SZ_PAGE)
+
+// user stack size
+#define N_USTKPAGES      2
+#define SZ_USTACK        (N_USTKPAGES * SZ_PAGE)
+
+// declarations for modulus checking of (e.g.) sizes and addresses
+
+#define MOD4_BITS        0x00000003
+#define MOD4_MASK        0xfffffffc
+#define MOD4_INC         0x00000004
+#define MOD4_SHIFT       2
+
+#define MOD16_BITS       0x0000000f
+#define MOD16_MASK       0xfffffff0
+#define MOD16_INC        0x00000010
+#define MOD16_SHIFT      4
+
+#define	MOD1K_BITS       0x000003ff
+#define MOD1K_MASK       0xfffffc00
+#define MOD1K_INC        0x00000400
+#define MOD1K_SHIFT      10
+
+#define	MOD4K_BITS       0x00000fff
+#define MOD4K_MASK       0xfffff000
+#define MOD4K_INC        0x00001000
+#define MOD4K_SHIFT      12
+
+#define	MOD1M_BITS       0x000fffff
+#define MOD1M_MASK       0xfff00000
+#define MOD1M_INC        0x00100000
+#define MOD1M_SHIFT      20
+
+#define	MOD1G_BITS       0x3fffffff
+#define MOD1G_MASK       0xc0000000
+#define MOD1G_INC        0x40000000
+#define MOD1G_SHIFT      30
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+// unit conversion macros
+#define B_TO_KB(x)      (((uint_t)(x))>>10)
+#define B_TO_MB(x)      (((uint_t)(x))>>20)
+#define B_TO_GB(x)      (((uint_t)(x))>>30)
+
+#define KB_TO_B(x)      (((uint_t)(x))<<10)
+#define KB_TO_MB(x)     (((uint_t)(x))>>10)
+#define KB_TO_GB(x)     (((uint_t)(x))>>20)
+
+#define MB_TO_B(x)      (((uint_t)(x))<<20)
+#define MB_TO_KB(x)     (((uint_t)(x))<<10)
+#define MB_TO_GB(x)     (((uint_t)(x))>>10)
+
+#define GB_TO_B(x)      (((uint_t)(x))<<30)
+#define GB_TO_KB(x)     (((uint_t)(x))<<20)
+#define GB_TO_MB(x)     (((uint_t)(x))<<10)
+
+// potetially useful compiler attributes
+#define ALIGN(x)        __attribute__((__aligned__(x)))
+#define PACKED          __attribute__((__packed__))
+
+/*
+** Utility macros
+*/
+
+//
+// macros to clear data structures
+//
+// these are usable for clearing single-valued data items (e.g.,
+// a PCB, etc.)
+#define CLEAR(v)        memclr( &v, sizeof(v) )
+#define CLEAR_PTR(p)    memclr( p, sizeof(*p) )
+
+//
+// macros for access registers and system call arguments
+//
+
+// REG(pcb,x) -- access a specific register in a process context
+#define REG(pcb,x)  ((pcb)->context->x)
+
+// RET(pcb) -- access return value register in a process context
+#define RET(pcb)    ((pcb)->context->eax)
+
+// ARG(pcb,n) -- access argument #n from the indicated process
+//
+// ARG(pcb,0) --> return address
+// ARG(pcb,1) --> first parameter
+// ARG(pcb,2) --> second parameter
+// etc.
+//
+// ASSUMES THE STANDARD 32-BIT ABI, WITH PARAMETERS PUSHED ONTO THE
+// STACK.  IF THE PARAMETER PASSING MECHANISM CHANGES, SO MUST THIS!
+#define ARG(pcb,n)  ( ( (uint32_t *) (((pcb)->context) + 1) ) [(n)] )
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+// general-purpose character buffer
+extern char b256[256];
+
+// buffer for use by PANIC() macro
+extern char b512[512];
+
+// kernel stack
+extern uint8_t kstack[SZ_KSTACK];
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/klib.h b/include/klib.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1d270c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/klib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+** @file    klib.h
+**
+** @author  Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Additional support functions for the kernel.
+*/
+
+#ifndef KLIB_H_
+#define KLIB_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+#include <x86/ops.h>
+
+/**
+** Name:    put_char_or_code( ch )
+**
+** Description: Prints a character on the console, unless it
+** is a non-printing character, in which case its hex code
+** is printed
+**
+** @param ch    The character to be printed
+*/
+void put_char_or_code( int ch );
+
+/**
+** Name:    backtrace
+**
+** Perform a simple stack backtrace. Could be augmented to use the
+** symbol table to print function/variable names, etc., if so desired.
+**
+** @param ebp   Initial EBP to use
+** @param args  Number of function argument values to print
+*/
+void backtrace( uint32_t *ebp, uint_t args );
+
+/**
+** Name:	kpanic
+**
+** Kernel-level panic routine
+**
+** usage:  kpanic( msg )
+**
+** Prefix routine for panic() - can be expanded to do other things
+** (e.g., printing a stack traceback)
+**
+** @param msg[in]  String containing a relevant message to be printed,
+**                 or NULL
+*/
+void kpanic( const char *msg );
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/kmem.h b/include/kmem.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a98765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/kmem.h
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/**
+** @file	kmem.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+** @author	Kenneth Reek
+** @author	4003-506 class of 20013
+**
+** @brief	Support for dynamic memory allocation within the OS.
+**
+** This is a basic page allocator. Each allocation request returns
+** a pointer to a single 4096-byte page of memory.
+**
+** The module also supports subddivision of pages into "slices",
+** each of which is 1KB (i.e., 1/4 of a page).
+*/
+
+#ifndef KMEM_H_
+#define KMEM_H_
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+// standard types etc.
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+// Slab and slice sizes, in bytes
+
+#define SZ_SLAB     SZ_PAGE
+#define SZ_SLICE    (SZ_SLAB >> 2)
+
+// memory limits
+//
+// these determine the range of memory addresses the kmem
+// module will manage
+//
+// we won't map any memory below 1MB or above 1GB
+#define KM_LOW_CUTOFF      NUM_1MB
+#define KM_HIGH_CUTOFF     NUM_1GB
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name: km_init
+**
+** Find what memory is present on the system and
+** construct the list of free memory blocks.
+**
+** Dependencies:
+**    Must be called before any other init routine that uses
+**    dynamic storage is called.
+*/
+void km_init( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:    km_dump
+**
+** Dump information about the free lists to the console. By default,
+** prints only the list sizes; if 'addrs' is true, also dumps the list
+** of page addresses; if 'all' is also true, dumps page addresses and
+** slice addresses.
+**
+** @param addrs  Also dump page addresses
+** @param both   Also dump slice addresses
+*/
+void km_dump( bool_t addrs, bool_t both );
+
+/*
+** Functions that manipulate free memory blocks.
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:    km_page_alloc
+**
+** Allocate a page of memory from the free list.
+**
+** @return a pointer to the beginning of the allocated page,
+**         or NULL if no memory is available
+*/
+void *km_page_alloc( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:    km_page_free
+**
+** Returns a memory block to the list of available blocks,
+** combining it with adjacent blocks if they're present.
+**
+** CRITICAL ASSUMPTION:  multi-page blocks will be freed one page
+** at a time!
+**
+** @param[in] block   Pointer to the page to be returned to the free list
+*/
+void km_page_free( void *block );
+
+/**
+** Name:    km_slice_alloc
+**
+** Dynamically allocates a slice (1/4 of a page).  If no
+** memory is available, we return NULL (unless ALLOC_FAIL_PANIC
+** was defined, in which case we panic).
+**
+** @return a pointer to the allocated slice
+*/
+void *km_slice_alloc( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:    km_slice_free
+**
+** Returns a slice to the list of available slices.
+**
+** We make no attempt to merge slices, as they are independent
+** blocks of memory (unlike pages).
+**
+** @param[in] block  Pointer to the slice (1/4 page) to be freed
+*/
+void km_slice_free( void *block );
+
+#endif /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/lib.h b/include/lib.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd19111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/lib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+/**
+** @file	lib.h
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C declarations of common library functions
+**
+** These are callable from either kernel or user code. Care should be taken
+** that user code is linked against these separately from kernel code, to
+** ensure separation of the address spaces.
+*/
+
+#ifndef LIB_H_
+#define LIB_H_
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+**********************************************
+** MEMORY MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS
+**********************************************
+*/
+
+/**
+** memset(buf,len,value)
+**
+** initialize all bytes of a block of memory to a specific value
+**
+** @param buf    The buffer to initialize
+** @param len    Buffer size (in bytes)
+** @param value  Initialization value
+*/
+void memset( void *buf, register uint32_t len, register uint32_t value );
+
+/**
+** memclr(buf,len)
+**
+** Initialize all bytes of a block of memory to zero
+**
+** @param buf    The buffer to initialize
+** @param len    Buffer size (in bytes)
+*/
+void memclr( void *buf, register uint32_t len );
+
+/**
+** memcpy(dst,src,len)
+**
+** Copy a block from one place to another
+**
+** May not correctly deal with overlapping buffers
+**
+** @param dst   Destination buffer
+** @param src   Source buffer
+** @param len   Buffer size (in bytes)
+*/
+void memcpy( void *dst, register const void *src, register uint32_t len );
+
+/*
+**********************************************
+** STRING MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS
+**********************************************
+*/
+
+/**
+** str2int(str,base) - convert a string to a number in the specified base
+**
+** @param str   The string to examine
+** @param base  The radix to use in the conversion
+**
+** @return The converted integer
+*/
+int str2int( register const char *str, register int base );
+
+/**
+** strlen(str) - return length of a NUL-terminated string
+**
+** @param str The string to examine
+**
+** @return The length of the string, or 0
+*/
+uint32_t strlen( register const char *str );
+
+/**
+** strcmp(s1,s2) - compare two NUL-terminated strings
+**
+** @param s1 The first source string
+** @param s2 The second source string
+**
+** @return negative if s1 < s2, zero if equal, and positive if s1 > s2
+*/
+int strcmp( register const char *s1, register const char *s2 );
+
+/**
+** strcpy(dst,src) - copy a NUL-terminated string
+**
+** @param dst The destination buffer
+** @param src The source buffer
+**
+** @return The dst parameter
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes dst is large enough to hold the copied string
+*/
+char *strcpy( register char *dst, register const char *src );
+
+/**
+** strcat(dst,src) - append one string to another
+**
+** @param dst The destination buffer
+** @param src The source buffer
+**
+** @return The dst parameter
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes dst is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+char *strcat( register char *dst, register const char *src );
+
+/**
+** pad(dst,extra,padchar) - generate a padding string
+**
+** @param dst     Pointer to where the padding should begin
+** @param extra   How many padding bytes to add
+** @param padchar What character to pad with
+**
+** @return Pointer to the first byte after the padding
+**
+** NOTE: does NOT NUL-terminate the buffer
+*/
+char *pad( char *dst, int extra, int padchar );
+
+/**
+** padstr(dst,str,len,width,leftadjust,padchar - add padding characters
+**                                               to a string
+**
+** @param dst        The destination buffer
+** @param str        The string to be padded
+** @param len        The string length, or -1
+** @param width      The desired final length of the string
+** @param leftadjust Should the string be left-justified?
+** @param padchar    What character to pad with
+**
+** @return Pointer to the first byte after the padded string
+**
+** NOTE: does NOT NUL-terminate the buffer
+*/
+char *padstr( char *dst, char *str, int len, int width,
+				int leftadjust, int padchar );
+
+/**
+** sprint(dst,fmt,...) - formatted output into a string buffer
+**
+** @param dst The string buffer
+** @param fmt Format string
+**
+** The format string parameter is followed by zero or more additional
+** parameters which are interpreted according to the format string.
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes the buffer is large enough to hold the result string
+**
+** NOTE:  relies heavily on the x86 parameter passing convention
+** (parameters are pushed onto the stack in reverse order as
+** 32-bit values).
+*/
+void sprint( char *dst, char *fmt, ... );
+
+/*
+**********************************************
+** CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
+**********************************************
+*/
+
+/**
+** cvtuns0(buf,value) - local support routine for cvtuns()
+**
+** Convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Result buffer
+** @param value  Value to be converted
+**
+** @return Pointer to the first unused byte in the buffer
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+char *cvtuns0( char *buf, uint32_t value );
+
+/**
+** cvtuns(buf,value)
+**
+** Convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Result buffer
+** @param value  Value to be converted
+**
+** @return Length of the resulting buffer
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvtuns( char *buf, uint32_t value );
+
+/**
+** cvtdec0(buf,value) - local support routine for cvtdec()
+**
+** convert a 32-bit unsigned integer into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Destination buffer
+** @param value  Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+char *cvtdec0( char *buf, int value );
+
+/**
+** cvtdec(buf,value)
+**
+** convert a 32-bit signed value into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Destination buffer
+** @param value  Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvtdec( char *buf, int32_t value );
+
+/**
+** cvthex(buf,value)
+**
+** convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a mininal-length (up to
+** 8-character) NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Destination buffer
+** @param value  Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvthex( char *buf, uint32_t value );
+
+/**
+** cvtoct(buf,value)
+**
+** convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a mininal-length (up to
+** 11-character) NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf   Destination buffer
+** @param value Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvtoct( char *buf, uint32_t value );
+
+/**
+** bound(min,value,max)
+**
+** This function confines an argument within specified bounds.
+**
+** @param min    Lower bound
+** @param value  Value to be constrained
+** @param max    Upper bound
+**
+** @return The constrained value
+*/
+uint32_t bound( uint32_t min, uint32_t value, uint32_t max );
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+/*
+** Finally, pull in the level-specific library headers
+*/
+#ifdef KERNEL_SRC
+#include <klib.h>
+#else
+#include <ulib.h>
+#endif  /* KERNEL_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/list.h b/include/list.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28c2377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/list.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/**
+** @file	list.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	Support for a basic linked list data type.
+**
+** This module provides a very basic linked list data structure.
+** A list can contain anything that has a pointer field in the first
+** four bytes; these routines assume those bytes contain a pointer to
+** the following entry in the list, whatever that may be.
+*/
+
+#ifndef LIST_H_
+#define LIST_H_
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+// standard types etc.
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Data types
+*/
+
+// The list structure
+typedef struct list_s {
+	struct list_s *next;	// link to the successor
+} list_t;
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:    list_add
+**
+** Add the supplied data to the beginning of the specified list.
+**
+** @param[in,out] list  The address of a list_t variable
+** @param[in] data      The data to prepend to the list
+*/
+void list_add( list_t *list, void *data );
+
+/**
+** Name:    list_remove
+**
+** Remove the first entry from a linked list.
+**
+** @param[in,out] list  The address of a list_t variable
+**
+** @return a pointer to the removed data, or NULL if the list was empty
+*/
+void *list_remove( list_t *list );
+
+#endif /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/params.h b/include/params.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52eb81d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/params.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+** @file	params.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	System configuration settings
+**
+** This header file contains many of the "easily tunable" system
+** settings, such as clock rate, number of simultaneous user
+** processes, etc. This provides a sort of "one-stop shop" for
+** things that might be tweaked frequently.
+*/
+
+#ifndef PARAMS_H_
+#define PARAMS_H_
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+// Upper bound on the number of simultaneous user-level
+// processes in the system (completely arbitrary)
+
+#define N_PROCS        25
+
+// Clock frequency (Hz)
+
+#define CLOCK_FREQ     1000
+#define TICKS_PER_MS   1
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/procs.h b/include/procs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9db4ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/procs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+/*
+** @file	procs.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Process-related declarations
+*/
+
+#ifndef PROCS_H_
+#define PROCS_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Process states
+*/
+enum state_e {
+	// pre-viable
+	STATE_UNUSED = 0, STATE_NEW,
+	// runnable
+	STATE_READY, STATE_RUNNING,
+	// runnable, but waiting for some event
+	STATE_SLEEPING, STATE_BLOCKED, STATE_WAITING,
+	// no longer runnable
+	STATE_KILLED, STATE_ZOMBIE
+	// sentinel value
+	, N_STATES
+};
+
+// these may be handy for checking general conditions of processes
+// they depend on the order of the state names in the enum!
+#define	FIRST_VIABLE   STATE_READY
+#define FIRST_BLOCKED  STATE_SLEEPING
+#define LAST_VIABLE    STATE_WAITING
+
+/*
+** Process priorities are defined in <defs.h>
+*/
+
+/*
+** Quantum lengths - values are number of clock ticks
+*/
+enum quantum_e {
+	QUANTUM_SHORT = 1,
+	QUANTUM_STANDARD = 3,
+	QUANTUM_LONG = 5
+};
+
+/*
+** PID-related definitions
+*/
+#define PID_INIT          1
+#define FIRST_USER_PID    2
+
+/*
+** Process context structure
+**
+** NOTE:  the order of data members here depends on the
+** register save code in isr_stubs.S!!!!
+**
+** This will be at the top of the user stack when we enter
+** an ISR.  In the case of a system call, it will be followed
+** by the return address and the system call parameters.
+*/
+
+typedef struct context_s {
+	uint32_t ss;		// pushed by isr_save
+	uint32_t gs;
+	uint32_t fs;
+	uint32_t es;
+	uint32_t ds;
+	uint32_t edi;
+	uint32_t esi;
+	uint32_t ebp;
+	uint32_t esp;
+	uint32_t ebx;
+	uint32_t edx;
+	uint32_t ecx;
+	uint32_t eax;
+	uint32_t vector;
+	uint32_t code;		// pushed by isr_save or the hardware
+	uint32_t eip;		// pushed by the hardware
+	uint32_t cs;
+	uint32_t eflags;
+} context_t;
+
+#define SZ_CONTEXT	sizeof(context_t)
+
+/*
+** program section information for user processes
+*/
+
+typedef struct section_s {
+	uint_t length;	// length, in some units
+	uint_t addr;	// location, in some units
+} section_t;
+
+// note: these correspond to the PT_LOAD sections found in
+// an ELF file, not necessarily to text/data/bss
+#define	SECT_L1           0
+#define	SECT_L2           1
+#define	SECT_L3           2
+#define	SECT_STACK        3
+
+// total number of section table entries in our PCB
+#define	N_SECTS           4
+// number of those that can be loaded from an ELF module
+#define N_LOADABLE        3
+
+/*
+** The process control block
+**
+** Fields are ordered by size to avoid padding
+**
+** Currently, this is 72 bytes long. It could be reduced to 64 (2^6)
+** bytes by making the last four fields uint16_t types; that would
+** divide nicely into 1024 bytes, giving 16 PCBs per 1/4 page of memory.
+*/
+
+typedef struct pcb_s {
+
+	// four-byte fields
+	// start with these four bytes, for easy access in assembly
+	context_t *context;         // pointer to context save area on stack
+
+	// VM information
+	pde_t *pdir;                // page directory for this process
+	section_t sects[N_SECTS];   // per-section memory information
+
+	// queue linkage
+	struct pcb_s *next;         // next PCB in queue
+
+	// process state information
+	struct pcb_s *parent;       // pointer to PCB of our parent process
+	uint32_t wakeup;            // wakeup time, for sleeping processes
+	int32_t exit_status;        // termination status, for parent's use
+
+	// these things may not need to be four bytes
+	uint_t pid;                 // PID of this process
+	enum state_e state;         // process' current state
+	enum priority_e priority;   // process priority level
+	uint_t ticks;               // remaining ticks in this time slice
+
+} pcb_t;
+
+#define	SZ_PCB	sizeof(pcb_t)
+
+/*
+** PCB queue structure (opaque to the rest of the kernel)
+*/
+typedef struct pcb_queue_s *pcb_queue_t;
+
+/*
+** Queue ordering methods
+*/
+enum pcb_queue_order_e {
+	O_FIFO, O_PRIO, O_PID, O_WAKEUP
+	// sentinel
+	, N_ORDERINGS
+};
+#define	O_FIRST_STYLE	O_FIFO
+#define	O_LAST_STYLE	O_WAKEUP
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+// public-facing queue handles
+extern pcb_queue_t pcb_freelist;
+extern pcb_queue_t ready;
+extern pcb_queue_t waiting;
+extern pcb_queue_t sleeping;
+extern pcb_queue_t zombie;
+extern pcb_queue_t sioread;
+
+// pointer to the currently-running process
+extern pcb_t *current;
+
+// the process table
+extern pcb_t ptable[N_PROCS];
+
+// next available PID
+extern uint_t next_pid;
+
+// pointer to the PCB for the 'init' process
+extern pcb_t *init_pcb;
+
+// table of state name strings
+extern const char *state_str[N_STATES];
+
+// table of priority name strings
+extern const char *prio_str[N_PRIOS];
+
+// table of queue ordering name strings
+extern const char *ord_str[N_ORDERINGS];
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_init
+**
+** Initialization for the Process module.
+*/
+void pcb_init( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_alloc
+**
+** Allocate a PCB from the list of free PCBs.
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to a pcb_t * where the PCB pointer will be returned.
+**
+** @return status of the allocation attempt
+*/
+int pcb_alloc( pcb_t **pcb );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_free
+**
+** Return a PCB to the list of free PCBs.
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to the PCB to be deallocated.
+*/
+void pcb_free( pcb_t *pcb );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_zombify
+**
+** Turn the indicated process into a Zombie. This function
+** does most of the real work for exit() and kill() calls.
+** Is also called from the scheduler and dispatcher.
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to the newly-undead PCB
+*/
+void pcb_zombify( register pcb_t *victim );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_cleanup
+**
+** Reclaim a process' data structures
+**
+** @param pcb   The PCB to reclaim
+*/
+void pcb_cleanup( pcb_t *pcb );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_find_pid
+**
+** Locate the PCB for the process with the specified PID
+**
+** @param pid   The PID to be located
+**
+** @return Pointer to the PCB, or NULL
+*/
+pcb_t *pcb_find_pid( uint_t pid );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_find_ppid
+**
+** Locate the PCB for the process with the specified parent
+**
+** @param pid   The PID to be located
+**
+** @return Pointer to the PCB, or NULL
+*/
+pcb_t *pcb_find_ppid( uint_t pid );
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_queue_reset
+**
+** Initialize a PCB queue.
+**
+** @param queue[out]  The queue to be initialized
+** @param order[in]   The desired ordering for the queue
+**
+** @return status of the init request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_reset( pcb_queue_t queue, enum pcb_queue_order_e style );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_empty
+**
+** Determine whether a queue is empty. Essentially just a wrapper
+** for the PCB_QUEUE_EMPTY() macro, for use outside this module.
+**
+** @param[in] queue  The queue to check
+**
+** @return true if the queue is empty, else false
+*/
+bool_t pcb_queue_empty( pcb_queue_t queue );
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_length
+**
+** Return the count of elements in the specified queue.
+**
+** @param[in] queue  The queue to check
+**
+** @return the count (0 if the queue is empty)
+*/
+uint_t pcb_queue_length( const pcb_queue_t queue );
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_queue_insert
+**
+** Inserts a PCB into the indicated queue.
+**
+** @param queue[in,out]  The queue to be used
+** @param pcb[in]        The PCB to be inserted
+**
+** @return status of the insertion request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_insert( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t *pcb );
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_queue_peek
+**
+** Return the first PCB from the indicated queue, but don't
+** remove it from the queue
+**
+** @param queue[in]  The queue to be used
+**
+** @return the PCB pointer, or NULL if the queue is empty
+*/
+pcb_t *pcb_queue_peek( const pcb_queue_t queue );
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_queue_remove
+**
+** Remove the first PCB from the indicated queue.
+**
+** @param queue[in,out]  The queue to be used
+** @param pcb[out]       Pointer to where the PCB pointer will be saved
+**
+** @return status of the removal request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_remove( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t **pcb );
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_queue_remove_this
+**
+** Remove the specified PCB from the indicated queue.
+**
+** @param queue[in,out]  The queue to be used
+** @param pcb[in]        Pointer to the PCB to be removed
+**
+** @return status of the removal request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_remove_this( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t *pcb );
+
+/*
+** Scheduler routines
+*/
+
+/**
+** schedule(pcb)
+**
+** Schedule the supplied process
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to the PCB of the process to be scheduled
+*/
+void schedule( pcb_t *pcb );
+
+/**
+** dispatch()
+**
+** Select the next process to receive the CPU
+*/
+void dispatch( void );
+
+/*
+** Debugging/tracing routines
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	ctx_dump
+**
+** Dumps the contents of this process context to the console
+**
+** @param msg[in]   An optional message to print before the dump
+** @param c[in]     The context to dump out
+*/
+void ctx_dump( const char *msg, register context_t *c );
+
+/**
+** Name:	ctx_dump_all
+**
+** dump the process context for all active processes
+**
+** @param msg[in]  Optional message to print
+*/
+void ctx_dump_all( const char *msg );
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_dump
+**
+** Dumps the contents of this PCB to the console
+**
+** @param msg[in]  An optional message to print before the dump
+** @param p[in]    The PCB to dump
+** @param all[in]  Dump all the contents?
+*/
+void pcb_dump( const char *msg, register pcb_t *p, bool_t all );
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_queue_dump
+**
+** Dump the contents of the specified queue to the console
+**
+** @param msg[in]       An optional message to print before the dump
+** @param queue[in]     The queue to dump
+** @param contents[in]  Also dump (some) contents?
+*/
+void pcb_queue_dump( const char *msg, pcb_queue_t queue, bool_t contents );
+
+/**
+** Name:	ptable_dump
+**
+** dump the contents of the "active processes" table
+**
+** @param msg[in]  Optional message to print
+** @param all[in]  Dump all or only part of the relevant data
+*/
+void ptable_dump( const char *msg, bool_t all );
+
+/**
+** Name:	ptable_dump_counts
+**
+** Prints basic information about the process table (number of
+** entries, number with each process state, etc.).
+*/
+void ptable_dump_counts( void );
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/sio.h b/include/sio.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dca80ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/sio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+/**
+** @file	sio.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	SIO definitions
+*/
+
+#ifndef SIO_H_
+#define SIO_H_
+
+// compatibility definitions
+#include <compat.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+// sio interrupt settings
+
+#define SIO_TX      0x01
+#define SIO_RX      0x02
+#define SIO_BOTH    (SIO_TX | SIO_RX)
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <procs.h>
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// queue for read-blocked processes
+extern QTYPE QNAME;
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** sio_init()
+**
+** Initialize the UART chip.
+*/
+void sio_init( void );
+
+/**
+** sio_enable()
+**
+** Enable SIO interrupts
+**
+** usage:    uint8_t old = sio_enable( uint8_t which )
+**
+** @param which   Bit mask indicating which interrupt(s) to enable
+**
+** @return the prior IER setting
+*/
+uint8_t sio_enable( uint8_t which );
+
+/**
+** sio_disable()
+**
+** Disable SIO interrupts
+**
+** usage:    uint8_t old = sio_disable( uint8_t which )
+**
+** @param which   Bit mask indicating which interrupt(s) to disable
+**
+** @return the prior IER setting
+*/
+uint8_t sio_disable( uint8_t which );
+
+/**
+** sio_inq_length()
+**
+** Get the input queue length
+**
+** usage:   int num = sio_inq_length()
+**
+** @return the count of characters still in the input queue
+*/
+int sio_inq_length( void );
+
+/**
+** sio_readc()
+**
+** Get the next input character
+**
+** usage:   int ch = sio_readc()
+**
+** @return the next character, or -1 if no character is available
+*/
+int sio_readc( void );
+
+/**
+** sio_read()
+**
+** Read the entire input buffer into a user buffer of a specified size
+**
+** usage:    int num = sio_read( char *buffer, int length )
+**
+** @param buf     The destination buffer
+** @param length  Length of the buffer
+**
+** @return the number of bytes copied, or 0 if no characters were available
+*/
+int sio_read( char *buffer, int length );
+
+/**
+** sio_writec( ch )
+**
+** Write a character to the serial output
+**
+** usage:   sio_writec( int ch )
+**
+** @param ch   Character to be written (in the low-order 8 bits)
+*/
+void sio_writec( int ch );
+
+/**
+** sio_write( ch )
+**
+** Write a buffer of characters to the serial output
+**
+** usage:   int num = sio_write( const char *buffer, int length )
+**
+** @param buffer   Buffer containing characters to write
+** @param length   Number of characters to write
+**
+** @return the number of characters copied into the SIO output buffer
+*/
+int sio_write( const char *buffer, int length );
+
+/**
+** sio_puts( buf )
+**
+** Write a NUL-terminated buffer of characters to the serial output
+**
+** usage:   n = sio_puts( const char *buffer );
+**
+** @param buffer  The buffer containing a NUL-terminated string
+**
+** @return the count of bytes transferred
+*/
+int sio_puts( const char *buffer );
+
+/**
+** sio_dump( full )
+**
+** Dump the contents of the SIO buffers to the console
+**
+** usage:    sio_dump(true) or sio_dump(false)
+**
+** @param full   Boolean indicating whether or not a "full" dump
+**               is being requested (which includes the contents
+**               of the queues)
+*/
+void sio_dump( bool_t full );
+
+#endif	/* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/support.h b/include/support.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdc5dc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/support.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/**
+** SCCS ID: @(#)support.h	2.3        1/22/25
+**
+** @file	support.h
+**
+** @author	K. Reek
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Declarations for functions provided in support.c, and
+** some hardware characteristics needed in the initialization.
+**
+*/
+
+#ifndef SUPPORT_H
+#define SUPPORT_H
+
+/*
+** Delay values
+**
+** Notes:  The parameter to the delay() function is ambiguous; it
+** purports to indicate a delay length, but that isn't really tied
+** to any real-world time measurement.
+**
+** On the original systems we used (dual 500MHz Intel P3 CPUs), each
+** "unit" was approximately one tenth of a second, so delay(10) would
+** delay for about one second.
+**
+** On the current machines (Intel Core i5-7500), delay(100) is about
+** 2.5 seconds, so each "unit" is roughly 0.025 seconds.
+**
+** Ultimately, just remember that THESE VALUES ARE APPROXIMATE AT BEST.
+*/
+#define DELAY_1_SEC         40
+#define DELAY_1_25_SEC      50
+#define DELAY_2_SEC         80
+#define DELAY_2_5_SEC      100
+#define DELAY_3_SEC        120
+#define DELAY_5_SEC        200
+#define DELAY_7_SEC        280
+#define DELAY_10_SEC       400
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+/**
+** panic
+**
+** Called when we find an unrecoverable error, this routine disables
+** interrupts, prints a description of the error and then goes into a
+** hard loop to prevent any further processing.
+**
+** @param reason  NUL-terminated message to be printed.
+*/
+void panic( char *reason );
+
+/**
+** init_interrupts
+**
+** (Re)initilizes the interrupt system. This includes initializing the
+** IDT and the PIC. It is up to the user to enable processor interrupts
+** when they're ready.
+*/
+void init_interrupts( void );
+
+/*
+** install_isr
+**
+** Installs a second-level handler for a specific interrupt. Returns the
+** previously-installed handler for reinstallation (if desired).
+**
+** @param vector    the interrupt vector number
+** @param handler	the second-stage ISR function to be called by the stub
+**
+** @return a pointer to the previously-registered ISR
+*/
+void (*install_isr( int vector,
+		void ( *handler )(int,int) ) )( int, int );
+
+/*
+** Name:    delay
+**
+** See the comment above about the relative accuracy of the 'length'
+** parameter.
+*/
+void delay( int length );
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/syscalls.h b/include/syscalls.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e66f6c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/syscalls.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/**
+** @file	syscalls.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	System call declarations
+*/
+
+#ifndef SYSCALLS_H_
+#define SYSCALLS_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** system call codes
+**
+** these are used in the user-level C library stub functions,
+** and are defined here as CPP macros instead of as an enum
+** so that they can be used from assembly
+*/
+
+#define SYS_exit        0
+#define SYS_waitpid     1
+#define SYS_fork        2
+#define SYS_exec        3
+#define SYS_read        4
+#define SYS_write       5
+#define SYS_getpid      6
+#define SYS_getppid     7
+#define SYS_gettime     8
+#define SYS_getprio     9
+#define SYS_setprio     10
+#define SYS_kill        11
+#define SYS_sleep       12
+
+// UPDATE THIS DEFINITION IF MORE SYSCALLS ARE ADDED!
+#define N_SYSCALLS      13
+
+// dummy system call code for testing our ISR
+#define SYS_bogus       0xbad
+
+// interrupt vector entry for system calls
+#define VEC_SYSCALL     0x80
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+#ifdef KERNEL_SRC
+
+/**
+** Name:  sys_init
+**
+** Syscall module initialization routine
+*/
+void sys_init( void );
+
+#endif  /* KERNEL_SRC */
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/types.h b/include/types.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f934f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/**
+** @file	types.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	Common type declarations.
+**
+** This header file contains type declarations used throughout
+** the kernel and user code.
+*/
+
+#ifndef TYPES_H_
+#define TYPES_H_
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+**
+** Anything that should not be visible to something other than
+** the C compiler should be put here.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+// standard integer sized types
+typedef char int8_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
+typedef short int16_t;
+typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
+typedef int int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+typedef long long int int64_t;
+typedef unsigned long long int uint64_t;
+
+// other integer types
+typedef unsigned char uchar_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint_t;
+typedef unsigned long int ulong_t;
+
+// Boolean values
+typedef uint8_t bool_t;
+
+#define true	1
+#define false	0
+
+#ifdef KERNEL_SRC
+// we define these here instead of in vm.h in order to get around a
+// nasty chick/egg dependency between procs.h and vm.h
+typedef uint32_t pde_t;   // page directory entry
+typedef uint32_t pte_t;   // page table entry
+#endif  /* KERNEL_SRC */
+
+#endif	/* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/udefs.h b/include/udefs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50b6952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/udefs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+** @file	udefs.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	"Userland" configuration information
+*/
+
+#ifndef UDEFS_H_
+#define UDEFS_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+**
+** This section of the header file contains definitions that can be
+** used in either C or assembly-language source code.
+*/
+
+// delay loop counts
+
+#define DELAY_LONG		100000000
+#define DELAY_MED		4500000
+#define DELAY_SHORT		2500000
+
+#define DELAY_STD		DELAY_SHORT
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+// convenience macros
+
+// a delay loop - kind of ugly, but it works
+
+#define DELAY(n)	do { \
+		for(int _dlc = 0; _dlc < (DELAY_##n); ++_dlc) continue; \
+	} while(0)
+
+/*
+** We need the list of program IDs so that we can request 
+** their execution
+*/
+
+#include <userids.h>
+
+/*
+** All user main() functions have the following prototype:
+**
+**	int name( int argc, char *argv[] );
+**
+** To simplify declaring them, we define a macro that expands into
+** that header. This can be used both in the implementation (followed
+** by the function body) and in places where we just need the prototype
+** (following it with a semicolon).
+*/
+
+#define USERMAIN(f)	int f( int argc, char *argv[] )
+
+/*
+** User process controls.
+**
+** To enable a specific test, define the symbol SPAWN_name here, and
+** guard the places in other code that use or refer to that test. For
+** example, test 'A' is enabled by definining SPAWN_A here, and all
+** places that refer to test 'A' are guarded with:
+**
+**      #ifdef SPAWN_A
+**          ... conditionally-compiled code
+**      #endif
+**
+** Generally, most of these will exit with a status of 0.  If a process
+** returns from its main function when it shouldn't (e.g., if it had
+** called exit() but continued to run), it will usually return a status
+** of ?.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The standard set of test programs, start by the shell (which is started
+** automatically from the initial user process)
+**
+** There is no user 'O' program, and programs 'W' through 'Z' are spawned
+** from other processes and are never spawned directly.
+*/
+
+#define SPAWN_A
+#define SPAWN_B
+#define SPAWN_C
+#define SPAWN_D
+#define SPAWN_E
+#define SPAWN_F
+#define SPAWN_G
+#define SPAWN_H
+#define SPAWN_I
+#define SPAWN_J
+#define SPAWN_K
+#define SPAWN_L
+#define SPAWN_M
+#define SPAWN_N
+#define SPAWN_P
+#define SPAWN_Q
+#define SPAWN_R
+#define SPAWN_S
+#define SPAWN_T
+#define SPAWN_U
+#define SPAWN_V
+
+#endif /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/ulib.h b/include/ulib.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d254d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ulib.h
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+/**
+** @file	ulib.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Declarations for user-level library functions
+**
+** This module implements a simple collection of support functions
+** similar to the standard C library.
+*/
+
+#ifndef ULIB_H_
+#define ULIB_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+/*
+*************************************************
+** SYSTEM CALLS *********************************
+*************************************************
+*/
+
+/**
+** exit - terminate the calling process
+**
+** usage:   exit(status);
+**
+** @param status   Termination status of this process
+**
+** Does not return.
+*/
+void exit( int32_t status );
+
+/**
+** waitpid - wait for a child process to terminate
+**
+** usage:   pid = waitpid(pid,&status);
+**
+** @param pid    PID of the desired child, or 0 for any child
+** @param status Pointer to int32_t into which the child's status is placed,
+**               or NULL
+**
+** @return  The PID of the terminated child, or an error code
+**
+** If there are no children in the system, returns an error code (*status
+** is unchanged).
+**
+** If there are one or more children in the system and at least one has
+** terminated but hasn't yet been cleaned up, cleans up that process and
+** returns its information; otherwise, blocks until a child terminates.
+*/
+int waitpid( uint_t pid, int32_t *status );
+
+/**
+** fork - create a duplicate of the calling process
+**
+** usage:   pid = fork();
+**
+** @return   parent - the pid of the new child, or an error code
+**           child  - 0
+*/
+int fork( void );
+
+/**
+** exec - replace the memory image of the calling process
+**
+** usage:   exec( what, args )
+**
+** @param what    program table index of the program to exec
+** @param args    the command-line argument vector
+**
+** Does not return if it succeeds; if it returns, something has
+** gone wrong.
+*/
+void exec( uint_t what, char **args );
+
+/**
+** read - read into a buffer from a stream
+**
+** usage:   n = read(channel,buf,length)
+**
+** @param chan   I/O stream to read from
+** @param buf    Buffer to read into
+** @param length Maximum capacity of the buffer
+**
+** @return   The count of bytes transferred, or an error code
+*/
+int read( uint_t chan, void *buffer, uint_t length );
+
+/**
+** write - write from a buffer to a stream
+**
+** usage:   n = write(channel,buf,length)
+**
+** @param chan   I/O stream to write to
+** @param buf    Buffer to write from
+** @param length Maximum capacity of the buffer
+**
+** @return   The count of bytes transferred, or an error code
+*/
+int write( uint_t chan, const void *buffer, uint_t length );
+
+/**
+** getpid - get the PID of the calling process
+**
+** usage:   pid = getpid()
+**
+** @return   the PID of this process
+*/
+uint_t getpid( void );
+
+/**
+** getppid - get the PID of the calling process' parent
+**
+** usage:   pid = getppid()
+**
+** @return   the PID of this process' parent
+*/
+uint_t getppid( void );
+
+/**
+** gettime - get the current system time
+**
+** usage:   pid = gettime()
+**
+** @return   the system time
+*/
+uint32_t gettime( void );
+
+/**
+** getprio - get the scheduling priority of the calling process
+**
+** usage:   prio = getprio()
+**
+** @return   the process' priority
+*/
+int getprio( void );
+
+/**
+** setprio - set the scheduling priority of the calling process
+**
+** usage:   oldprio = setprio(newprio)
+**
+** @param new   the desired new priority
+**
+** @return   the old priority value
+*/
+int setprio( int new );
+
+/**
+** kill - terminate a process with extreme prejudice
+**
+** usage:   n = kill( pid )
+**
+** @param pid  the intended victim
+**
+** @return   0 on success, else an error code
+*/
+int32_t kill( uint_t pid );
+
+/**
+** sleep - put the current process to sleep for some length of time
+**
+** usage:   sleep(n);
+**
+** @param ms Desired sleep time (in ms), or 0 to yield the CPU
+**
+** @return the time the process spent sleeping (in ms)
+*/
+int sleep( uint32_t ms );
+
+/**
+** bogus - a nonexistent system call, to test our syscall ISR
+**
+** usage:   bogus()
+**
+** Does not return.
+*/
+void bogus( void );
+
+/*
+*************************************************
+** CONVENIENT "SHORTHAND" VERSIONS OF SYSCALLS **
+*************************************************
+**
+** These are library functions that perform specific common
+** variants of system calls. This helps reduce the total number
+** of system calls, keeping our baseline OS as lean and mean
+** as we can make it. :-)
+*/
+
+/**
+** wait - wait for any child to exit
+**
+** usage:   pid = wait(&status)
+**
+** Calls waitpid(0,status)
+**
+** @param status Pointer to int32_t into which the child's status is placed,
+**               or NULL
+**
+** @return  The PID of the terminated child, or an error code
+*/
+int wait( int32_t *status );
+
+/**
+** spawn - create a new process running a different program
+**
+** usage:       n = spawn(what,args)
+**
+** Creates a new process and then execs 'what'
+**
+** @param what  Program table index of the program to spawn
+** @param args  The command-line argument vector for the process
+**
+** @return      The PID of the child, or an error code
+*/
+int spawn( uint_t what, char **args );
+
+/**
+** cwritech(ch) - write a single character to the console
+**
+** @param ch The character to write
+**
+** @return  The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int cwritech( char ch );
+
+/**
+** cwrites(str) - write a NUL-terminated string to the console
+**
+** @param str The string to write
+**
+*/
+int cwrites( const char *str );
+
+/**
+** cwrite(buf,leng) - write a sized buffer to the console
+**
+** @param buf  The buffer to write
+** @param leng The number of bytes to write
+**
+** @return  The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int cwrite( const char *buf, uint32_t leng );
+
+/**
+** swritech(ch) - write a single character to the SIO
+**
+** @param ch The character to write
+**
+** @return  The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int swritech( char ch );
+
+/**
+** swrites(str) - write a NUL-terminated string to the SIO
+**
+** @param str The string to write
+**
+** @return  The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int swrites( const char *str );
+
+/**
+** swrite(buf,leng) - write a sized buffer to the SIO
+**
+** @param buf  The buffer to write
+** @param leng The number of bytes to write
+**
+** @return  The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int swrite( const char *buf, uint32_t leng );
+
+/*
+*************************************************
+** MISCELLANEOUS USEFUL SUPPORT FUNCTIONS *******
+*************************************************
+*/
+
+/**
+** fake_exit()
+**
+** dummy "startup" function
+**
+** calls exit(%eax) - serves as the "return to" code for
+** main() functions, in case they don't call exit() themselves
+*/
+void fake_exit( void );
+
+#endif /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/user.h b/include/user.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d9402f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/user.h
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/**
+** @file	user.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Declarations of user-level code management routines
+*/
+
+#ifndef USER_H_
+#define USER_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <procs.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+
+// default value for EFLAGS in new processes
+#define DEFAULT_EFLAGS     (EFL_MB1 | EFL_IF)
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+/*
+** Blob file organization
+**
+** The file begins with a four-byte magic number and a four-byte integer
+** indicating the number of ELF files contained in the blob. This is
+** followed by an array of 32-byte file table entries, and then the contents
+** of the ELF files in the order they appear in the program file table.
+**
+**		Bytes        Contents
+**		-----        ----------------------------
+**		0 - 3        File magic number ("BLB\0")
+**      4 - 7        Number of ELF files in blob ("n")
+**      8 - n*32+8   Program file table
+**		n*32+9 - ?   ELF file contents
+**
+** Each program file table entry contains the following information:
+**
+**		name         File name (up to 19 characters long)
+**		offset       Byte offset to the ELF header for this file
+**		size         Size of this ELF file, in bytes
+**		flags        Flags related to this file
+*/
+
+// user program blob header
+typedef struct header_s {
+	char magic[4];
+	uint32_t num;
+} header_t;
+
+// length of the file name field
+#define NAMELEN      20
+
+// program descriptor
+typedef struct prog_s {
+	char name[NAMELEN];  // truncated name (15 chars)
+	uint32_t offset;     // offset from the beginning of the blob
+	uint32_t size;       // size of this ELF module
+	uint32_t flags;      // miscellaneous flags
+} prog_t;
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_init
+**
+** Initializes the user support module.
+*/
+void user_init( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_locate
+**
+** Locates a user program in the user code archive.
+**
+** @param what   The ID of the user program to find
+**
+** @return pointer to the program table entry in the code archive, or NULL
+*/
+prog_t *user_locate( uint_t what );
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_duplicate
+**
+** Duplicates the memory setup for an existing process.
+**
+** @param new   The PCB for the new copy of the program
+** @param old   The PCB for the existing the program
+**
+** @return the status of the duplicate attempt
+*/
+int user_duplicate( pcb_t *new, pcb_t *old );
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_load
+**
+** Loads a user program from the user code archive into memory.
+** Allocates all needed frames and sets up the VM tables.
+**
+** @param prog   A pointer to the program table entry to be loaded
+** @param pcb    The PCB for the program being loaded
+** @param args   The argument vector for the program
+**
+** @return the status of the load attempt
+*/
+int user_load( prog_t *prog, pcb_t *pcb, const char **args );
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_cleanup
+**
+** "Unloads" a user program. Deallocates all memory frames and
+** cleans up the VM structures.
+**
+** @param pcb   The PCB of the program to be cleaned up
+*/
+void user_cleanup( pcb_t *pcb );
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/userids.h b/include/userids.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..284f3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/userids.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/**
+** @file	userids.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	IDs for user-level programs
+**
+** NOTE: this file is automatically generated when the user.img file
+** is created. Do not edit this manually!
+*/
+
+#ifndef USERIDS_H_
+#define USERIDS_H_
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+/*
+** These IDs are used to identify the various user programs.
+** Each call to exec() will provide one of these as the first
+** argument.
+**
+** This list should be updated if/when the collection of
+** user processes changes.
+*/
+enum users_e {
+	Init, Idle, Shell, ProgABC, ProgDE, ProgFG, ProgH, ProgI,
+	ProgJ, ProgKL, ProgMN, ProgP, ProgQ, ProgR, ProgS, ProgTUV,
+	ProgW, ProgX, ProgY, ProgZ
+	// sentinel
+	, N_USERS
+};
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/vm.h b/include/vm.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d557d5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/vm.h
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+/**
+** @file	vm.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Virtual memory-related declarations.
+*/
+
+#ifndef VM_H_
+#define VM_H_
+
+#include <defs.h>
+#include <types.h>
+
+#include <procs.h>
+
+/*
+** VM layout of the system
+**
+** User processes use the first 4MB of the 32-bit address space; see the
+** next comment for details.
+**
+** Kernel virtual addresses are in the "higher half" range, beginning
+** at 0x80000000.  We define our mapping such that virtual address
+** 0x8nnnnnnn maps to physical address 0x0nnnnnnn, so converting between
+** the two is trivial.
+*/
+
+/*
+** VM layout of process' address space
+**
+** Processes are limited to the first 4MB of the 32-bit address space:
+**
+**  Address Range            Contents
+**  =======================  ================================
+**  0x00000000 - 0x00000fff  page 0 is inaccessible
+**  0x00001000 - 0x000..fff  text occupies pages 1 - N
+**  0x000..000 - 0x000..fff  data occupies pages N+1 - N+d
+**  0x000..000 - 0x000..fff  bss occupies pages N+d+1 - N+d+b
+**  0x000..000 - 0x003fdfff  unusable
+**  0x003fe000 - 0x003fffff  stack occupies last two pages
+**
+** This gives us the following page table structure:
+**
+** Page directory:
+**   Entries    Contents
+**   ========   ==============================
+**   0          point to PMT for address space
+**   1 - 1023   invalid
+**
+** Page map table:
+**   Entries         Contents
+**   ========        ==============================
+**   0               invalid
+**   1 - N           text frames
+**   N+1 - N+d       data frames
+**   N+d+1 - N+d+b   bss frames
+**   N+d+b+1 - 1021  invalid
+**   1022 - 1023     stack frames
+*/
+
+/*
+** General (C and/or assembly) definitions
+*/
+
+// user virtual addresses
+#define USER_TEXT      0x00001000
+#define USER_STACK     0x003fe000
+#define USER_STK_END   0x00400000
+
+// how to find the addresses of the stack pages in the VM hierarchy
+// user address space is the first 4MB of virtual memory
+#define USER_PDE       0
+// the stack occupies the last two pages of the address space
+#define USER_STK_PTE1  1022
+#define USER_STK_PTE2  1023
+
+// some important memory addresses
+#define KERN_BASE      0x80000000    // start of "kernel" memory
+#define EXT_BASE       0x00100000     // start of "extended" memory (1MB)
+#define DEV_BASE       0xfe000000     // "device" memory
+#define PHYS_TOP       0x7fffffff     // last usable physical address
+
+// where the kernel actually lives
+#define KERN_PLINK     0x00010000
+#define KERN_VLINK     (KERN_BASE + KERN_PLINK)
+
+// physical/virtual converters
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+// uses casting
+#define V2P(a)         (((uint_t)(a)) - KERN_BASE)
+#define P2V(a)         ((void *)(((uint_t)(a)) + KERN_BASE))
+#else
+// doesn't use casting
+#define V2P(a)         ((a) - KERN_BASE)
+#define P2V(a)         ((a) + KERN_BASE)
+#endif /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+// number of entries in a page directory or page table
+#define N_PDE          1024
+#define N_PTE          1024
+
+// index field shift counts and masks
+#define PDIX_SHIFT     22
+#define PTIX_SHIFT     12
+#define PIX2I_MASK     0x3ff
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+// 4KB frame numbers are 20 bits wide
+#define	FRAME_4K_SHIFT 12
+#define F2I_4K_MASK    0x000fffff
+#define TO_4KFRAME(n)  (((n)&F2I_4K_MASK) << FRAME_4K_SHIFT)
+#define GET_4KFRAME(n) (((n) >> FRAME_4K_SHIFT)&F2I_4K_MASK)
+
+// 4MB frame numbers are 10 bits wide
+#define	FRAME_4M_SHIFT 22
+#define F2I_4M_MASK    0x000003ff
+#define TO_4MFRAME(n)  (((n)&F2I_4M_MASK) << FRAME_4M_SHIFT)
+#define GET_4MFRAME(n) (((n) >> FRAME_4M_SHIFT)&F2I_4M_MASK)
+
+// extract the PMT address or frame address from a table entry
+#define FRAME_MASK     MOD4K_MASK
+#define PERM_MASK      MOD4K_BITS
+#define PDE_ADDR(p)    (((uint32_t)(p))&FRAME_MASK)
+#define PTE_ADDR(p)    (((uint32_t)(p))&FRAME_MASK)
+#define PERMS(p)       (((uint32_t)(p))&PERM_MASK)
+
+// extract the table indices from a 32-bit address
+#define PDIX(v)        ((((uint32_t)(v)) >> PDIX_SHIFT) & PIX2I_MASK)
+#define PTIX(v)        ((((uint32_t)(v)) >> PTIX_SHIFT) & PIX2I_MASK)
+
+// page-size address rounding macros
+#define SZ_PG_M1       MOD4K_BITS
+#define SZ_PG_MASK     MOD4K_MASK
+#define PGUP(a)        (((a)+SZ_PG_M1) & SZ_PG_MASK)
+#define PGDOWN(a)      ((a) & SZ_PG_MASK)
+
+// page directory entry fields
+#define PDE_P          0x00000001
+#define PDE_RW         0x00000002
+#define PDE_US         0x00000004
+#define PDE_PWT        0x00000008
+#define PDE_PCD        0x00000010
+#define PDE_A          0x00000020
+#define PDE_AVL1       0x00000040
+#define PDE_PS         0x00000080
+#define PDE_AVL2       0x00000f00
+#define PDE_BA         0xfffff000
+
+// page table entry fields
+#define PTE_P          0x00000001
+#define PTE_RW         0x00000002
+#define PTE_US         0x00000004
+#define PTE_PWT        0x00000008
+#define PTE_PCD        0x00000010
+#define PTE_A          0x00000020
+#define PTE_D          0x00000040
+#define PTE_PAT        0x00000080
+#define PTE_G          0x00000100
+#define PTE_AVL2       0x00000e00
+#define PTE_FA         0xfffff000
+
+#define PG_CODE        (PTE_USER | PTE_PRESENT)
+#define PG_DATA        (PTE_USER | PTE_RW | PTE_PRESENT)
+
+// error code bit assignments for page faults
+#define PFLT_P         0x00000001
+#define PFLT_W         0x00000002
+#define PFLT_US        0x00000004
+#define PFLT_RSVD      0x00000008
+#define PFLT_ID        0x00000010
+#define PFLT_PK        0x00000020
+#define PFLT_SS        0x00000040
+#define PFLT_HLAT      0x00000080
+#define PFLT_SGX       0x00008000
+#define PFLT_UNUSED    0xffff7f00
+
+// create a pde/pte from an integer frame number and permission bits
+#define MKPDE(f,p)  ((pde_t)( TO_FRAME((f)) | (p) ))
+#define MKPTE(f,p)  ((pte_t)( TO_FRAME((f)) | (p) ))
+
+// is a PDE/PTE present?
+// (P bit is in the same place in both)
+#define IS_PRESENT(entry)  (((entry) & PDE_P) != 0 )
+
+// is a PDE a 4MB page entry?
+#define IS_LARGE(pde)      (((pde) & PDE_PS) != 0 )
+#endif /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Start of C-only definitions
+*/
+
+/*
+** Types
+*/
+
+// page directory entries
+
+// as a 32-bit word, in types.h
+// typedef uint32_t pde_t;
+
+// PDE for 4KB pages
+typedef struct pdek_s {
+	uint_t p    :1;   // present
+	uint_t rw   :1;   // writable
+	uint_t us   :1;   // user/supervisor
+	uint_t pwt  :1;   // cache write-through
+	uint_t pcd  :1;   // cache disable
+	uint_t a    :1;   // accessed
+	uint_t avl1 :1;   // ignored (available)
+	uint_t ps   :1;   // page size (must be 0)
+	uint_t avl2 :4;   // ignored (available)
+	uint_t fa   :20;  // frame address
+} pdek_f_t;
+
+// PDE for 4MB pages
+typedef struct pdem_s {
+	uint_t p    :1;   // present
+	uint_t rw   :1;   // writable
+	uint_t us   :1;   // user/supervisor
+	uint_t pwt  :1;   // cache write-through
+	uint_t pcd  :1;   // cache disable
+	uint_t a    :1;   // accessed
+	uint_t d    :1;   // dirty
+	uint_t ps   :1;   // page size (must be 1)
+	uint_t g    :1;   // global
+	uint_t avl  :3;   // ignored (available)
+	uint_t fa   :20;  // frame address
+} pdem_f_t;
+
+// page table entries
+
+// as a 32-bit word, in types.h
+// typedef uint32_t pte_t;
+
+// broken out into fields
+typedef struct pte_s {
+	uint_t p   :1;    // present
+	uint_t rw  :1;    // writable
+	uint_t us  :1;    // user/supervisor
+	uint_t pwt :1;    // cache write-through
+	uint_t pcd :1;    // cache disable
+	uint_t a   :1;    // accessed
+	uint_t d   :1;    // dirty
+	uint_t pat :1;    // page attribute table in use
+	uint_t g   :1;    // global
+	uint_t avl :3;    // ignored (available)
+	uint_t fa  :20;   // frame address
+} ptef_t;
+
+// page fault error code bits
+// comment: meaning when 1 / meaning when 0
+struct pfec_s {
+	uint_t p    :1;		// page-level protection violation / !present
+	uint_t w    :1;		// write / read
+	uint_t us   :1;		// user-mode access / supervisor-mode access
+	uint_t rsvd :1;		// reserved bit violation / not
+	uint_t id   :1;		// instruction fetch / data fetch
+	uint_t pk   :1;		// protection-key violation / !pk
+	uint_t ss   :1;		// shadow stack access / !ss
+	uint_t hlat :1;		// HLAT paging / ordinary paging or access rights
+	uint_t xtr1 :7;		// unused
+	uint_t sgz  :1;		// SGX-specific access control violation / !SGX
+	uint_t xtr2 :16;	// more unused
+};
+
+typedef union pfec_u {
+	uint32_t u;
+	struct pfec_s s;
+} pfec_t;
+
+// Mapping descriptor for VA::PA mappings
+typedef struct mapping_t {
+	uint32_t va_start;  // starting virtual address for this range
+	uint32_t pa_start;  // first physical address in the range
+	uint32_t pa_end;    // last physical address in the range
+	uint32_t perm;      // access control
+} mapping_t;
+
+/*
+** Globals
+*/
+
+// created page directory for the kernel
+extern pde_t *kpdir;
+
+/*
+** Prototypes
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_init
+**
+** Initialize the VM module
+**
+** Note: should not be called until after the memory free list has
+** been set up.
+*/
+void vm_init( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:    vm_pagedup
+**
+** Duplicate a page of memory
+**
+** @param old  Pointer to the first byte of a page
+**
+** @return a pointer to the new, duplicate page, or NULL
+*/
+void *vm_pagedup( void *old );
+
+/**
+** Name:    vm_ptdup
+**
+** Duplicate a page directory entry
+**
+** @param dst   Pointer to where the duplicate should go
+** @param curr  Pointer to the entry to be duplicated
+**
+** @return true on success, else false
+*/
+bool_t vm_ptdup( pde_t *dst, pde_t *curr );
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_getpte
+**
+** Return the address of the PTE corresponding to the virtual address
+** 'va' within the address space controlled by 'pgdir'. If there is no
+** page table for that VA and 'alloc' is true, create the necessary
+** page table entries.
+**
+** @param pdir   Pointer to the page directory to be searched
+** @param va     The virtual address we're looking for
+** @param alloc  Should we allocate a page table if there isn't one?
+**
+** @return A pointer to the page table entry for this VA, or NULL
+*/
+pte_t *vm_getpte( pde_t *pdir, const void *va, bool_t alloc );
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_mkkvm
+**
+** Create the kernel's page table hierarchy
+*/
+pde_t *vm_mkkvm( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_mkuvm
+**
+** Create the page table hierarchy for a user process
+*/
+pde_t *vm_mkuvm( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_set_kvm
+**
+** Switch the page table register to the kernel's page directory
+*/
+void vm_set_kvm( void );
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_set_uvm
+**
+** Switch the page table register to the page directory for a user process.
+**
+** @param p   The PCB of the user process
+*/
+void vm_set_uvm( pcb_t *p );
+
+/**
+** Name:    vm_add
+**
+** Add pages to the page hierarchy for a process, copying data into
+** them if necessary.
+**
+** @param pdir   Pointer to the page directory to modify
+** @param wr     "Writable" flag for the PTE
+** @param sys    "System" flag for the PTE
+** @param va     Starting VA of the range
+** @param size   Amount of physical memory to allocate
+** @param data   Pointer to data to copy, or NULL
+** @param bytes  Number of bytes to copy
+**
+** @return status of the allocation attempt
+*/
+int vm_add( pde_t *pdir, bool_t wr, bool_t sys,
+		void *va, uint32_t size, char *data, uint32_t bytes );
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_free
+**
+** Deallocate a page table hierarchy and all physical memory frames
+** in the user portion.
+**
+** @param pdir  Pointer to the page directory
+*/
+void vm_free( pde_t *pdir );
+
+/*
+** Name:	vm_map
+**
+** Create PTEs for virtual addresses starting at 'va' that refer to
+** physical addresses in the range [pa, pa+size-1]. We aren't guaranteed
+** that va is page-aligned.
+**
+** @param pdir  Page directory for this address space
+** @param va    The starting virtual address
+** @param size  Length of the range to be mapped
+** @param pa    The starting physical address
+** @param perm  Permission bits for the PTEs
+*/
+int vm_map( pde_t *pdir, void *va, uint_t size, uint_t pa, int perm );
+
+/**
+** Name:    vm_uvmdup
+**
+** Create a duplicate of the user portio of an existing page table
+** hierarchy. We assume that the "new" page directory exists and
+** the system portions of it should not be touched.
+**
+** @param old  Existing page directory
+** @param new  New page directory
+**
+** @return status of the duplication attempt
+*/
+int vm_uvmdup( pde_t *old, pde_t *new );
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/vmtables.h b/include/vmtables.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17f6e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/vmtables.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/**
+** @file	vmtables.h
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Predefined VM tables
+*/
+
+#ifndef VMTABLES_H_
+#define VMTABLES_H_
+
+#include <defs.h>
+#include <types.h>
+#include <vm.h>
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+/*
+** Initial page directory, for when the kernel is starting up
+**
+** we use large (4MB) pages here to allow us to use a one-level
+** paging hierarchy; the kernel will create a new page table
+** hierarchy once memory is initialized
+*/
+extern pde_t firstpdir[];
+
+/*
+** "Identity" page map table.
+**
+** This just maps the first 4MB of physical memory. It is initialized
+** in vm_init().
+*/
+extern pte_t id_map[];
+
+/*
+** Kernel address mappings, present in every page table
+*/
+extern mapping_t kmap[];
+extern const uint32_t n_kmap;
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/x86/arch.h b/include/x86/arch.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..113c76b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/x86/arch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/*
+** @file    arch.h
+**
+** @author  Warren R. Carithers
+** @author	K. Reek
+**
+** Definitions of constants and macros for use
+** with the x86 architecture and registers.
+**
+*/
+
+#ifndef X86ARCH_H_
+#define X86ARCH_H_
+
+/*
+** Video stuff
+*/
+#define VID_BASE_ADDR   0xB8000
+
+/*
+** Memory management
+*/
+#define SEG_PRESENT     0x80
+#define SEG_PL_0        0x00
+#define SEG_PL_1        0x20
+#define SEG_PL_2        0x40
+#define SEG_PL_3        0x50
+#define SEG_SYSTEM      0x00
+#define SEG_NON_SYSTEM  0x10
+#define SEG_32BIT       0x04
+#define DESC_IGATE      0x06
+
+/*
+** Exceptions
+*/
+#define N_EXCEPTIONS    256
+
+/*
+** Bit definitions in registers
+**
+** See IA-32 Intel Architecture SW Dev. Manual, Volume 3: System
+** Programming Guide, page 2-8.
+*/
+
+/*
+** EFLAGS
+*/
+#define EFL_RSVD 0xffc00000  /* reserved */
+#define EFL_MB0  0x00008020  /* must be zero */
+#define EFL_MB1  0x00000002  /* must be 1 */
+
+#define EFL_ID   0x00200000
+#define EFL_VIP  0x00100000
+#define EFL_VIF  0x00080000
+#define EFL_AC   0x00040000
+#define EFL_VM   0x00020000
+#define EFL_RF   0x00010000
+#define EFL_NT   0x00004000
+#define EFL_IOPL 0x00003000
+#define EFL_OF   0x00000800
+#define EFL_DF   0x00000400
+#define EFL_IF   0x00000200
+#define EFL_TF   0x00000100
+#define EFL_SF   0x00000080
+#define EFL_ZF   0x00000040
+#define EFL_AF   0x00000010
+#define EFL_PF   0x00000004
+#define EFL_CF   0x00000001
+
+/*
+** CR0, CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4
+**
+** IA-32 V3, page 2-12.
+*/
+#define CR0_RSVD        0x1ffaffc0
+#define CR0_PG          0x80000000
+#define CR0_CD          0x40000000
+#define CR0_NW          0x20000000
+#define CR0_AM          0x00040000
+#define CR0_WP          0x00010000
+#define CR0_NE          0x00000020
+#define CR0_ET          0x00000010
+#define CR0_TS          0x00000008
+#define CR0_EM          0x00000004
+#define CR0_MP          0x00000002
+#define CR0_PE          0x00000001
+
+#define CR1_RSVD        0xffffffff
+
+#define CR2_RSVD        0x00000000
+#define CR2_PF_LIN_ADDR 0xffffffff
+
+#define CR3_RSVD        0x00000fe7
+#define CR3_PD_BASE     0xfffff000
+#define CR3_PCD         0x00000010
+#define CR3_PWT         0x00000008
+
+#define CR4_RSVD        0xfd001000
+#define CR4_UINT        0x02000000
+#define CR4_PKS         0x01000000
+#define CR4_CET         0x00800000
+#define CR4_PKE         0x00400000
+#define CR4_SMAP        0x00200000
+#define CR4_SMEP        0x00100000
+#define CR4_KL          0x00080000
+#define CR4_OSXS        0x00040000
+#define CR4_PCID        0x00020000
+#define CR4_FSGS        0x00010000
+#define CR4_SMXE        0x00004000
+#define CR4_VMXE        0x00002000
+#define CR4_LA57        0x00001000
+#define CR4_UMIP        0x00000800
+#define CR4_OSXMMEXCPT  0x00000400
+#define CR4_OSFXSR      0x00000200
+#define CR4_PCE         0x00000100
+#define CR4_PGE         0x00000080
+#define CR4_MCE         0x00000040
+#define CR4_PAE         0x00000020
+#define CR4_PSE         0x00000010
+#define CR4_DE          0x00000008
+#define CR4_TSD         0x00000004
+#define CR4_PVI         0x00000002
+#define CR4_VME         0x00000001
+
+/*
+** PMode segment selector field masks
+**
+** IA-32 V3, page 3-8.
+*/
+#define SEG_SEL_IX_MASK     0xfff8
+#define SEG_SEL_TI_MASK     0x0004
+#define SEG_SEL_RPL_MASK    0x0003
+
+/*
+** Segment descriptor bytes
+**
+** IA-32 V3, page 3-10.
+**
+** Bytes:
+**    0, 1: segment limit 15:0
+**    2, 3: base address 15:0
+**    4:    base address 23:16
+**    7:    base address 31:24
+*/
+
+/*
+** Byte 5:    access control bits
+**    7:    present
+**    6-5:  DPL
+**    4:    system/user
+**    3-0:  type
+*/
+#define SEG_ACCESS_P_MASK       0x80
+#   define SEG_PRESENT          0x80
+#   define SEG_NOT_PRESENT      0x00
+
+#define SEG_ACCESS_DPL_MASK     0x60
+#   define SEG_DPL_0            0x00
+#   define SEG_DPL_1            0x20
+#   define SEG_DPL_2            0x40
+#   define SEG_DPL_3            0x60
+
+#define SEG_ACCESS_S_MASK       0x10
+#   define SEG_SYSTEM           0x00
+#   define SEG_NON_SYSTEM       0x10
+
+#define SEG_TYPE_MASK           0x0f
+#   define SEG_DATA_A_BIT       0x1
+#   define SEG_DATA_W_BIT       0x2
+#   define SEG_DATA_E_BIT       0x4
+#   define SEG_CODE_A_BIT       0x1
+#   define SEG_CODE_R_BIT       0x2
+#   define SEG_CODE_C_BIT       0x4
+#       define SEG_DATA_RO      0x0
+#       define SEG_DATA_ROA     0x1
+#       define SEG_DATA_RW      0x2
+#       define SEG_DATA_RWA     0x3
+#       define SEG_DATA_RO_XD   0x4
+#       define SEG_DATA_RO_XDA  0x5
+#       define SEG_DATA_RW_XW   0x6
+#       define SEG_DATA_RW_XWA  0x7
+#       define SEG_CODE_XO      0x8
+#       define SEG_CODE_XOA     0x9
+#       define SEG_CODE_XR      0xa
+#       define SEG_CODE_XRA     0xb
+#       define SEG_CODE_XO_C    0xc
+#       define SEG_CODE_XO_CA   0xd
+#       define SEG_CODE_XR_C    0xe
+#       define SEG_CODE_XR_CA   0xf
+
+/*
+** Byte 6:    sizes
+**    7:    granularity
+**    6:    d/b
+**    5:    long mode
+**    4:    available!
+**    3-0:  upper 4 bits of limit
+**    7:    base address 31:24
+*/
+#define SEG_SIZE_G_MASK         0x80
+#   define SEG_GRAN_BYTE        0x00
+#   define SEG_GRAN_4KBYTE      0x80
+
+#define SEG_SIZE_D_B_MASK       0x40
+#   define SEG_DB_16BIT         0x00
+#   define SEG_DB_32BIT         0x40
+
+#define SEG_SIZE_L_MASK         0x20
+#   define SEG_L_64BIT          0x20
+#   define SEG_L_32BIT          0x00
+
+#define SEG_SIZE_AVL_MASK       0x10
+
+#define SEG_SIZE_LIM_19_16_MASK 0x0f
+
+
+/*
+** System-segment and gate-descriptor types
+**
+** IA-32 V3, page 3-15.
+*/
+	// type 0: reserved
+#define SEG_SYS_16BIT_TSS_AVAIL 0x1
+#define SEG_SYS_LDT             0x2
+#define SEG_SYS_16BIT_TSS_BUSY  0x3
+#define SEG_SYS_16BIT_CALL_GATE 0x4
+#define SEG_SYS_TASK_GATE       0x5
+#define SEG_SYS_16BIT_INT_GATE  0x6
+#define SEG_SYS_16BIT_TRAP_GATE 0x7
+	// type 8: reserved
+#define SEG_SYS_32BIT_TSS_AVAIL 0x9
+	// type A: reserved
+#define SEG_SYS_32BIT_TSS_BUSY  0xb
+#define SEG_SYS_32BIT_CALL_GATE 0xc
+	// type D: reserved
+#define SEG_SYS_32BIT_INT_GATE  0xe
+#define SEG_SYS_32BIT_TRAP_GATE 0xf
+
+/*
+** IDT Descriptors
+** 
+** IA-32 V3, page 5-13.
+**
+** All have a segment selector in bytes 2 and 3; Task Gate descriptors
+** have bytes 0, 1, 4, 6, and 7 reserved; others have bytes 0, 1, 6,
+** and 7 devoted to the 16 bits of the Offset, with the low nybble of
+** byte 4 reserved.
+*/
+#define IDT_PRESENT             0x8000
+#define IDT_DPL_MASK            0x6000
+#   define IDT_DPL_0            0x0000
+#   define IDT_DPL_1            0x2000
+#   define IDT_DPL_2            0x4000
+#   define IDT_DPL_3            0x6000
+#define IDT_GATE_TYPE           0x0f00
+#   define IDT_TASK_GATE        0x0500
+#   define IDT_INT16_GATE       0x0600
+#   define IDT_INT32_GATE       0x0e00
+#   define IDT_TRAP16_GATE      0x0700
+#   define IDT_TRAP32_GATE      0x0f00
+
+/*
+** Interrupt vectors
+*/
+
+// predefined by the architecture
+#define VEC_DIVIDE_ERROR            0x00
+#define VEC_DEBUG_EXCEPTION         0x01
+#define VEC_NMI_INTERRUPT           0x02
+#define VEC_BREAKPOINT              0x03
+#define VEC_OVERFLOW                0x04
+#define VEC_BOUND_RANGE_EXCEEDED    0x05
+#define VEC_INVALID_OPCODE          0x06
+#define VEC_DEVICE_NOT_AVAILABLE    0x07
+#define VEC_DOUBLE_FAULT            0x08
+#define VEC_COPROCESSOR_OVERRUN     0x09
+#define VEC_INVALID_TSS             0x0a
+#define VEC_SEGMENT_NOT_PRESENT     0x0b
+#define VEC_STACK_FAULT             0x0c
+#define VEC_GENERAL_PROTECTION      0x0d
+#define VEC_PAGE_FAULT              0x0e
+// 0x0f is reserved - unused
+#define VEC_FPU_ERROR               0x10
+#define VEC_ALIGNMENT_CHECK         0x11
+#define VEC_MACHINE_CHECK           0x12
+#define VEC_SIMD_FP_EXCEPTION       0x13
+#define VEC_VIRT_EXCEPTION          0x14
+#define VEC_CTRL_PROT_EXCEPTION     0x15
+// 0x16 through 0x1f are reserved
+
+// 0x20 through 0xff are user-defined, non-reserved
+
+// IRQ0 through IRQ15 will use vectors 0x20 through 0x2f
+#define VEC_TIMER                   0x20
+#define VEC_KBD                     0x21
+#define VEC_COM2                    0x23
+#define VEC_COM1                    0x24
+#define VEC_PARALLEL                0x25
+#define VEC_FLOPPY                  0x26
+#define VEC_MYSTERY                 0x27
+#define VEC_MOUSE                   0x2c
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/x86/bios.h b/include/x86/bios.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a19e570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/x86/bios.h
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+** @file	bios.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** BIOS-related declarations
+*/
+
+#ifndef BIOS_H_
+#define BIOS_H_
+
+/*
+** BIOS-related memory addresses
+*/
+
+#define BIOS_BDA       0x0400
+
+/*
+** Selected BIOS interrupt numbers
+*/
+
+#define BIOS_TIMER     0x08
+#define BIOS_KBD       0x09
+#define BIOS_VIDEO     0x10
+#define BIOS_EQUIP     0x11
+#define BIOS_MSIZ      0x12
+#define BIOS_DISK      0x13
+#define BIOS_SERIAL    0x14
+#define BIOS_MISC      0x15
+#define BIOS_KBDSVC    0x16
+#define BIOS_PRTSVC    0x17
+#define BIOS_BOOT      0x19
+#define BIOS_RTCPCI    0x1a
+
+// BIOS video commands (AH)
+#define BV_W_ADV     0x0e
+
+// BIOS disk commands (AH)
+#define BD_RESET     0x00
+#define BD_CHECK     0x01
+#define BD_RDSECT    0x02
+#define BD_WRSECT    0x03
+#define BD_PARAMS    0x08
+
+// BIOS disk commands with parameters (AX)
+#define BD_READ(n)   ((BD_RDSECT << 8) | (n))
+#define BD_READ1     0x0201
+
+// CMOS ports (used for masking NMIs)
+#define	CMOS_ADDR    0x70
+#define	CMOS_DATA    0x71
+
+// important related commands
+#define NMI_ENABLE   0x00
+#define NMI_DISABLE  0x80
+
+/*
+** Physical Memory Map Table (0000:2D00 - 0000:7c00)
+**
+** Primarily used with the BIOS_MISC interrupt
+*/
+#define MMAP_SEG       0x02D0
+#define MMAP_DISP      0x0000
+#define MMAP_ADDR      ((MMAP_SEG << 4) + MMAP_DISP)
+#define MMAP_SECTORS   0x0a
+
+#define MMAP_ENT       24            /* bytes per entry */
+#define MMAP_MAX_ENTS  (BOOT_ADDR - MMAP_ADDR - 4) / 24
+
+#define MMAP_CODE      0xE820        /* int 0x15 code */
+#define MMAP_MAGIC_NUM 0x534D4150    /* for 0xE820 interrupt */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/x86/ops.h b/include/x86/ops.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad795b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/x86/ops.h
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+/**
+** @file	ops.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	Inline escapes to assembly for efficiency
+**
+** Inspiration from:
+**	Martins Mozeiko, https://gist.github.com/mmozeiko/f68ad2546bd6ab953315
+**  MIT's xv6,       https://github.com/mit-pdos/xv6-public
+**
+** Note: normally, GCC doesn't inline unless the optimization level is
+** over 1. This can be forced by adding 
+**
+**      __attribute__((always_inline))
+**
+** after the parameter list on each declaration. This is enabled by
+** defining the compile-time CPP symbol FORCE_INLINING.
+*/
+
+#ifndef OPS_H_
+#define OPS_H_
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#ifndef ASM_SRC
+
+// control "forced" inlining
+#ifdef FORCE_INLINING
+#define OPSINLINED    __attribute__((always_inline))
+#else
+#define OPSINLINED    /* no-op */
+#endif  /* FORCE_INLINING */
+
+/****************************
+** Data movement
+****************************/
+
+/**
+** Block move functions
+**
+** Variations:  movsb(), movsl(), movsq()
+**
+** Description:  Copy from source buffer to destination buffer
+**
+** @param dst  Destination buffer
+** @param src  Source buffer
+** @param len  Byte count
+*/
+static inline void
+movsb( void* dst, const void* src, uint32_t len ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cld; rep movsb"
+			: "+D"(dst), "+S"(src), "+c"(len)
+			: : "memory" );
+}
+
+static inline void
+movsw( void* dst, const void* src, uint32_t len ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cld; rep movsw"
+			: "+D"(dst), "+S"(src), "+c"(len)
+			: : "memory" );
+}
+
+static inline void
+movsl( void* dst, const void* src, uint32_t len ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cld; rep movsl"
+			: "+D"(dst), "+S"(src), "+c"(len)
+			: : "memory" );
+}
+
+static inline void
+movsq( void* dst, const void* src, uint32_t len ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cld; rep movsq"
+			: "+D"(dst), "+S"(src), "+c"(len)
+			: : "memory" );
+}
+
+/**
+** Block store functions
+**
+** Variations:  stosb(), stosw(), stosl()
+**
+** Description:  Store a specific value into destination buffer
+**
+** @param dst  Destination buffer
+** @param val  Data to copy
+** @param len  Byte count
+*/
+static inline void
+stosb( void *dst, uint8_t val, uint32_t len ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cld; rep stosb"
+			: "=D" (dst), "=c" (len)
+			: "0" (dst), "1" (len), "a" (val)
+			: "memory", "cc" );
+}
+
+static inline void
+stosw( void *dst, uint16_t val, uint32_t len ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cld; rep stos2"
+			: "=D" (dst), "=c" (len)
+			: "0" (dst), "1" (len), "a" (val)
+			: "memory", "cc" );
+}
+
+static inline void
+stosl( void *dst, uint32_t val, uint32_t len ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cld; rep stosl"
+			: "=D" (dst), "=c" (len)
+			: "0" (dst), "1" (len), "a" (val)
+			: "memory", "cc" );
+}
+
+/****************************
+** Special register access
+****************************/
+
+/**
+** Register read functions
+**
+** Variations:  r_cr0(), r_cr2(), r_cr3(), r_cr4(), r_eflags(),
+**              r_ebp(), r_esp()
+**
+** Description:  Reads the register indicated by its name
+**
+** @return Contents of the register
+*/
+static inline uint32_t
+r_cr0( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %%cr0,%0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+r_cr2( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %%cr2,%0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+r_cr3( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %%cr3,%0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+r_cr4( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %%cr4,%0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+r_eflags(void) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "pushfl; popl %0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+r_ebp(void) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %%ebp,%0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+r_esp(void) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %%esp,%0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+/**
+** Register write functions
+**
+** Variations:  w_cr0(), w_cr2(), w_cr3(), w_cr4(), w_eflags()
+**
+** Description:  Writes a value into the CR indicated by its name
+*/
+static inline void
+w_cr0( uint32_t val ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %0,%%cr0" : : "r" (val) );
+}
+
+static inline void
+w_cr2( uint32_t val ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %0,%%cr2" : : "r" (val) );
+}
+
+static inline void
+w_cr3( uint32_t val ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %0,%%cr3" : : "r" (val) );
+}
+
+static inline void
+w_cr4( uint32_t val ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %0,%%cr4" : : "r" (val) );
+}
+
+static inline void
+w_eflags(uint32_t eflags) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "pushl %0; popfl" : : "r" (eflags) );
+}
+
+/**
+** Descriptor table load functions
+**
+** Variations:  w_gdt(), w_idt()
+**
+** Description:  Load an address into the specified processor register
+**
+** @param addr  The value to be loaded into the register
+*/
+static inline void
+w_gdt( void *addr ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "lgdt (%0)" : : "r" (addr) );
+}
+
+static inline void
+w_idt( void *addr ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "lidt (%0)" : : "r" (addr) );
+}
+
+/**
+** CPU ID access
+**
+** Description:  Retrieve CPUID information
+**
+** @param op  Value to be placed into %eax for the operation
+** @param ap   Pointer to where %eax contents should be saved, or NULL
+** @param bp   Pointer to where %ebx contents should be saved, or NULL
+** @param cp   Pointer to where %ecx contents should be saved, or NULL
+** @param dp   Pointer to where %edx contents should be saved, or NULL
+*/
+static inline void
+cpuid( uint32_t op, uint32_t *ap, uint32_t *bp,
+		uint32_t *cp, uint32_t *dp ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "cpuid"
+			: "=a" (eax), "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx)
+			: "a" (op) );
+
+	if( ap ) *ap = eax;
+	if( bp ) *bp = ebx;
+	if( cp ) *cp = ecx;
+	if( dp ) *dp = edx;
+}
+
+/****************************
+** TLB management
+****************************/
+
+/**
+** TLB invalidation for one page
+**
+** Description:  Invalidate the TLB entry for an address
+**
+** @param addr  An address within the page to be flushed
+*/
+static inline void
+invlpg( uint32_t addr ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "invlpg (%0)" : : "r" (addr) : "memory" );
+}
+
+/**
+** TLB invalidation for all pages
+**
+** Description:  Flush all entries from the TLB
+**
+** We do this by changing CR3.
+*/
+static inline void
+flushtlb( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t cr3;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %%cr3,%0" : "=r" (cr3) );
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl %0,%%cr2" : : "r" (cr3) );
+}
+
+/****************************
+** I/O instructions
+****************************/
+
+/**
+** Name:	inN
+**
+** Variations:  inb(), inw(), inl()
+**
+** Description:  Read some amount of data from the supplied I/O port
+**
+** @param port  The i/o port to read from
+**
+** @return The data read from the specified port
+*/
+static inline uint8_t
+inb( int port ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint8_t data;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "inb %w1,%0" : "=a" (data) : "d" (port) );
+	return data;
+}
+
+static inline uint16_t
+inw( int port ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint16_t data;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "inw %w1,%0" : "=a" (data) : "d" (port) );
+	return data;
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+inl( int port ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t data;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "inl %w1,%0" : "=a" (data) : "d" (port) );
+	return data;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	outN
+**
+** Variations:  outb(), outw(), outl()
+**
+** Description:  Write some data to the specified I/O port
+**
+** @param port  The i/o port to write to
+** @param data  The data to be written to the port
+**
+** @return The data read from the specified port
+*/
+static inline void
+outb( int port, uint8_t data ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "outb %0,%w1" : : "a" (data), "d" (port) );
+}
+
+static inline void
+outw( int port, uint16_t data ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "outw %0,%w1" : : "a" (data), "d" (port) );
+}
+
+static inline void
+outl( int port, uint32_t data ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "outl %0,%w1" : : "a" (data), "d" (port) );
+}
+
+/****************************
+** Miscellaneous instructions
+****************************/
+
+/**
+** Name:	breakpoint
+**
+** Description:  Cause a breakpoint interrupt for debugging purposes
+*/
+static inline void
+breakpoint( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "int3" );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	get_ra
+**
+** Description:  Get the return address for the calling function
+**              (i.e., where whoever called us will go back to)
+**
+** @return The address the calling routine will return to as a uint32_t
+*/
+static inline uint32_t
+get_ra( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t val;
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "movl 4(%%ebp),%0" : "=r" (val) );
+	return val;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	ev_wait
+**
+** Description:  Pause until something happens
+*/
+static inline void
+ev_wait( void ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "sti ; hlt" );
+}
+
+
+/**
+** Name:	xchgl
+**
+** Description:  Perform an atomic exchange with memory
+**
+** @param addr  Memory location to be modified
+** @param data  Data to exchange
+**
+** @return The old contents of the memory location
+*/
+static inline uint32_t
+xchgl( volatile uint32_t *addr, uint32_t data ) OPSINLINED
+{
+	uint32_t old;
+
+	// + indicates a read-modify-write operand
+	__asm__ __volatile__( "lock; xchgl %0, %1"
+		     : "+m" (*addr), "=a" (old)
+		     : "1" (data)
+		     : "cc");
+	return old;
+}
+
+#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/x86/pic.h b/include/x86/pic.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4fa93b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/x86/pic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/**
+** @file	pic.h
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+** @author	K. Reek
+**
+** Definitions of constants and macros for the Intel 8259 Programmable
+** Interrupt Controller.
+**
+*/
+
+#ifndef X86PIC_H_
+#define X86PIC_H_
+
+/*
+** Our expected configuration is two PICs, with the secondary connected
+** through the IRQ2 pin of the primary.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Port addresses for the command port and interrupt mask register port
+** for both the primary and secondary PICs.
+*/
+#define PIC1_CMD		0x20			// primary command
+#define PIC1_DATA		(PIC1_CMD + 1)	// primary data / int mask register
+#define PIC2_CMD		0xA0			// secondary command
+#define PIC2_DATA		(PIC2_CMD + 1)	// secondary data / int mask register
+
+/*
+** Initialization Command Word (ICW) definitions
+**
+** Initialization sequence:
+**    ICW1 Init command is sent to each command port.
+**    ICW2 vector commands are sent to the data ports.
+**    If "cascade mode" was selected, send ICW3 commands to the data ports.
+**    If "need ICW4" was selected, send ICW4 commands to the data ports.
+**
+** Following that sequence, the PIC is ready to accept interrupts;
+** it will also accept Output Command Words (OCWs) to the data ports.
+**
+** PIC1_* defines are intended for the primary PIC
+** PIC2_* defines are intended for the secondary PIC
+** PIC_* defines are sent to both PICs
+*/
+
+/*
+** ICW1: initialization, send to command port
+*/
+#define PIC_CW1_INIT		0x10	// start initialization sequence
+#define PIC_CW1_NEED4		0x01	// ICW4 will also be set
+#define PIC_CW1_SINGLE		0x02	// select single (vs. cascade) mode
+#define PIC_CW1_INTVAL		0x04	// set call interval to 4 (vs. 8)
+#define PIC_CW1_LEVEL		0x08	// use level-triggered mode (vs. edge)
+
+/*
+** ICW2: interrupt vector base offsets, send to data port
+*/
+#define	PIC1_CW2_VECBASE	0x20	// IRQ0 int vector number
+#define	PIC2_CW2_VECBASE	0x28	// IRQ8 int vector number
+
+/*
+** ICW3: secondary::primary attachment, send to data port
+*/
+#define PIC1_CW3_SEC_IRQ2	0x04	// bit mask: secondary is on pin 2
+#define PIC2_CW3_SEC_ID		0x02	// integer: secondary id
+
+/*
+** ICW4: operating mode, send to data port
+*/
+#define PIC_CW4_PM86		0x01	// 8086 mode (vs. 8080/8085)
+#define PIC_CW4_AUTOEOI		0x02	// do auto eoi's
+#define	PIC_CW4_UNBUF		0x00	// unbuffered mode
+#define PIC_CW4_SEC_BUF		0x08	// put secondary in buffered mode
+#define PIC_CW4_PRI_BUF		0x0C	// put primary in buffered mode
+#define PIC_CW4_SFNMODE		0x10	// "special fully nested" mode
+
+/*
+** Operation Control Words (OCWs)
+**
+** After the init sequence, can send these
+*/
+
+/*
+** OCW1: interrupt mask; send to data port
+*/
+#define	PIC_MASK_NONE		0x00	// allow all interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ0	0x01	// prevent IRQ0 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ1	0x02	// prevent IRQ1 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ2	0x04	// prevent IRQ2 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ3	0x08	// prevent IRQ3 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ4	0x10	// prevent IRQ4 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ5	0x20	// prevent IRQ5 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ6	0x40	// prevent IRQ6 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_NO_IRQ7	0x80	// prevent IRQ7 interrupts
+#define	PIC_MASK_ALL		0xff	// prevent all interrupts
+
+/*
+** OCW2: EOI control, interrupt level; send to command port
+*/
+#define	PIC_LVL_0			0x00	// act on IRQ level 0
+#define	PIC_LVL_1			0x01	// act on IRQ level 1
+#define	PIC_LVL_2			0x02	// act on IRQ level 2
+#define	PIC_LVL_3			0x03	// act on IRQ level 3
+#define	PIC_LVL_4			0x04	// act on IRQ level 4
+#define	PIC_LVL_5			0x05	// act on IRQ level 5
+#define	PIC_LVL_6			0x06	// act on IRQ level 6
+#define	PIC_LVL_7			0x07	// act on IRQ level 7
+
+#define	PIC_EOI_NON_SPEC	0x20	// non-specific EOI command
+#	define PIC_EOI			PIC_EOI_NON_SPEC
+
+#define	PIC_EOI_SPEC		0x60	// specific EOI command
+#	define PIC_SEOI			PIC_EOI_SPEC
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL0	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_0)
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL1	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_1)
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL2	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_2)
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL3	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_3)
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL4	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_4)
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL5	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_5)
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL6	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_6)
+#	define PIC_SEOI_LVL7	(PIC_EOI_SPEC | PIC_LVL_7)
+
+#define	PIC_EOI_ROT_NONSP		0xa0	// rotate on non-spec EOI cmd
+#define	PIC_EOI_SET_ROT_AUTO	0x80	// set "rotate in auto EOI mode"
+#define	PIC_EOI_CLR_ROT_AUTO	0x00	// clear "rotate in auto EOI mode"
+#define	PIC_EOI_ROT_SPEC		0xe0	// rotate on spec EOI cmd (+ level)
+#define	PIC_EOI_SET_PRIO		0xc0	// set priority (+ level)
+#define	PIC_EOI_NOP				0x40	// no operation
+
+/*
+** OCW3: read requests, special mask mode; send to command port 
+*/
+#define PIC_READIRR			0x0a	// read the IR register
+#define PIC_READISR			0x0b	// read the IS register
+#define	PIC_POLL			0x0c	// poll
+#define	PIC_MASK_RESET		0x48	// reset special mask mode
+#define	PIC_MASK_SET		0x68	// set special mask mode
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/x86/pit.h b/include/x86/pit.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..269fcec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/x86/pit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+** @file    pit.h
+**
+** @author  Warren R. Carithers
+** @author	K. Reek
+**
+** Definitions of constants and macros for the
+** Intel 8254 Programmable Interval Timer
+**
+*/
+
+#ifndef X86PIT_H_
+#define X86PIT_H_
+
+
+/*
+** Hardware timer (Intel 8254 Programmable Interval Timer)
+**
+** Control word layout:
+**
+**   Bit     7   6 | 5   4 | 3   2   1 | 0
+**   Field  SC1 SC0|RW1 RW0|M2  M1  M0 |BCD
+**
+** SC  - select counter
+** RW  - read/write
+** M   - mode
+** BCD - binary or BCD counter
+*/
+
+/* Frequency settings */
+#define	PIT_DEFAULT_TICKS_PER_SECOND	18		// actually 18.2065Hz
+#define	PIT_DEFAULT_MS_PER_TICK			(1000/PIT_DEFAULT_TICKS_PER_SECOND)
+#define	PIT_FREQ						1193182	// clock cycles/sec
+
+/* Port assignments */
+#define	PIT_BASE_PORT		0x40	// I/O port for the timer
+#	define	PIT_0_PORT			(PIT_BASE_PORT)
+#	define	PIT_1_PORT			(PIT_BASE_PORT+1)
+#	define	PIT_2_PORT			(PIT_BASE_PORT+2)
+#	define	PIT_CONTROL_PORT	(PIT_BASE_PORT+3)
+
+/* BCD field */
+#define	PIT_USE_DECIMAL		0x00	// 16-bit binary counter (default)
+#define	PIT_USE_BCD			0x01	// BCD counter
+
+/* Timer modes */
+#define	PIT_MODE_0			0x00	// int on terminal count
+#define	PIT_MODE_1			0x02	// one-shot
+#define	PIT_MODE_2			0x04	// divide-by-N
+#define	PIT_MODE_3			0x06	// square-wave
+#define	PIT_MODE_4			0x08	// software strobe
+#define	PIT_MODE_5			0x0a	// hardware strobe
+
+/* Timer 0 settings */
+#define	PIT_0_SELECT		0x00		// select timer 0
+#define	PIT_0_LOAD			0x30		// load LSB, then MSB
+#define	PIT_0_NDIV			PIT_MODE_2	// divide-by-N counter
+#define	PIT_0_SQUARE		PIT_MODE_3	// square-wave mode
+#define	PIT_0_ENDSIGNAL		0x00		// assert OUT at end of count
+
+/* Timer 1 settings */
+#define	PIT_1_SELECT		0x40	// select timer 1
+#define	PIT_1_READ			0x30	// read/load LSB then MSB
+#define	PIT_1_RATE			0x06	// square-wave, for USART
+
+/* Timer 2 settings */
+#define	PIT_2_SELECT		0x80	// select timer 1
+#define	PIT_2_READ			0x30	// read/load LSB then MSB
+#define	PIT_2_RATE			0x06	// square-wave, for USART
+
+/* Timer read-back */
+#define	PIT_READBACK		0xc0	// perform a read-back
+#define	PIT_RB_NOT_COUNT	0x20	// don't latch the count
+#define	PIT_RB_NOT_STATUS	0x10	// don't latch the status
+#define	PIT_RB_CHAN_2		0x08	// read back channel 2
+#define	PIT_RB_CHAN_1		0x04	// read back channel 1
+#define	PIT_RB_CHAN_0		0x02	// read back channel 0
+#define	PIT_RB_ACCESS_MASK	0x30	// access mode field
+#define	PIT_RB_OP_MASK		0x0e	// oper mode field
+#define	PIT_RB_BCD_MASK		0x01	// BCD mode field
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/x86/uart.h b/include/x86/uart.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c6194b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/x86/uart.h
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+/*
+** @file	uart.h
+**
+** @author	M. Reek
+** @authors	K. Reek, Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Definitions for a 16540/16550 compatible UART.  Definitions are taken
+** from datasheets for the National Semiconductor INS8250, NS16450, and
+** NS16550 UART chips, and the PC87309 Super I/O legacy peripheral chip.
+**
+** The naming convention is UAx_yyy_zzzzz.  "x" is either 4 or 5 (see below),
+** "yyy" is the name of the register to which this value applies, and
+** "zzzzz" is the name of the value or field.
+**
+** The UA4 prefix denotes 16540 compatible functions, available in both
+** chips. The UA5 prefix denotes 16550-only functions (primarily the FIFOs).
+**
+** For many items there are two names: one short one that matches the name
+** in the chip manual, and another that is more readable.
+*/
+
+#ifndef UART_H
+#define	UART_H
+
+/*********************************************************************
+***************************** I/O PORTS ******************************
+*********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+** Base port number assigned to the device
+*/
+#define	UA4_COM1_PORT	0x3f8
+#define	UA4_COM2_PORT	0x2f8
+#define	UA4_COM3_PORT	0x3e8
+#define	UA4_COM4_PORT	0x2e8
+
+// short name for the one we'll use
+#define	UA4_PORT		UA4_COM1_PORT
+#define UA5_PORT		UA4_COM1_PORT
+
+/*
+** Registers
+**
+** The 164x0 chips have the following registers. The (RO) and (WO)
+** suffixes indicate read-only and write-only access.
+**
+**   Index  Register(s)
+**   =====  =========================================
+**     0    Receiver Data (RO), Transmitter Data (WO)
+**     1    Interrupt Enable 
+**     2    Interrupt ID (RO), FIFO Control (WO)
+**     3    Line Control, Divisor Latch
+**     4    Modem Control
+**     5    Line Status
+**     6    Modem Status
+**     7    Scratch
+**
+** Registers indices are relative to the base I/O port for the
+** specific UART port being used (e.g., for COM1, the port addresses
+** are 0x3f8 through 0x3ff). When two registers share a port and have
+** different access methods (RO vs. WO), a read from the port accesses
+** the RO register and a write to the port access the WO register.
+**
+** The Line Control and Divisor Latch registers are accessed by writing
+** a byte to the port; the high-order bit determines which register is
+** accessed (0 selects Line Control, 1 selects Divisor Latch), with the
+** remaining bits selecting fields within the indicated register.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Receiver Data Register (read-only)
+*/
+#define	UA4_RXD				(UA4_PORT+0)
+#	define	UA4_RX_DATA			UA4_RXD
+
+/*
+** Transmitter Data Register (write-only)
+*/
+#define	UA4_TXD				(UA4_PORT+0)
+#	define	UA4_TX_DATA			UA4_TXD
+
+/*
+** Interrupt Enable Register
+*/
+#define	UA4_IER				(UA4_PORT+1)
+#	define	UA4_INT_ENABLE_REG	UA4_IER
+
+// fields
+#define	UA4_IER_RX_IE		0x01	// Rcvr High-Data-Level Int Enable
+#define	UA4_IER_TX_IE		0x02	// Xmitter Low-data-level Int Enable
+#define	UA4_IER_LS_IE		0x04	// Line Status Int Enable
+#define	UA4_IER_MS_IE		0x08	// Modem Status Int Enable
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA4_IER_RX_INT_ENABLE			UA4_IER_RX_IE
+#define	UA4_IER_TX_INT_ENABLE			UA4_IER_TX_IE
+#define	UA4_IER_LINE_STATUS_INT_ENABLE	UA4_IER_LS_IE
+#define	UA4_IER_MODEM_STATUS_INT_ENABLE	UA4_IER_MS_IE
+
+/*
+** Interrupt Identification Register (read-only)
+**
+** a.k.a. Event Identification Register
+*/
+#define	UA4_IIR				(UA4_PORT+2)
+#	define	UA4_EVENT_ID		UA4_IIR
+
+// fields
+#define	UA4_IIR_IPF			0x01	// Interrupt Pending flag
+
+#define	UA4_IIR_IPR_MASK	0x06	// Interrupt Priority mask
+#	define	UA4_IIR_IPR0_MASK	0x02	// IPR bit 0 mask
+#	define	UA4_IIR_IPR1_MASK	0x04	// IPR bit 1 mask
+
+#define	UA5_IIR_RXFT		0x08	// RX_FIFO Timeout
+#define	UA5_IIR_FEN0		0x40	// FIFOs Enabled
+#define	UA5_IIR_FEN1		0x80	// FIFOs Enabled
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA4_IIR_INT_PENDING		UA4_IIR_IPF
+#define	UA4_IIR_INT_PRIORITY	UA4_IIR_IPR
+#define	UA5_IIR_RX_FIFO_TIMEOUT	UA5_IIR_RXFT
+#define	UA5_IIR_FIFO_ENABLED_0	UA5_IIR_FEN0
+#define	UA5_IIR_FIFO_ENABLED_1	UA5_IIR_FEN1
+
+// IIR interrupt priorities (four-bit values)
+#define	UA4_IIR_INT_PRI_MASK	0x0f	// Mask for extracting int priority
+#	define	UA4_IIR_NO_INT			0x01	// no interrupt
+#	define	UA4_IIR_LINE_STATUS		0x06	// line status interrupt
+#	define	UA4_IIR_RX				0x04	// Receiver High Data Level
+#	define	UA5_IIR_RX_FIFO			0x0c	// Receiver FIFO timeout (16550)
+#	define	UA4_IIR_TX				0x02	// Transmitter Low Data level
+#	define	UA4_IIR_MODEM_STATUS	0x00	// Modem Status
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA4_IIR_NO_INT_PENDING				UA4_IIR_NO_INT
+#define	UA4_IIR_LINE_STATUS_INT_PENDING		UA4_IIR_LINE_STATUS
+#define	UA4_IIR_RX_INT_PENDING				UA4_IIR_RX
+#define	UA5_IIR_RX_FIFO_TIMEOUT_INT_PENDING	UA5_IIR_RX_FIFO
+#define	UA4_IIR_TX_INT_PENDING				UA4_IIR_TX
+#define	UA4_IIR_MODEM_STATUS_INT_PENDING	UA4_IIR_MODEM_STATUS
+
+/*
+** FIFO Control Register (16550 only, write-only)
+*/
+#define	UA5_FCR				(UA5_PORT+2)
+#	define	UA5_FIFO_CTL		UA5_FCR
+
+#define	UA5_FCR_FIFO_RESET	0x00	// Reset the FIFO
+#define	UA5_FCR_FIFO_EN		0x01	// FIFO Enable
+#define	UA5_FCR_RXSR		0x02	// Receiver Soft Reset
+#define	UA5_FCR_TXSR		0x04	// Transmitter Soft Reset
+
+#define	UA5_FCR_TXFT_MASK	0x30	// TX_FIFO threshold level mask
+#	define	UA5_FCR_TXFT0_MASK	0x10	// TXFT bit 0 mask
+#	define	UA5_FCR_TXFT1_MASK	0x20	// TXFT bit 1 mask
+#		define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_1	0x00	// 1 char
+#		define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_3	0x10	// 3 char
+#		define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_9	0x20	// 9 char
+#		define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_13	0x30	// 13 char
+
+#define	UA5_FCR_RXFT_MASK	0xc0	// RX_FIFO threshold level mask
+#	define	UA5_FCR_RXFT0_MASK	0x40	// RXFT bit 0 mask
+#	define	UA5_FCR_RXFT1_MASK	0x80	// RXFT bit 1 mask
+#		define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_1	0x00	// 1 char
+#		define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_4	0x40	// 4 char
+#		define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_8	0x80	// 8 char
+#		define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_14	0xc0	// 14 char
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA5_FCR_FIFO_ENABLED	UA5_FCR_FIFO_EN
+#define	UA5_FCR_RX_SOFT_RESET	UA5_FCR_RXSR
+#define	UA5_FCR_TX_SOFT_RESET	UA5_FCR_TXSR
+#define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_1_CHAR	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_1
+#define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_3_CHAR	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_3
+#define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_9_CHAR	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_9
+#define	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_13_CHAR	UA5_FCR_TX_FIFO_13
+#define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_1_CHAR	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_1
+#define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_4_CHAR	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_4
+#define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_8_CHAR	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_8
+#define	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_14_CHAR	UA5_FCR_RX_FIFO_14
+
+/*
+** Line Control Register (available in all banks)
+**
+** Selected when bit 7 of the value written to the port is a 0.
+*/
+#define	UA4_LCR				(UA4_PORT+3)
+#	define	UA4_LINE_CTL		UA4_LCR
+
+#define	UA4_LCR_WLS_MASK	0x03	// Word Length Select mask
+#	define	UA4_LCR_WLS0_MASK	0x01	// WLS bit 0 mask
+#	define	UA4_LCR_WLS1_MASK	0x02	// WLS bit 1 mask
+#		define	UA4_LCR_WLS_5		0x00	// 5 bits per char
+#		define	UA4_LCR_WLS_6		0x01	// 6 bits per char
+#		define	UA4_LCR_WLS_7		0x02	// 7 bits per char
+#		define	UA4_LCR_WLS_8		0x03	// 8 bits per char
+
+#define	UA4_LCR_STB			0x04	// Stop Bits
+#		define	UA4_LCR_1_STOP_BIT	0x00
+#		define	UA4_LCR_2_STOP_BIT	0x04
+
+#define	UA4_LCR_PEN			0x08	// Parity Enable
+#define	UA4_LCR_EPS			0x10	// Even Parity Select
+#define	UA4_LCR_STKP		0x20	// Sticky Parity
+#		define	UA4_LCR_NO_PARITY		0x00
+#		define	UA4_LCR_ODD_PARITY		UA4_LCR_PEN
+#		define	UA4_LCR_EVEN_PARITY		(UA4_LCR_PEN|UA4_LCR_EPS)
+#		define	UA4_LCR_PARITY_LOGIC_1	(UA4_LCR_PEN|UA4_LCR_STKP)
+#		define	UA4_LCR_PARITY_LOGIC_0	(UA4_LCR_PEN|UA4_LCR_EPS|UA4_LCR_STKP)
+
+#define	UA4_LCR_SBRK		0x40	// Set Break
+#define	UA4_LCR_DLAB		0x80	// Divisor Latch select bit
+
+// aliases
+#	define	UA4_LCR_STOP_BITS		UA4_LCR_STB
+#	define	UA4_LCR_PARITY_ENABLE	UA4_LCR_PEN
+#	define	UA4_LCR_SET_BREAK		UA4_LCR_SBRK
+#	define	UA4_LCR_BANK_SELECT_ENABLE	UA4_LCR_BKSE
+
+/*
+** Divisor Latch Registers
+**     Divisor Latch Least Significant (DLL)
+**     Divisor Latch Most Significant (DLM)
+**
+** These contain the lower and upper halves of the 16-bit divisor for
+** baud rate generation.
+**
+** Accessing them requires sending a command to LCR with the most
+** significant bit (0x80, the DLAB field) set. This "unlocks" the
+** Divisor Latch registers, which are accessed at UA4_PORT+0 and
+** UA4_PORT+1 (i.e., in place of the RXD/TXD and IE registers). To
+** "re-lock" the Divisor Latch registers, write a command byte to
+** LCR with 0 in the DLAB bit.
+*/
+#define	UA4_DLL				(UA4_PORT+0)	// Divisor Latch (least sig.)
+#define	UA4_DLM				(UA4_PORT+1)	// Divisor Latch (most sig.)
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA4_DIVISOR_LATCH_LS	UA4_DLL
+#define	UA4_DIVISOR_LATCH_MS	UA4_DLM
+
+// Baud rate divisor high and low bytes
+#define	BAUD_HIGH_BYTE(x)	(((x) >> 8) & 0xff)
+#define	BAUD_LOW_BYTE(x)	((x) & 0xff)
+
+// Baud rate divisors
+#define	DL_BAUD_50			2304
+#define	DL_BAUD_75			1536
+#define	DL_BAUD_110			1047
+#define	DL_BAUD_150			768
+#define	DL_BAUD_300			384
+#define	DL_BAUD_600			192
+#define	DL_BAUD_1200		96
+#define	DL_BAUD_1800		64
+#define	DL_BAUD_2000		58
+#define	DL_BAUD_2400		48
+#define	DL_BAUD_3600		32
+#define	DL_BAUD_4800		24
+#define	DL_BAUD_7200		16
+#define	DL_BAUD_9600		12
+#define	DL_BAUD_14400		8
+#define	DL_BAUD_19200		6
+#define	DL_BAUD_28800		4
+#define	DL_BAUD_38400		3
+#define	DL_BAUD_57600		2
+#define	DL_BAUD_115200		1
+
+/*
+** Modem Control Register
+*/
+#define	UA4_MCR				(UA4_PORT+4)
+#	define	UA4_MODEM_CTL		UA4_MCR
+
+#define	UA4_MCR_DTR			0x01	// Data Terminal Ready
+#define	UA4_MCR_RTS			0x02	// Ready to Send
+#define	UA4_MCR_RILP		0x04	// Loopback Interrupt Request
+#define	UA4_MCR_ISEN		0x08	// Interrupt Signal Enable
+#define	UA4_MCR_DCDLP		0x08	// DCD Loopback
+#define	UA4_MCR_LOOP		0x10	// Loopback Enable
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA4_MCR_DATA_TERMINAL_READY		UA4_MCR_DTR
+#define	UA4_MCR_READY_TO_SEND			UA4_MCR_RTS
+#define	UA4_MCR_LOOPBACK_INT_REQ		UA4_MCR_RILP
+#define	UA4_MCR_INT_SIGNAL_ENABLE		UA4_MCR_ISEN
+#define	UA4_MCR_LOOPBACK_DCD			UA4_MCR_DCDLP
+#define	UA4_MCR_LOOPBACK_ENABLE			UA4_MCR_LOOP
+
+/*
+** Line Status Register
+*/
+#define	UA4_LSR				(UA4_PORT+5)
+#	define	UA4_LINE_STATUS		UA4_LSR
+
+#define	UA4_LSR_RXDA		0x01	// Receiver Data Available
+#define	UA4_LSR_OE			0x02	// Overrun Error
+#define	UA4_LSR_PE			0x04	// Parity Error
+#define	UA4_LSR_FE			0x08	// Framing Error
+#define	UA4_LSR_BRK			0x10	// Break Event Detected
+#define	UA4_LSR_TXRDY		0x20	// Transmitter Ready
+#define	UA4_LSR_TXEMP		0x40	// Transmitter Empty
+#define	UA4_LSR_ER_INF		0x80	// Error in RX_FIFO
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA4_LSR_RX_DATA_AVAILABLE	UA4_LSR_RXDA
+#define	UA4_LSR_OVERRUN_ERROR		UA4_LSR_OE
+#define	UA4_LSR_PARITY_ERROR		UA4_LSR_PE
+#define	UA4_LSR_FRAMING_ERROR		UA4_LSR_FE
+#define	UA4_LSR_BREAK_DETECTED		UA4_LSR_BRK
+#define	UA4_LSR_TX_READY			UA4_LSR_TXRDY
+#define	UA4_LSR_TX_EMPTY			UA4_LSR_TXEMP
+#define	UA4_LSR_RX_FIFO_ERROR		UA4_LSR_ER_INF
+
+/*
+** Modem Status Register
+*/
+#define	UA4_MSR				(UA4_PORT+6)
+#	define	UA4_MODEM_STATUS	UA4_MSR
+
+#define	UA4_MSR_DCTS		0x01	// Delta Clear to Send
+#define	UA4_MSR_DDSR		0x02	// Delta Data Set Ready
+#define	UA4_MSR_TERI		0x04	// Trailing Edge Ring Indicate
+#define	UA4_MSR_DDCD		0x08	// Delta Data Carrier Detect
+#define	UA4_MSR_CTS			0x10	// Clear to Send
+#define	UA4_MSR_DSR			0x20	// Data Set Ready
+#define	UA4_MSR_RI			0x40	// Ring Indicate
+#define	UA4_MSR_DCD			0x80	// Data Carrier Detect
+
+// aliases
+#define	UA4_MSR_DELTA_CLEAR_TO_SEND			UA4_MSR_DCTS
+#define	UA4_MSR_DELTA_DATA_SET_READY		UA4_MSR_DDSR
+#define	UA4_MSR_TRAILING_EDGE_RING			UA4_MSR_TERI
+#define	UA4_MSR_DELTA_DATA_CARRIER_DETECT	UA4_MSR_DDCD
+#define	UA4_MSR_CLEAR_TO_SEND				UA4_MSR_CTS
+#define	UA4_MSR_DATA_SET_READY				UA4_MSR_DSR
+#define	UA4_MSR_RING_INDICATE				UA4_MSR_RI
+#define	UA4_MSR_DATA_CARRIER_DETECT			UA4_MSR_DCD
+
+/*
+** Scratch Register
+**
+** Not used by the UART; usable as a "scratchpad" register for
+** temporary storage.
+*/
+#define	UA4_SCR				(UA4_PORT+7)
+#	define	UA4_SCRATCH			UA4_UA5_SCR
+
+#endif	/* uart.h */
diff --git a/kernel/Make.mk b/kernel/Make.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c9b507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/Make.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#
+# Makefile fragment for the kernel components of the system.
+# 
+# Makefile fragment for the kernel component of the system.
+#
+# THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE Makefile - run GNU make in the top-level
+# directory, and this will be pulled in automatically.
+#
+
+SUBDIRS += kernel
+
+###################
+#  FILES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+BOOT_OBJ := $(patsubst %.c, $(BUILDDIR)/%.o, $(BOOT_SRC))
+
+KERN_SRC := kernel/startup.S kernel/isrs.S \
+	kernel/cio.c kernel/clock.c kernel/kernel.c kernel/kmem.c \
+	kernel/list.c kernel/procs.c kernel/sio.c kernel/support.c \
+       	kernel/syscalls.c kernel/user.c kernel/vm.c kernel/vmtables.c
+
+KERN_OBJ := $(patsubst %.c, $(BUILDDIR)/%.o, $(KERN_SRC))
+KERN_OBJ := $(patsubst %.S, $(BUILDDIR)/%.o, $(KERN_OBJ))
+
+KCFLAGS := -ggdb
+KLDFLAGS := -T kernel/kernel.ld
+KLIBS := -lkernel -lcommon
+
+###################
+#  RULES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+kernel:	$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel.b
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/%.o: kernel/%.c $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(KCFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/%.o: kernel/%.S $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CPP) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $(@D)/$*.s $<
+	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) $(KCFLAGS) -o $@ $(@D)/$*.s -a=$(@D)/$*.lst
+	$(RM) -f $(@D)/$*.s
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel: $(KERN_OBJ)
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(LD) $(KLDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(KERN_OBJ) $(KLIBS)
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $@ > $@.asm
+	$(NM) -n $@ > $@.sym
+	$(READELF) -a $@ > $@.info
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel.b: $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel
+	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -o $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel.b -s \
+		--oformat binary -Ttext 0x10000 $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/kernel
+
+# some debugging assist rules
+$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/%.i: kernel/%.c $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(KCFLAGS) -E -c $< > $(@D)/$*.i
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/kernel/%.dat: $(BUILDDIR)/kernel/%.o
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(OBJCOPY) -S -O binary -j .data $< $@
+	hexdump -C $@ > $(@D)/$*.hex
+
diff --git a/kernel/cio.c b/kernel/cio.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfff543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/cio.c
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+/*
+** SCCS ID:	@(#)cio.c	2.10	1/22/25
+**
+** @file	cio.c
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Based on:  c_io.c 1.13 (Ken Reek, Jon Coles, Warren R. Carithers)
+**
+** Console I/O routines
+**
+**  This module implements a simple set of input and output routines
+**  for the console screen and keyboard on the machines in the DSL.
+**  Refer to the header file comments for complete details.
+**
+** Naming conventions:
+**
+**  Externally-visible functions have names beginning with the
+**  characters "cio_".
+**
+*/
+
+#include <cio.h>
+#include <lib.h>
+#include <support.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/pic.h>
+#include <x86/ops.h>
+
+/*
+** Bit masks for the lower five and eight bits of a value
+*/
+#define	BMASK5		0x1f
+#define	BMASK8		0xff
+
+/*
+** Video parameters
+*/
+#define	SCREEN_MIN_X	0
+#define	SCREEN_MIN_Y	0
+#define	SCREEN_X_SIZE	80
+#define	SCREEN_Y_SIZE	25
+#define	SCREEN_MAX_X	( SCREEN_X_SIZE - 1 )
+#define	SCREEN_MAX_Y	( SCREEN_Y_SIZE - 1 )
+
+/*
+** Video state
+*/
+static unsigned int scroll_min_x, scroll_min_y;
+static unsigned int scroll_max_x, scroll_max_y;
+static unsigned int curr_x, curr_y;
+static unsigned int min_x, min_y;
+static unsigned int max_x, max_y;
+
+// pointer to input notification function
+static void (*notify)(int);
+
+#ifdef  SA_DEBUG
+#include <stdio.h>
+#define cio_putchar   putchar
+#define cio_puts(x)   fputs( x, stdout )
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** VGA definitions.
+*/
+
+// calculate the memory address of a specific character position
+// within VGA memory
+#define VIDEO_ADDR(x,y) ( unsigned short * ) \
+	( VID_BASE_ADDR + 2 * ( (y) * SCREEN_X_SIZE + (x) ) )
+
+// port addresses
+#define	VGA_CTRL_IX_ADDR		0x3d4
+#	define	VGA_CTRL_CUR_HIGH	0x0e	// cursor location, high byte
+#	define	VGA_CTRL_CUR_LOW	0x0f	// cursor location, low byte
+#define	VGA_CTRL_IX_DATA		0x3d5
+
+// attribute bits
+#define	VGA_ATT_BBI		0x80	// blink, or background intensity
+#define	VGA_ATT_BGC		0x70	// background color
+#define	VGA_ATT_FICS	0x80	// foreground intensity or char font select
+#define	VGA_ATT_FGC		0x70	// foreground color
+
+// color selections
+#define	VGA_BG_BLACK	0x0000	// background colors
+#define	VGA_BG_BLUE		0x1000
+#define	VGA_BG_GREEN	0x2000
+#define	VGA_BG_CYAN		0x3000
+#define	VGA_BG_RED		0x4000
+#define	VGA_BG_MAGENTA	0x5000
+#define	VGA_BG_BROWN	0x6000
+#define	VGA_BG_WHITE	0x7000
+
+#define	VGA_FG_BLACK	0x0000	// foreground colors
+#define	VGA_FG_BLUE		0x0100
+#define	VGA_FG_GREEN	0x0200
+#define	VGA_FG_CYAN		0x0300
+#define	VGA_FG_RED		0x0400
+#define	VGA_FG_MAGENTA	0x0500
+#define	VGA_FG_BROWN	0x0600
+#define	VGA_FG_WHITE	0x0700
+
+// color combinations
+#define	VGA_WHITE_ON_BLACK		(VGA_FG_WHITE | VGA_BG_BLACK)
+#define	VGA_BLACK_ON_WHITE		(VGA_FG_BLACK | VGA_BG_WHITE)
+
+/*
+** Internal support routines.
+*/
+
+/*
+** setcursor: set the cursor location (screen coordinates)
+*/
+static void setcursor( void ) {
+	unsigned addr;
+	unsigned int y = curr_y;
+
+	if( y > scroll_max_y ) {
+		y = scroll_max_y;
+	}
+
+	addr = (unsigned)( y * SCREEN_X_SIZE + curr_x );
+
+	outb( VGA_CTRL_IX_ADDR, VGA_CTRL_CUR_HIGH );
+	outb( VGA_CTRL_IX_DATA, ( addr >> 8 ) & BMASK8 );
+	outb( VGA_CTRL_IX_ADDR, VGA_CTRL_CUR_LOW );
+	outb( VGA_CTRL_IX_DATA, addr & BMASK8 );
+}
+
+/*
+** putchar_at: physical output to the video memory
+*/
+static void putchar_at( unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int c ) {
+	/*
+	** If x or y is too big or small, don't do any output.
+	*/
+	if( x <= max_x && y <= max_y ) {
+		unsigned short *addr = VIDEO_ADDR( x, y );
+
+		/*
+		** The character may have attributes associated with it; if
+		** so, use those, otherwise use white on black.
+		*/
+		c &= 0xffff;	// keep only the lower bytes
+		if( c > BMASK8 ) {
+			*addr = (unsigned short)c;
+		} else {
+			*addr = (unsigned short)c | VGA_WHITE_ON_BLACK;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** Globally-visible support routines.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Set the scrolling region
+*/
+void cio_setscroll( unsigned int s_min_x, unsigned int s_min_y,
+					  unsigned int s_max_x, unsigned int s_max_y ) {
+	scroll_min_x = bound( min_x, s_min_x, max_x );
+	scroll_min_y = bound( min_y, s_min_y, max_y );
+	scroll_max_x = bound( scroll_min_x, s_max_x, max_x );
+	scroll_max_y = bound( scroll_min_y, s_max_y, max_y );
+	curr_x = scroll_min_x;
+	curr_y = scroll_min_y;
+	setcursor();
+}
+
+/*
+** Cursor movement in the scroll region
+*/
+void cio_moveto( unsigned int x, unsigned int y ) {
+	curr_x = bound( scroll_min_x, x + scroll_min_x, scroll_max_x );
+	curr_y = bound( scroll_min_y, y + scroll_min_y, scroll_max_y );
+	setcursor();
+}
+
+/*
+** The putchar family
+*/
+void cio_putchar_at( unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int c ) {
+	if( ( c & 0x7f ) == '\n' ) {
+		unsigned int limit;
+
+		/*
+		** If we're in the scroll region, don't let this loop
+		** leave it. If we're not in the scroll region, don't
+		** let this loop enter it.
+		*/
+		if( x > scroll_max_x ) {
+			limit = max_x;
+		}
+		else if( x >= scroll_min_x ) {
+			limit = scroll_max_x;
+		}
+		else {
+			limit = scroll_min_x - 1;
+		}
+		while( x <= limit ) {
+			putchar_at( x, y, ' ' );
+			x += 1;
+		}
+	}
+	else {
+		putchar_at( x, y, c );
+	}
+}
+
+#ifndef SA_DEBUG
+void cio_putchar( unsigned int c ) {
+	/*
+	** If we're off the bottom of the screen, scroll the window.
+	*/
+	if( curr_y > scroll_max_y ) {
+		cio_scroll( curr_y - scroll_max_y );
+		curr_y = scroll_max_y;
+	}
+
+	switch( c & BMASK8 ) {
+	case '\n':
+		/*
+		** Erase to the end of the line, then move to new line
+		** (actual scroll is delayed until next output appears).
+		*/
+		while( curr_x <= scroll_max_x ) {
+			putchar_at( curr_x, curr_y, ' ' );
+			curr_x += 1;
+		}
+		curr_x = scroll_min_x;
+		curr_y += 1;
+		break;
+
+	case '\r':
+		curr_x = scroll_min_x;
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		putchar_at( curr_x, curr_y, c );
+		curr_x += 1;
+		if( curr_x > scroll_max_x ) {
+			curr_x = scroll_min_x;
+			curr_y += 1;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	setcursor();
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The puts family
+*/
+void cio_puts_at( unsigned int x, unsigned int y, const char *str ) {
+	unsigned int ch;
+
+	while( (ch = *str++) != '\0' && x <= max_x ) {
+		cio_putchar_at( x, y, ch );
+		x += 1;
+	}
+}
+
+#ifndef SA_DEBUG
+void cio_puts( const char *str ) {
+	unsigned int ch;
+
+	while( (ch = *str++) != '\0' ) {
+		cio_putchar( ch );
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Write a "sized" buffer (like cio_puts(), but no NUL)
+*/
+void cio_write( const char *buf, int length ) {
+	for( int i = 0; i < length; ++i ) {
+		cio_putchar( buf[i] );
+	}
+}
+
+void cio_clearscroll( void ) {
+	unsigned int nchars = scroll_max_x - scroll_min_x + 1;
+	unsigned int l;
+	unsigned int c;
+
+	for( l = scroll_min_y; l <= scroll_max_y; l += 1 ) {
+		unsigned short *to = VIDEO_ADDR( scroll_min_x, l );
+
+		for( c = 0; c < nchars; c += 1 ) {
+			*to++ = ' ' | 0x0700;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void cio_clearscreen( void ) {
+	unsigned short *to = VIDEO_ADDR( min_x, min_y );
+	unsigned int    nchars = ( max_y - min_y + 1 ) * ( max_x - min_x + 1 );
+
+	while( nchars > 0 ) {
+		*to++ = ' ' | 0x0700;
+		nchars -= 1;
+	}
+}
+
+
+void cio_scroll( unsigned int lines ) {
+	unsigned short *from;
+	unsigned short *to;
+	int nchars = scroll_max_x - scroll_min_x + 1;
+	int line, c;
+
+	/*
+	** If # of lines is the whole scrolling region or more, just clear.
+	*/
+	if( lines > scroll_max_y - scroll_min_y ) {
+		cio_clearscroll();
+		curr_x = scroll_min_x;
+		curr_y = scroll_min_y;
+		setcursor();
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Must copy it line by line.
+	*/
+	for( line = scroll_min_y; line <= scroll_max_y - lines; line += 1 ) {
+		from = VIDEO_ADDR( scroll_min_x, line + lines );
+		to = VIDEO_ADDR( scroll_min_x, line );
+		for( c = 0; c < nchars; c += 1 ) {
+			*to++ = *from++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	for( ; line <= scroll_max_y; line += 1 ) {
+		to = VIDEO_ADDR( scroll_min_x, line );
+		for( c = 0; c < nchars; c += 1 ) {
+			*to++ = ' ' | 0x0700;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static int mypad( int x, int y, int extra, int padchar ) {
+	while( extra > 0 ) {
+		if( x != -1 || y != -1 ) {
+			cio_putchar_at( x, y, padchar );
+			x += 1;
+		}
+		else {
+			cio_putchar( padchar );
+		}
+		extra -= 1;
+	}
+	return x;
+}
+
+static int mypadstr( int x, int y, char *str, int len, int width,
+				   int leftadjust, int padchar ) {
+	int extra;
+
+	if( len < 0 ) {
+		len = strlen( str );
+	}
+	extra = width - len;
+	if( extra > 0 && !leftadjust ) {
+		x = mypad( x, y, extra, padchar );
+	}
+	if( x != -1 || y != -1 ) {
+		cio_puts_at( x, y, str );
+		x += len;
+	}
+	else {
+		cio_puts( str );
+	}
+	if( extra > 0 && leftadjust ) {
+		x = mypad( x, y, extra, padchar );
+	}
+	return x;
+}
+
+static void do_printf( int x, int y, char **f ) {
+	char *fmt = *f;
+	int  *ap;
+	char buf[ 12 ];
+	char ch;
+	char *str;
+	int  leftadjust;
+	int  width;
+	int  len;
+	int  padchar;
+
+	/*
+	** Get characters from the format string and process them
+	*/
+
+	ap = (int *)( f + 1 );
+
+	while( (ch = *fmt++) != '\0' ) {
+
+		/*
+		** Is it the start of a format code?
+		*/
+
+		if( ch == '%' ) {
+
+			/*
+			** Yes, get the padding and width options (if there).
+			** Alignment must come at the beginning, then fill,
+			** then width.
+			*/
+
+			leftadjust = 0;
+			padchar = ' ';
+			width = 0;
+
+			ch = *fmt++;
+
+			if( ch == '-' ) {
+				leftadjust = 1;
+				ch = *fmt++;
+			}
+
+			if( ch == '0' ) {
+				padchar = '0';
+				ch = *fmt++;
+			}
+
+			while( ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' ) {
+				width *= 10;
+				width += ch - '0';
+				ch = *fmt++;
+			}
+
+			/*
+			** What data type do we have?
+			*/
+			switch( ch ) {
+
+			case 'c':
+				// ch = *( (int *)ap )++;
+				ch = *ap++;
+				buf[ 0 ] = ch;
+				buf[ 1 ] = '\0';
+				x = mypadstr( x, y, buf, 1, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'd':
+				// len = cvtdec( buf, *( (int *)ap )++ );
+				len = cvtdec( buf, *ap++ );
+				x = mypadstr( x, y, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 's':
+				// str = *( (char **)ap )++;
+				str = (char *) (*ap++);
+				x = mypadstr( x, y, str, -1, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'x':
+				// len = cvthex( buf, *( (int *)ap )++ );
+				len = cvthex( buf, *ap++ );
+				x = mypadstr( x, y, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'o':
+				// len = cvtoct( buf, *( (int *)ap )++ );
+				len = cvtoct( buf, *ap++ );
+				x = mypadstr( x, y, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'u':
+				len = cvtuns( buf, *ap++ );
+				x = mypadstr( x, y, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			}
+		} else {
+
+			/*
+			** No - just print it normally.
+			*/
+
+			if( x != -1 || y != -1 ) {
+				cio_putchar_at( x, y, ch );
+				switch( ch ) {
+				case '\n':
+					y += 1;
+					/* FALL THRU */
+
+				case '\r':
+					x = scroll_min_x;
+					break;
+
+				default:
+					x += 1;
+				}
+			}
+			else {
+				cio_putchar( ch );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void cio_printf_at( unsigned int x, unsigned int y, char *fmt, ... ) {
+	do_printf( x, y, &fmt );
+}
+
+void cio_printf( char *fmt, ... ) {
+	do_printf( -1, -1, &fmt );
+}
+
+/*
+** These are the "standard" IBM AT "Set 1" keycodes.
+*/
+
+static unsigned char scan_code[ 2 ][ 128 ] = {
+	{   // unshifted characters
+/* 00-07 */ '\377', '\033', '1',    '2',    '3',    '4',    '5',    '6',
+/* 08-0f */ '7',    '8',    '9',    '0',    '-',    '=',    '\b',   '\t',
+/* 10-17 */ 'q',    'w',    'e',    'r',    't',    'y',    'u',    'i',
+/* 18-1f */ 'o',    'p',    '[',    ']',    '\n',   '\377', 'a',    's',
+/* 20-27 */ 'd',    'f',    'g',    'h',    'j',    'k',    'l',    ';',
+/* 28-2f */ '\'',   '`',    '\377', '\\',   'z',    'x',    'c',    'v',
+/* 30-37 */ 'b',    'n',    'm',    ',',    '.',    '/',    '\377', '*',
+/* 38-3f */ '\377', ' ',    '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 40-47 */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '7',
+/* 48-4f */ '8',    '9',    '-',    '4',    '5',    '6',    '+',    '1',
+/* 50-57 */ '2',    '3',    '0',    '.',    '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 58-5f */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 60-67 */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 68-6f */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 70-77 */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 78-7f */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377'
+	},
+
+	{   // shifted characters
+/* 00-07 */ '\377', '\033', '!',    '@',    '#',    '$',    '%',    '^',
+/* 08-0f */ '&',    '*',    '(',    ')',    '_',    '+',    '\b',   '\t',
+/* 10-17 */ 'Q',    'W',    'E',    'R',    'T',    'Y',    'U',    'I',
+/* 18-1f */ 'O',    'P',    '{',    '}',    '\n',   '\377', 'A',    'S',
+/* 20-27 */ 'D',    'F',    'G',    'H',    'J',    'K',    'L',    ':',
+/* 28-2f */ '"',    '~',    '\377', '|',    'Z',    'X',    'C',    'V',
+/* 30-37 */ 'B',    'N',    'M',    '<',    '>',    '?',    '\377', '*',
+/* 38-3f */ '\377', ' ',    '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 40-47 */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '7',
+/* 48-4f */ '8',    '9',    '-',    '4',    '5',    '6',    '+',    '1',
+/* 50-57 */ '2',    '3',    '0',    '.',    '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 58-5f */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 60-67 */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 68-6f */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 70-77 */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377',
+/* 78-7f */ '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377', '\377'
+	}
+};
+
+/*
+** Scan code masks
+*/
+
+// 'release' bit
+#define	REL_BIT		0x80
+#define	CODE_BITS	0x7f
+
+#define	IS_PRESS(c)		(((c) & REL_BIT) == 0)
+#define	IS_RELEASE(c)	(((c) & REL_BIT) != 0)
+
+/*
+** Scan codes for some special characters
+*/
+
+// escape code - followed by another code byte
+#define	SCAN_ESC	0xe0
+
+// shift keys:  press, release
+#define	L_SHIFT_DN	0x2a
+#define	R_SHIFT_DN	0x36
+#define	L_SHIFT_UP	0xaa
+#define	R_SHIFT_UP	0xb6
+
+// control keys
+#define	L_CTRL_DN	0x1d
+#define	L_CTRL_UP	0x9d
+
+/*
+** I/O communication constants
+*/
+#define	KBD_DATA	0x60
+#define	KBD_STATUS	0x64
+#define	READY		0x1
+
+/*
+** Circular buffer for input characters.  Characters are inserted at
+** next_space, and are removed at next_char.  Buffer is empty if
+** these are equal.
+*/
+#define	C_BUFSIZE	200
+
+static char input_buffer[ C_BUFSIZE ];
+static volatile char *next_char = input_buffer;
+static volatile char *next_space = input_buffer;
+
+static volatile char *increment( volatile char *pointer ) {
+	if( ++pointer >= input_buffer + C_BUFSIZE ) {
+		pointer = input_buffer;
+	}
+	return pointer;
+}
+
+static int input_scan_code( int code ) {
+	static  int shift = 0;
+	static  int ctrl_mask = BMASK8;
+	int rval = -1;
+
+	/*
+	** Do the shift processing
+	*/
+	code &= BMASK8;
+	switch( code ) {
+	case L_SHIFT_DN:
+	case R_SHIFT_DN:
+		shift = 1;
+		break;
+
+	case L_SHIFT_UP:
+	case R_SHIFT_UP:
+		shift = 0;
+		break;
+
+	case L_CTRL_DN:
+		ctrl_mask = BMASK5;
+		break;
+
+	case L_CTRL_UP:
+		ctrl_mask = BMASK8;
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		/*
+		** Process ordinary characters only on the press (to handle
+		** autorepeat).  Ignore undefined scan codes.
+		*/
+		if( IS_PRESS(code) ) {
+			code = scan_code[ shift ][ (int)code ];
+			if( code != '\377' ) {
+				volatile char   *next = increment( next_space );
+
+				/*
+				** Store character only if there's room
+				*/
+				rval = code & ctrl_mask;
+				if( next != next_char ) {
+					*next_space = code & ctrl_mask;
+					next_space = next;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return( rval );
+}
+
+static void keyboard_isr( int vector, int code ) {
+
+	int data = inb( KBD_DATA );
+	int val  = input_scan_code( data );
+
+	// if there is a notification function, call it
+	if( val != -1 && notify )
+		notify( val );
+
+	outb( PIC1_CMD, PIC_EOI );
+}
+
+int cio_getchar( void ) {
+	char    c;
+	int interrupts_enabled = r_eflags() & EFL_IF;
+
+	while( next_char == next_space ) {
+		if( !interrupts_enabled ) {
+			/*
+			** Must read the next keystroke ourselves.
+			*/
+			while( ( inb( KBD_STATUS ) & READY ) == 0 ) {
+				;
+			}
+			(void) input_scan_code( inb( KBD_DATA ) );
+		}
+	}
+
+	c = *next_char & BMASK8;
+	next_char = increment( next_char );
+	if( c != EOT ) {
+		cio_putchar( c );
+	}
+	return c;
+}
+
+int cio_gets( char *buffer, unsigned int size ) {
+	char    ch;
+	int count = 0;
+
+	while( size > 1 ) {
+		ch = cio_getchar();
+		if( ch == EOT ) {
+			break;
+		}
+		*buffer++ = ch;
+		count += 1;
+		size -= 1;
+		if( ch == '\n' ) {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	*buffer = '\0';
+	return count;
+}
+
+int cio_input_queue( void ) {
+	int n_chars = next_space - next_char;
+
+	if( n_chars < 0 ) {
+		n_chars += C_BUFSIZE;
+	}
+	return n_chars;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialization routines
+*/
+void cio_init( void (*fcn)(int) ) {
+	/*
+	** Screen dimensions
+	*/
+	min_x  = SCREEN_MIN_X;  
+	min_y  = SCREEN_MIN_Y;
+	max_x  = SCREEN_MAX_X;
+	max_y  = SCREEN_MAX_Y;
+
+	/*
+	** Scrolling region
+	*/
+	scroll_min_x = SCREEN_MIN_X;
+	scroll_min_y = SCREEN_MIN_Y;
+	scroll_max_x = SCREEN_MAX_X;
+	scroll_max_y = SCREEN_MAX_Y;
+
+	/*
+	** Initial cursor location
+	*/
+	curr_y = min_y;
+	curr_x = min_x;
+	setcursor();
+
+	/*
+	** Notification function (or NULL)
+	*/
+	notify = fcn;
+
+	/*
+	** Set up the interrupt handler for the keyboard
+	*/
+	install_isr( VEC_KBD, keyboard_isr );
+}
+
+#ifdef SA_DEBUG
+int main() {
+	cio_printf( "%d\n", 123 );
+	cio_printf( "%d\n", -123 );
+	cio_printf( "%d\n", 0x7fffffff );
+	cio_printf( "%d\n", 0x80000001 );
+	cio_printf( "%d\n", 0x80000000 );
+	cio_printf( "x%14dy\n", 0x80000000 );
+	cio_printf( "x%-14dy\n", 0x80000000 );
+	cio_printf( "x%014dy\n", 0x80000000 );
+	cio_printf( "x%-014dy\n", 0x80000000 );
+	cio_printf( "%s\n", "xyz" );
+	cio_printf( "|%10s|\n", "xyz" );
+	cio_printf( "|%-10s|\n", "xyz" );
+	cio_printf( "%c\n", 'x' );
+	cio_printf( "|%4c|\n", 'y' );
+	cio_printf( "|%-4c|\n", 'y' );
+	cio_printf( "|%04c|\n", 'y' );
+	cio_printf( "|%-04c|\n", 'y' );
+	cio_printf( "|%3d|\n", 5 );
+	cio_printf( "|%3d|\n", 54321 );
+	cio_printf( "%x\n", 0x123abc );
+	cio_printf( "|%04x|\n", 20 );
+	cio_printf( "|%012x|\n", 0xfedcba98 );
+	cio_printf( "|%-012x|\n", 0x76543210 );
+}
+
+int curr_x, curr_y, max_x, max_y;
+#endif
diff --git a/kernel/clock.c b/kernel/clock.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96f71c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/clock.c
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/**
+** @file	clock.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Clock module implementation
+*/
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <clock.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/pic.h>
+#include <x86/pit.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// pinwheel control variables
+static uint32_t pinwheel;   // pinwheel counter
+static uint32_t pindex;     // index into pinwheel string
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// current system time
+uint32_t system_time;
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	clk_isr
+**
+** The ISR for the clock
+**
+** @param vector    Vector number for the clock interrupt
+** @param code      Error code (0 for this interrupt)
+*/
+static void clk_isr( int vector, int code ) {
+
+	// spin the pinwheel
+
+	++pinwheel;
+	if( pinwheel == (CLOCK_FREQ / 10) ) {
+		pinwheel = 0;
+		++pindex;
+		cio_putchar_at( 0, 0, "|/-\\"[ pindex & 3 ] );
+	}
+
+#if defined(SYSTEM_STATUS)
+	// Periodically, dump the queue lengths and the SIO status (along
+	// with the SIO buffers, if non-empty).
+	//
+	// Define the symbol SYSTEM_STATUS with a value equal to the desired
+	// reporting frequency, in seconds.
+
+	if( (system_time % SEC_TO_TICKS(SYSTEM_STATUS)) == 0 ) {
+		cio_printf_at( 1, 0, " queues: R[%u] W[%u] S[%u] Z[%u] I[%u]   ",
+			pcb_queue_length(ready),
+			pcb_queue_length(waiting),
+			pcb_queue_length(sleeping),
+			pcb_queue_length(zombie),
+			pcb_queue_length(sioread)
+		);
+	}
+#endif
+
+	// time marches on!
+	++system_time;
+
+	// wake up any sleeping processes whose time has come
+	//
+	// we give them preference over the current process when
+	// it is scheduled again
+
+	do {
+		// if there isn't anyone in the sleep queue, we're done
+		if( pcb_queue_empty(sleeping) ) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		// peek at the first member of the queue
+		pcb_t *tmp = pcb_queue_peek( sleeping );
+		assert( tmp != NULL );
+
+		// the sleep queue is sorted in ascending order by wakeup
+		// time, so we know that the retrieved PCB's wakeup time is
+		// the earliest of any process on the sleep queue; if that
+		// time hasn't arrived yet, there's nobody left to awaken
+
+		if( tmp->wakeup > system_time ) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		// OK, we need to wake this process up
+		assert( pcb_queue_remove(sleeping,&tmp) == SUCCESS );
+		schedule( tmp );
+	} while( 1 );
+
+	// next, we decrement the current process' remaining time
+	current->ticks -= 1;
+
+	// has it expired?
+	if( current->ticks < 1 ) {
+		// yes! reschedule it
+		schedule( current );
+		current = NULL;
+		// and pick a new process
+		dispatch();
+	}
+
+	// tell the PIC we're done
+	outb( PIC1_CMD, PIC_EOI );
+}
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:  clk_init
+**
+** Initializes the clock module
+**
+*/
+void clk_init( void ) {
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	cio_puts( " Clock" );
+#endif
+
+	// start the pinwheel
+	pinwheel = (CLOCK_FREQ / 10) - 1;
+	pindex = 0;
+
+	// return to the dawn of time
+	system_time = 0;
+
+	// configure the clock
+	uint32_t divisor = PIT_FREQ / CLOCK_FREQ;
+	outb( PIT_CONTROL_PORT, PIT_0_LOAD | PIT_0_SQUARE );
+	outb( PIT_0_PORT, divisor & 0xff );        // LSB of divisor
+	outb( PIT_0_PORT, (divisor >> 8) & 0xff ); // MSB of divisor
+
+	// register the second-stage ISR
+	install_isr( VEC_TIMER, clk_isr );
+}
diff --git a/kernel/isrs.S b/kernel/isrs.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..421e6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/isrs.S
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+/*
+** @file	isrs.S
+**
+** @author	K. Reek
+** @authors	Jon Coles, Warren R. Carithers, Margaret Reek
+** @author	numerous Systems Programming classes
+**
+** Stubs for ISRs.
+**
+** This module provides the stubs needed for interrupts to save
+** the machine state before calling the ISR.  All interrupts have
+** their own stub which pushes the interrupt number on the stack.
+** This makes it possible for a common ISR to determine which
+** interrupted occurred.
+*/
+
+#define ASM_SRC
+
+	.arch	i386
+
+#include <bootstrap.h>
+
+/*
+** Configuration options - define in Makefile
+**
+**	TRACE_CX	include context restore debugging code
+*/
+
+	.text
+
+/*
+** Macros for the isr stubs.  Some interrupts push an error code on
+** the stack and others don't; for those that don't we simply push
+** a zero so that cleaning up from either type is identical.
+**
+** Note: these are not marked as global symbols, as they are never
+** accessed directly outside of this file.  This could be changed
+** if need be by adding this line to each macro definition right
+** after the #define line:
+**
+**	.global isr_##vector
+*/
+
+#define	ISR(vector)			\
+isr_##vector:				; \
+	pushl	$0			; \
+	pushl	$vector			; \
+	jmp	isr_save
+
+#define	ERR_ISR(vector)		\
+isr_##vector:				; \
+	pushl	$vector			; \
+	jmp	isr_save
+
+	.globl	isr_table
+	.globl	isr_restore
+
+/*
+** This routine saves the machine state, calls the ISR, and then
+** restores the machine state and returns from the interrupt.
+**
+********************************************************************
+********************************************************************
+** NOTE:  this code is highly application-specific, and will most **
+** probably require modification to tailor it.                    **
+**                                                                **
+** Examples of mods:  switch to/from user stack, context switch   **
+** changes, etc.                                                  **
+********************************************************************
+********************************************************************
+*/
+
+isr_save:
+
+/*
+** Begin by saving the CPU state (except for the FP context information).
+**
+** At this point, the stack looks like this:
+**
+**  esp ->  vector #		saved by the entry macro
+**	    error code, or 0	saved by the hardware, or the entry macro
+**	    saved EIP		saved by the hardware
+**	    saved CS		saved by the hardware
+**	    saved EFLAGS	saved by the hardware
+*/
+	pusha			// save E*X, ESP, EBP, ESI, EDI
+	pushl	%ds		// save segment registers
+	pushl	%es
+	pushl	%fs
+	pushl	%gs
+	pushl	%ss
+
+/*
+** Stack contents (all 32-bit longwords) and offsets from ESP:
+**
+**   SS GS FS ES DS EDI ESI EBP ESP EBX EDX ECX EAX vec cod EIP CS EFL
+**   0  4  8  12 16 20  24  28  32  36  40  44  48  52  56  60  64 68
+**
+** Note that the saved ESP is the contents before the PUSHA.
+**
+** Set up parameters for the ISR call.
+*/
+	movl	52(%esp),%eax	// get vector number and error code
+	movl	56(%esp),%ebx
+
+/*
+***********************
+** MOD FOR 20245     **
+***********************
+*/
+
+/*
+** We need to switch to the system stack. This requires that we save
+** the user context pointer into the current PCB, then load ESP with
+** the initial system stack pointer.
+*/
+
+	.globl	current
+	.globl	kernel_esp
+
+	// save the context pointer
+	movl	current, %edx
+	movl	%esp, (%edx)
+
+	// also save the page directory pointer
+	movl	%cr3, %ecx
+	movl	%ecx, 4(%edx)
+
+	// switch to the system stack
+	//
+	// NOTE: this is inherently non-reentrant!  If/when the OS
+	// is converted from monolithic to something that supports
+	// reentrant or interruptable ISRs, this code will need to
+	// be changed to support that!
+
+	movl	kernel_esp, %esp
+
+	// we don't change CR3 because all the user PDIRs are
+	// set up with mappings for the OS in the upper half
+
+/*
+***********************
+** END MOD FOR 20245 **
+***********************
+*/
+
+	pushl	%ebx		// put them on the top of the stack ...
+	pushl	%eax		// ... as parameters for the ISR
+
+/*
+** Call the ISR
+*/
+	movl	isr_table(,%eax,4),%ebx
+	call	*%ebx
+	addl	$8,%esp		// pop the two parameters
+
+/*
+** Context restore begins here
+*/
+
+isr_restore:
+
+/*
+***********************
+** MOD FOR 20245     **
+***********************
+*/
+	movl	current, %ebx	// return to the user stack
+	movl	(%ebx), %esp	// ESP --> context save area
+	movl	4(%ebx), %ecx	// page directory pointer
+	movl	%ecx, %cr3
+
+	// now we're operating with the user process'
+	// page directory and stack
+
+/*
+***********************
+** END MOD FOR 20245 **
+***********************
+*/
+
+#ifdef TRACE_CX
+/*
+** DEBUGGING CODE PART 1
+**
+** This code will execute during each context restore, and 
+** should be modified to print out whatever debugging information
+** is desired.
+**
+** By default, it prints out the CPU context being restored; it
+** relies on the standard save sequence (see above).
+*/
+	.globl	cio_printf_at
+
+	pushl	$fmt
+	pushl	$1
+	pushl	$0
+	call	cio_printf_at
+	addl	$12,%esp
+/*
+** END OF DEBUGGING CODE PART 1
+*/
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Restore the context.
+*/
+	popl	%ss		// restore the segment registers
+	popl	%gs
+	popl	%fs
+	popl	%es
+	popl	%ds
+	popa			// restore others
+	addl	$8, %esp	// discard the error code and vector
+	iret			// and return
+
+#ifdef TRACE_CX
+/*
+** DEBUGGING CODE PART 2
+**
+** This format string is arranged according to the ordering of values
+** in the context save area on the stack.
+*/
+fmt:	.ascii	" ss=%08x  gs=%08x  fs=%08x  es=%08x  ds=%08x\n"
+	.ascii	"edi=%08x esi=%08x ebp=%08x esp=%08x ebx=%08x\n"
+	.ascii	"edx=%08x ecx=%08x eax=%08x vec=%08x cod=%08x\n"
+	.string	"eip=%08x  cs=%08x efl=%08x\n"
+
+/*
+** END OF DEBUGGING CODE PART 2
+*/
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Here we generate the individual stubs for each interrupt.
+*/
+ISR(0x00);	ISR(0x01);	ISR(0x02);	ISR(0x03);
+ISR(0x04);	ISR(0x05);	ISR(0x06);	ISR(0x07);
+ERR_ISR(0x08);	ISR(0x09);	ERR_ISR(0x0a);	ERR_ISR(0x0b);
+ERR_ISR(0x0c);	ERR_ISR(0x0d);	ERR_ISR(0x0e);	ISR(0x0f);
+ISR(0x10);	ERR_ISR(0x11);	ISR(0x12);	ISR(0x13);
+ISR(0x14);	ERR_ISR(0x15);	ISR(0x16);	ISR(0x17);
+ISR(0x18);	ISR(0x19);	ISR(0x1a);	ISR(0x1b);
+ISR(0x1c);	ISR(0x1d);	ISR(0x1e);	ISR(0x1f);
+ISR(0x20);	ISR(0x21);	ISR(0x22);	ISR(0x23);
+ISR(0x24);	ISR(0x25);	ISR(0x26);	ISR(0x27);
+ISR(0x28);	ISR(0x29);	ISR(0x2a);	ISR(0x2b);
+ISR(0x2c);	ISR(0x2d);	ISR(0x2e);	ISR(0x2f);
+ISR(0x30);	ISR(0x31);	ISR(0x32);	ISR(0x33);
+ISR(0x34);	ISR(0x35);	ISR(0x36);	ISR(0x37);
+ISR(0x38);	ISR(0x39);	ISR(0x3a);	ISR(0x3b);
+ISR(0x3c);	ISR(0x3d);	ISR(0x3e);	ISR(0x3f);
+ISR(0x40);	ISR(0x41);	ISR(0x42);	ISR(0x43);
+ISR(0x44);	ISR(0x45);	ISR(0x46);	ISR(0x47);
+ISR(0x48);	ISR(0x49);	ISR(0x4a);	ISR(0x4b);
+ISR(0x4c);	ISR(0x4d);	ISR(0x4e);	ISR(0x4f);
+ISR(0x50);	ISR(0x51);	ISR(0x52);	ISR(0x53);
+ISR(0x54);	ISR(0x55);	ISR(0x56);	ISR(0x57);
+ISR(0x58);	ISR(0x59);	ISR(0x5a);	ISR(0x5b);
+ISR(0x5c);	ISR(0x5d);	ISR(0x5e);	ISR(0x5f);
+ISR(0x60);	ISR(0x61);	ISR(0x62);	ISR(0x63);
+ISR(0x64);	ISR(0x65);	ISR(0x66);	ISR(0x67);
+ISR(0x68);	ISR(0x69);	ISR(0x6a);	ISR(0x6b);
+ISR(0x6c);	ISR(0x6d);	ISR(0x6e);	ISR(0x6f);
+ISR(0x70);	ISR(0x71);	ISR(0x72);	ISR(0x73);
+ISR(0x74);	ISR(0x75);	ISR(0x76);	ISR(0x77);
+ISR(0x78);	ISR(0x79);	ISR(0x7a);	ISR(0x7b);
+ISR(0x7c);	ISR(0x7d);	ISR(0x7e);	ISR(0x7f);
+ISR(0x80);	ISR(0x81);	ISR(0x82);	ISR(0x83);
+ISR(0x84);	ISR(0x85);	ISR(0x86);	ISR(0x87);
+ISR(0x88);	ISR(0x89);	ISR(0x8a);	ISR(0x8b);
+ISR(0x8c);	ISR(0x8d);	ISR(0x8e);	ISR(0x8f);
+ISR(0x90);	ISR(0x91);	ISR(0x92);	ISR(0x93);
+ISR(0x94);	ISR(0x95);	ISR(0x96);	ISR(0x97);
+ISR(0x98);	ISR(0x99);	ISR(0x9a);	ISR(0x9b);
+ISR(0x9c);	ISR(0x9d);	ISR(0x9e);	ISR(0x9f);
+ISR(0xa0);	ISR(0xa1);	ISR(0xa2);	ISR(0xa3);
+ISR(0xa4);	ISR(0xa5);	ISR(0xa6);	ISR(0xa7);
+ISR(0xa8);	ISR(0xa9);	ISR(0xaa);	ISR(0xab);
+ISR(0xac);	ISR(0xad);	ISR(0xae);	ISR(0xaf);
+ISR(0xb0);	ISR(0xb1);	ISR(0xb2);	ISR(0xb3);
+ISR(0xb4);	ISR(0xb5);	ISR(0xb6);	ISR(0xb7);
+ISR(0xb8);	ISR(0xb9);	ISR(0xba);	ISR(0xbb);
+ISR(0xbc);	ISR(0xbd);	ISR(0xbe);	ISR(0xbf);
+ISR(0xc0);	ISR(0xc1);	ISR(0xc2);	ISR(0xc3);
+ISR(0xc4);	ISR(0xc5);	ISR(0xc6);	ISR(0xc7);
+ISR(0xc8);	ISR(0xc9);	ISR(0xca);	ISR(0xcb);
+ISR(0xcc);	ISR(0xcd);	ISR(0xce);	ISR(0xcf);
+ISR(0xd0);	ISR(0xd1);	ISR(0xd2);	ISR(0xd3);
+ISR(0xd4);	ISR(0xd5);	ISR(0xd6);	ISR(0xd7);
+ISR(0xd8);	ISR(0xd9);	ISR(0xda);	ISR(0xdb);
+ISR(0xdc);	ISR(0xdd);	ISR(0xde);	ISR(0xdf);
+ISR(0xe0);	ISR(0xe1);	ISR(0xe2);	ISR(0xe3);
+ISR(0xe4);	ISR(0xe5);	ISR(0xe6);	ISR(0xe7);
+ISR(0xe8);	ISR(0xe9);	ISR(0xea);	ISR(0xeb);
+ISR(0xec);	ISR(0xed);	ISR(0xee);	ISR(0xef);
+ISR(0xf0);	ISR(0xf1);	ISR(0xf2);	ISR(0xf3);
+ISR(0xf4);	ISR(0xf5);	ISR(0xf6);	ISR(0xf7);
+ISR(0xf8);	ISR(0xf9);	ISR(0xfa);	ISR(0xfb);
+ISR(0xfc);	ISR(0xfd);	ISR(0xfe);	ISR(0xff);
+
+	.data
+
+/*
+** This table contains the addresses where each of the preceding
+** stubs begins.  This information is needed to initialize the
+** Interrupt Descriptor Table in support.c
+*/
+	.globl	isr_stub_table
+isr_stub_table:
+	.long	isr_0x00, isr_0x01, isr_0x02, isr_0x03
+	.long	isr_0x04, isr_0x05, isr_0x06, isr_0x07
+	.long	isr_0x08, isr_0x09, isr_0x0a, isr_0x0b
+	.long	isr_0x0c, isr_0x0d, isr_0x0e, isr_0x0f
+	.long	isr_0x10, isr_0x11, isr_0x12, isr_0x13
+	.long	isr_0x14, isr_0x15, isr_0x16, isr_0x17
+	.long	isr_0x18, isr_0x19, isr_0x1a, isr_0x1b
+	.long	isr_0x1c, isr_0x1d, isr_0x1e, isr_0x1f
+	.long	isr_0x20, isr_0x21, isr_0x22, isr_0x23
+	.long	isr_0x24, isr_0x25, isr_0x26, isr_0x27
+	.long	isr_0x28, isr_0x29, isr_0x2a, isr_0x2b
+	.long	isr_0x2c, isr_0x2d, isr_0x2e, isr_0x2f
+	.long	isr_0x30, isr_0x31, isr_0x32, isr_0x33
+	.long	isr_0x34, isr_0x35, isr_0x36, isr_0x37
+	.long	isr_0x38, isr_0x39, isr_0x3a, isr_0x3b
+	.long	isr_0x3c, isr_0x3d, isr_0x3e, isr_0x3f
+	.long	isr_0x40, isr_0x41, isr_0x42, isr_0x43
+	.long	isr_0x44, isr_0x45, isr_0x46, isr_0x47
+	.long	isr_0x48, isr_0x49, isr_0x4a, isr_0x4b
+	.long	isr_0x4c, isr_0x4d, isr_0x4e, isr_0x4f
+	.long	isr_0x50, isr_0x51, isr_0x52, isr_0x53
+	.long	isr_0x54, isr_0x55, isr_0x56, isr_0x57
+	.long	isr_0x58, isr_0x59, isr_0x5a, isr_0x5b
+	.long	isr_0x5c, isr_0x5d, isr_0x5e, isr_0x5f
+	.long	isr_0x60, isr_0x61, isr_0x62, isr_0x63
+	.long	isr_0x64, isr_0x65, isr_0x66, isr_0x67
+	.long	isr_0x68, isr_0x69, isr_0x6a, isr_0x6b
+	.long	isr_0x6c, isr_0x6d, isr_0x6e, isr_0x6f
+	.long	isr_0x70, isr_0x71, isr_0x72, isr_0x73
+	.long	isr_0x74, isr_0x75, isr_0x76, isr_0x77
+	.long	isr_0x78, isr_0x79, isr_0x7a, isr_0x7b
+	.long	isr_0x7c, isr_0x7d, isr_0x7e, isr_0x7f
+	.long	isr_0x80, isr_0x81, isr_0x82, isr_0x83
+	.long	isr_0x84, isr_0x85, isr_0x86, isr_0x87
+	.long	isr_0x88, isr_0x89, isr_0x8a, isr_0x8b
+	.long	isr_0x8c, isr_0x8d, isr_0x8e, isr_0x8f
+	.long	isr_0x90, isr_0x91, isr_0x92, isr_0x93
+	.long	isr_0x94, isr_0x95, isr_0x96, isr_0x97
+	.long	isr_0x98, isr_0x99, isr_0x9a, isr_0x9b
+	.long	isr_0x9c, isr_0x9d, isr_0x9e, isr_0x9f
+	.long	isr_0xa0, isr_0xa1, isr_0xa2, isr_0xa3
+	.long	isr_0xa4, isr_0xa5, isr_0xa6, isr_0xa7
+	.long	isr_0xa8, isr_0xa9, isr_0xaa, isr_0xab
+	.long	isr_0xac, isr_0xad, isr_0xae, isr_0xaf
+	.long	isr_0xb0, isr_0xb1, isr_0xb2, isr_0xb3
+	.long	isr_0xb4, isr_0xb5, isr_0xb6, isr_0xb7
+	.long	isr_0xb8, isr_0xb9, isr_0xba, isr_0xbb
+	.long	isr_0xbc, isr_0xbd, isr_0xbe, isr_0xbf
+	.long	isr_0xc0, isr_0xc1, isr_0xc2, isr_0xc3
+	.long	isr_0xc4, isr_0xc5, isr_0xc6, isr_0xc7
+	.long	isr_0xc8, isr_0xc9, isr_0xca, isr_0xcb
+	.long	isr_0xcc, isr_0xcd, isr_0xce, isr_0xcf
+	.long	isr_0xd0, isr_0xd1, isr_0xd2, isr_0xd3
+	.long	isr_0xd4, isr_0xd5, isr_0xd6, isr_0xd7
+	.long	isr_0xd8, isr_0xd9, isr_0xda, isr_0xdb
+	.long	isr_0xdc, isr_0xdd, isr_0xde, isr_0xdf
+	.long	isr_0xe0, isr_0xe1, isr_0xe2, isr_0xe3
+	.long	isr_0xe4, isr_0xe5, isr_0xe6, isr_0xe7
+	.long	isr_0xe8, isr_0xe9, isr_0xea, isr_0xeb
+	.long	isr_0xec, isr_0xed, isr_0xee, isr_0xef
+	.long	isr_0xf0, isr_0xf1, isr_0xf2, isr_0xf3
+	.long	isr_0xf4, isr_0xf5, isr_0xf6, isr_0xf7
+	.long	isr_0xf8, isr_0xf9, isr_0xfa, isr_0xfb
+	.long	isr_0xfc, isr_0xfd, isr_0xfe, isr_0xff
diff --git a/kernel/kernel.c b/kernel/kernel.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53e50a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/kernel.c
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+/**
+** @file	kernel.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Kernel support routines
+*/
+
+#define	KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+#include <cio.h>
+#include <clock.h>
+#include <kmem.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+#include <sio.h>
+#include <syscalls.h>
+#include <user.h>
+#include <userids.h>
+#include <vm.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// character buffers, usable throughout the OS
+// nto guaranteed to retain their contents across an exception return
+char b256[256];    // primarily used for message creation
+char b512[512];    // used by PANIC macro
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** report - report the system configuration
+**
+** Prints configuration information about the OS on the console monitor.
+**
+** @param dtrace  Decode the TRACE options
+*/
+static void kreport( bool_t dtrace ) {
+
+	cio_puts( "\n-------------------------------\n" );
+	cio_printf( "Config:  N_PROCS = %d", N_PROCS );
+	cio_printf( " N_PRIOS = %d", N_PRIOS );
+	cio_printf( " N_STATES = %d", N_STATES );
+	cio_printf( " CLOCK = %dHz\n", CLOCK_FREQ );
+
+	// This code is ugly, but it's the simplest way to
+	// print out the values of compile-time options
+	// without spending a lot of execution time at it.
+
+	cio_puts( "Options: "
+#ifdef RPT_INT_UNEXP
+		" R-uint"
+#endif
+#ifdef RPT_INT_MYSTERY
+		" R-mint"
+#endif
+#ifdef TRACE_CX
+		" CX"
+#endif
+#ifdef CONSOLE_STATS
+		" Cstats"
+#endif
+		); // end of cio_puts() call
+
+#ifdef SANITY
+	cio_printf( " SANITY = %d", SANITY );
+#endif
+#ifdef STATUS
+	cio_printf( " STATUS = %d", STATUS );
+#endif
+
+#if TRACE > 0
+	cio_printf( " TRACE = 0x%04x\n", TRACE );
+
+	// decode the trace settings if that was requested
+	if( TRACING_SOMETHING && dtrace ) {
+
+		// this one is simpler - we rely on string literal
+		// concatenation in the C compiler to create one
+		// long string to print out
+
+		cio_puts( "Tracing:"
+#if TRACING_PCB
+			" PCB"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_STACK
+			 " STK"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_QUEUE
+			 " QUE"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SCHED
+			 " SCHED"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SYSCALLS
+			 " SCALL"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SYSRETS
+			 " SRET"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_EXIT
+			 " EXIT"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_DISPATCH
+			 " DISPATCH"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_INIT
+			 " INIT"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_KMEM
+			 " KM"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST
+			 " KMFL"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+			 " KMIN"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SPAWN
+			 " SPAWN"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SIO_STAT
+			 " S_STAT"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+			 " S_ISR"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SIO_RD
+			 " S_RD"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_SIO_WR
+			 " S_WR"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_USER
+			 " USER"
+#endif
+#if TRACING_ELF
+			 " ELF"
+#endif
+			 ); // end of cio_puts() call
+	}
+#endif  /* TRACE > 0 */
+
+	cio_puts( "\n-------------------------------\n" );
+}
+
+
+#if defined(CONSOLE_STATS)
+/**
+** stats - callback routine for console statistics
+**
+** Called by the CIO module when a key is pressed on the
+** console keyboard.  Depending on the key, it will print
+** statistics on the console display, or will cause the
+** user shell process to be dispatched.
+**
+** This code runs as part of the CIO ISR.
+*/
+static void stats( int code ) {
+
+	switch( code ) {
+
+	case 'a':  // dump the active table
+		ptable_dump( "\nActive processes", false );
+		break;
+
+	case 'c':  // dump context info for all active PCBs
+		ctx_dump_all( "\nContext dump" );
+		break;
+
+	case 'p':  // dump the active table and all PCBs
+		ptable_dump( "\nActive processes", true );
+		break;
+
+	case 'q':  // dump the queues
+		// code to dump out any/all queues
+		pcb_queue_dump( "R", ready );
+		pcb_queue_dump( "W", waiting );
+		pcb_queue_dump( "S", sleeping );
+		pcb_queue_dump( "Z", zombie );
+		pcb_queue_dump( "I", sioread );
+		break;
+
+	case 'r':  // print system configuration information
+		report( true );
+		break;
+
+		// ignore CR and LF
+	case '\r': // FALL THROUGH
+	case '\n':
+		break;
+ 
+	default:
+		cio_printf( "console: unknown request '0x%02x'\n", code );
+		// FALL THROUGH
+
+	case 'h':  // help message
+		cio_puts( "\nCommands:\n"
+			"	 a	-- dump the active table\n"
+			"	 c	-- dump contexts for active processes\n"
+			"	 h	-- this message\n"
+			"	 p	-- dump the active table and all PCBs\n"
+			"	 q	-- dump the queues\n"
+			"	 r	-- print system configuration\n"
+		);
+		break;
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** main - system initialization routine
+**
+** Called by the startup code immediately before returning into the
+** first user process.
+**
+** Making this type 'int' keeps the compiler happy.
+*/
+int main( void ) {
+
+	/*
+	** BOILERPLATE CODE - taken from basic framework
+	**
+	** Initialize interrupt stuff.
+	*/
+
+	init_interrupts();  // IDT and PIC initialization
+
+	/*
+	** Console I/O system.
+	**
+	** Does not depend on the other kernel modules, so we can
+	** initialize it before we initialize the kernel memory
+	** and queue modules.
+	*/
+
+#if defined(CONSOLE_STATS) 
+	cio_init( stats );
+#else
+	cio_init( NULL );	// no console callback routine
+#endif
+
+	cio_clearscreen();  // wipe out whatever is there
+
+	/*
+	** TERM-SPECIFIC CODE STARTS HERE
+	*/
+
+	/*
+	** Initialize various OS modules
+	**
+	** Other modules (clock, SIO, syscall, etc.) are expected to
+	** install their own ISRs in their initialization routines.
+	*/
+
+	cio_puts( "System initialization starting.\n" );
+	cio_puts( "-------------------------------\n" );
+
+	cio_puts( "Modules:" );
+
+	// call the module initialization functions, being
+	// careful to follow any module precedence requirements
+
+	km_init();		// MUST BE FIRST
+#if TRACING_KMEM || TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+	delay( DELAY_2_SEC );	// approximately
+#endif
+
+	// other module initialization calls here
+	clk_init();     // clock
+	pcb_init();     // process (PCBs, queues, scheduler)
+#if TRACING_PCB
+	delay( DELAY_2_SEC );
+#endif
+	sio_init();     // serial i/o
+	sys_init();     // system call
+#if TRACING_SYSCALLS || TRACING_SYSRETS
+	delay( DELAY_2_SEC );
+#endif
+	vm_init();      // virtual memory
+	user_init();    // user code handling
+
+	cio_puts( "\nModule initialization complete.\n" );
+	cio_puts( "-------------------------------\n" );
+
+	// report our configuration options
+	kreport( true );
+
+	delay( DELAY_3_SEC );
+
+	/*
+	** Other tasks typically performed here:
+	**
+	**	Enabling any I/O devices (e.g., SIO xmit/rcv)
+	*/
+
+	/*
+	** Create the initial user process
+	** 
+	** This code is largely stolen from the fork() and exec()
+	** implementations in syscalls.c; if those change, this must
+	** also change.
+	*/
+
+	// if we can't get a PCB, there's no use continuing!
+	assert( pcb_alloc(&init_pcb) == SUCCESS );
+
+	// fill in the necessary details
+	init_pcb->pid = PID_INIT;
+	init_pcb->state = STATE_NEW;
+	init_pcb->priority = PRIO_HIGH;
+
+	// find the 'init' program
+	prog_t *prog = user_locate( Init );
+	assert( prog != NULL );
+
+	// command-line arguments for 'init'
+	const char *args[2] = { "init", NULL };
+
+	// load it
+	assert( user_load(prog,init_pcb,args) == SUCCESS );
+
+	// send it on its merry way
+	schedule( init_pcb );
+
+#ifdef TRACE_CX
+	// if we're using a scrolling region, wait a bit more and then set it up
+	delay( DELAY_7_SEC );
+
+	// define a scrolling region in the top 7 lines of the screen
+	cio_setscroll( 0, 7, 99, 99 );
+
+	// clear it
+	cio_clearscroll();
+
+	// clear the top line
+	cio_puts_at( 0, 0, "*                                                                               " );
+	// separator
+	cio_puts_at( 0, 6, "================================================================================" );
+#endif
+
+	// switch to the "real" kernel page directory
+	vm_set_kvm();
+
+	/*
+	** END OF TERM-SPECIFIC CODE
+	**
+	** Finally, report that we're all done.
+	*/
+
+	cio_puts( "System initialization complete.\n" );
+	cio_puts( "-------------------------------\n" );
+
+	sio_enable( SIO_RX );
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/kernel.ld b/kernel/kernel.ld
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2007432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/kernel.ld
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+** Simple linker script for the 20245 kernel.
+*/
+
+OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386", "elf32-i386")
+OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
+ENTRY(_start)
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+	/* Link the kernel at this address. */
+        /* Must match what is defined in vm.h! */
+	. = 0x80010000;
+
+	.text : AT(0x10000) {
+		*(.text .stub .text.* .gnu.linkonce.t.*)
+	}
+
+	/* standard symbols */
+	PROVIDE(etext = .);
+	PROVIDE(_etext = .);
+
+	/* put read-only data next */
+	.rodata : {
+		*(.rodata .rodata.* .gnu.linkonce.r.*)
+	}
+
+	/* Align the data segment at the next page boundary */
+	/* . = ALIGN(0x1000); */
+
+	PROVIDE(data = .);
+	PROVIDE(_data = .);
+
+	/* The data segment */
+	.data : {
+		*(.data)
+	}
+
+	PROVIDE(edata = .);
+	PROVIDE(_edata = .);
+
+	/* page-align the BSS */
+	. = ALIGN(0x1000);
+
+	PROVIDE(__bss_start = .);
+
+	.bss : {
+		*(.bss)
+	}
+
+	PROVIDE(end = .);
+	PROVIDE(_end = .);
+
+	/DISCARD/ : {
+		*(.stab .stab_info .stabstr .eh_frame .note.GNU-stack .note.gnu.property .comment)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/kernel/kmem.c b/kernel/kmem.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8777f49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/kmem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+/**
+** @file kmem.c
+**
+** @author Warren R. Carithers
+** @author Kenneth Reek
+** @author 4003-506 class of 20013
+**
+** @brief	Functions to perform dynamic memory allocation in the OS.
+**
+** NOTE: these should NOT be called by user processes!
+**
+** This allocator functions as a simple "slab" allocator; it allows
+** allocation of either 4096-byte ("page") or 1024-byte ("slice")
+** chunks of memory from the free pool.  The free pool is initialized
+** using the memory map provided by the BIOS during the boot sequence,
+** and contains a series of blocks which are each one page of memory
+** (4KB, and aligned at 4KB boundaries); they are held in the free list
+** in LIFO order, as all pages are created equal.
+**
+** Each allocator ("page" and "slice") allocates the first block from
+** the appropriate free list.  On deallocation, the block is added back
+** to the free list.
+**
+** The "slice" allocator operates by taking blocks from the "page"
+** allocator and splitting them into four 1K slices, which it then
+** manages.  Requests are made for slices one at a time.  If the free
+** list contains an available slice, it is unlinked and returned;
+** otherwise, a page is requested from the page allocator, split into
+** slices, and the slices are added to the free list, after which the
+** first one is returned.  The slice free list is a simple linked list
+** of these 1K blocks; because they are all the same size, no ordering
+** is done on the free list, and no coalescing is performed.
+**
+** This could be converted into a bitmap-based allocator pretty easily.
+** A 4GB address space contains 2^20 (1,048,576) pages; at one bit per
+** page frame, that's 131,072 (2^17) bytes to cover all of the address
+** space, and that could be reduced by restricting allocatable space
+** to a subset of the 4GB space.
+**
+** Compilation options:
+**
+**    ALLOC_FAIL_PANIC    if an internal slice allocation fails, panic
+*/
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+// all other framework includes are next
+#include <lib.h>
+
+#include <kmem.h>
+
+#include <list.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/bios.h>
+#include <bootstrap.h>
+#include <cio.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+// parameters related to word and block sizes
+
+#define WORD_SIZE           sizeof(int)
+#define LOG2_OF_WORD_SIZE   2
+
+#define LOG2_OF_PAGE_SIZE   12
+
+#define LOG2_OF_SLICE_SIZE  10
+
+// converters:  pages to bytes, bytes to pages
+
+#define P2B(x)   ((x) << LOG2_OF_PAGE_SIZE)
+#define B2P(x)   ((x) >> LOG2_OF_PAGE_SIZE)
+
+/*
+** Name:    adjacent
+**
+** Arguments:   addresses of two blocks
+**
+** Description: Determines whether the second block immediately
+**      follows the first one.
+*/
+#define adjacent(first,second)  \
+	( (void *) (first) + P2B((first)->pages) == (void *) (second) )
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** Memory region information returned by the BIOS
+**
+** This data consists of a 32-bit integer followed
+** by an array of region descriptor structures.
+*/
+
+// a handy union for playing with 64-bit addresses
+typedef union b64_u {
+	uint32_t part[2];
+	uint64_t all;
+} b64_t;
+
+// the halves of a 64-bit address
+#define LOW		part[0]
+#define HIGH	part[1]
+
+// memory region descriptor
+typedef struct memregion_s {
+	b64_t	 base;		// base address
+	b64_t	 length;	// region length
+	uint32_t type;		// type of region
+	uint32_t acpi;		// ACPI 3.0 info
+} __attribute__((__packed__)) region_t;
+
+/*
+** Region types
+*/
+
+#define REGION_USABLE		1
+#define REGION_RESERVED		2
+#define REGION_ACPI_RECL	3
+#define REGION_ACPI_NVS		4
+#define REGION_BAD			5
+
+/*
+** ACPI 3.0 bit fields
+*/
+
+#define REGION_IGNORE		0x01
+#define REGION_NONVOL		0x02
+
+/*
+** 32-bit and 64-bit address values as 64-bit literals
+*/
+
+#define ADDR_BIT_32		0x0000000100000000LL
+#define ADDR_LOW_HALF	0x00000000ffffffffLL
+#define ADDR_HIGH_HALR	0xffffffff00000000LL
+
+#define ADDR_32_MAX		ADDR_LOW_HALF
+#define ADDR_64_FIRST	ADDR_BIT_32
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// freespace pools
+static list_t free_pages;
+static list_t free_slices;
+
+// block counts
+static uint32_t n_pages;
+static uint32_t n_slices;
+
+// initialization status
+static int km_initialized;
+
+/*
+** IMPORTED GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// this is no longer used; for simple situations, it can be used as
+// the KM_LOW_CUTOFF value
+//
+// extern int _end;	// end of the BSS section - provided by the linker
+
+/*
+** FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** FREE LIST MANAGEMENT
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	add_block
+**
+** Add a block to the free list. The block will be split into separate
+** page-sized fragments which will each be added to the free_pages
+** list; each of these will also be modified.
+**
+** @param[in] base   Base address of the block
+** @param[in] length Block length, in bytes
+*/
+static void add_block( uint32_t base, uint32_t length ) {
+
+	// don't add it if it isn't at least 4K
+	if( length < SZ_PAGE ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+	cio_printf( "  add(%08x,%08x): ", base, length );
+#endif
+
+	// verify that the base address is a 4K boundary
+	if( (base & MOD4K_BITS) != 0 ) {
+		// nope - how many bytes will we lose from the beginning
+		uint_t loss = base & MOD4K_BITS;
+		// adjust the starting address: (n + 4K - 1) / 4K
+		base = (base + MOD4K_BITS) & MOD4K_MASK;
+		// adjust the length
+		length -= loss;
+	}
+
+	// only want to add multiples of 4K; check the lower bits
+	if( (length & MOD4K_BITS) != 0 ) {
+		// round it down to 4K
+		length &= MOD4K_MASK;
+	}
+
+	// split the block into pages and add them to the free list
+
+	void *block = (void *) base;
+	void *blend = (void *) (base + length);
+	int npages = 0;
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+	cio_printf( "-> base %08x len %08x: ", base, length );
+#endif
+
+	while( block < blend ) {
+
+		// just add to the front of the list
+		list_add( &free_pages, block );
+		++npages;
+
+		// move to the next block
+		base += SZ_PAGE;
+		block = (void *) base;
+	}
+
+	// add the count to our running total
+	n_pages += npages;
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+	cio_printf( " -> %d pages\n", npages );
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_init
+**
+** Find what memory is present on the system and
+** construct the list of free memory blocks.
+**
+** Dependencies:
+**	Must be called before any other init routine that uses
+**	dynamic storage is called.
+*/
+void km_init( void ) {
+	int32_t entries;
+	region_t *region;
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	// announce that we're starting initialization
+	cio_puts( " Kmem" );
+#endif
+
+	// initially, nothing in the free lists
+	free_slices.next = NULL;
+	free_pages.next = NULL;
+	n_pages = n_slices = 0;
+	km_initialized = 0;
+
+	/*
+	** We ignore anything below our KM_LOW_CUTOFF address. In theory,
+	** we should be able to re-use much of that space; in practice,
+	** this is safer.
+	*/
+
+	// get the list length
+	entries = *((int32_t *) MMAP_ADDR);
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+	cio_printf( "\nKmem: %d regions\n", entries );
+#endif
+
+	// if there are no entries, we have nothing to do!
+	if( entries < 1 ) {  // note: entries == -1 could occur!
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// iterate through the entries, adding things to the freelist
+
+	region = ((region_t *) (MMAP_ADDR + 4));
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < entries; ++i, ++region ) {
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+		// report this region
+		cio_printf( "%3d: ", i );
+		cio_printf( " B %08x%08x",
+				region->base.HIGH, region->base.LOW );
+		cio_printf( " L %08x%08x",
+				region->length.HIGH, region->length.LOW );
+		cio_printf( " T %08x A %08x",
+				region->type, region->acpi );
+#endif
+
+		/*
+		** Determine whether or not we should ignore this region.
+		**
+		** We ignore regions for several reasons:
+		**
+		**  ACPI indicates it should be ignored
+		**  ACPI indicates it's non-volatile memory
+		**  Region type isn't "usable"
+		**  Region is above our address limit
+		**
+		** Currently, only "normal" (type 1) regions are considered
+		** "usable" for our purposes.  We could potentially expand
+		** this to include ACPI "reclaimable" memory.
+		*/
+
+		// first, check the ACPI one-bit flags
+
+		if( ((region->acpi) & REGION_IGNORE) == 0 ) {
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+			cio_puts( " IGN\n" );
+#endif
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if( ((region->acpi) & REGION_NONVOL) != 0 ) {
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+			cio_puts( " NVOL\n" );
+#endif
+			continue;  // we'll ignore this, too
+		}
+
+		// next, the region type
+
+		if( (region->type) != REGION_USABLE ) {
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+			cio_puts( " RCLM\n" );
+#endif
+			continue;  // we won't attempt to reclaim ACPI memory (yet)
+		}
+
+		/*
+		** We have a "normal" memory region. We need to verify
+		** that it's within our constraints. We won't add anything
+		** to the free list if it is:
+		**
+		**    * below our KM_LOW_CUTOFF value
+		**    * above out KM_HIGH_CUTOFF value.
+		**
+		** For blocks which straddle one of those limits, we will
+		** split it, and only use the portion that's within those
+		** bounds.
+		*/
+
+		// grab the two 64-bit values to simplify things
+		uint64_t base   = region->base.all;
+		uint64_t length = region->length.all;
+		uint64_t endpt  = base + length;
+
+		// ignore it if it's above our high cutoff point
+		if( base >= KM_HIGH_CUTOFF || endpt >= KM_HIGH_CUTOFF ) {
+
+			// is the whole thing too high, or just part?
+			if( base >= KM_HIGH_CUTOFF ) {
+				// it's all too high!
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+				cio_puts( " HIGH\n" );
+#endif
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// some of it is usable - fix the end point
+			endpt = KM_HIGH_CUTOFF;
+		}
+
+		// see if it's below our low cutoff point
+		if( base < KM_LOW_CUTOFF || endpt < KM_LOW_CUTOFF ) {
+
+			// is the whole thing too low, or just part?
+			if( endpt < KM_LOW_CUTOFF ) {
+				// it's all below the cutoff!
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+				cio_puts( " LOW\n" );
+#endif
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// some of it is usable - reset the base address
+			base = KM_LOW_CUTOFF;
+
+			// recalculate the length
+			length = endpt - base;
+		}
+
+		// we survived the gauntlet - add the new block
+		//
+		// we may have changed the base or endpoint, so
+		// we should recalculate the length
+		length = endpt - base;
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+		cio_puts( " OK\n" );
+#endif
+
+		uint32_t b32 = base   & ADDR_LOW_HALF;
+		uint32_t l32 = length & ADDR_LOW_HALF;
+
+		add_block( b32, l32 );
+	}
+
+	// record the initialization
+	km_initialized = 1;
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM | TRACING_KMEM_INIT
+	delay( DELAY_3_SEC );
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_dump
+**
+** Dump information about the free lists to the console. By default,
+** prints only the list sizes; if 'addrs' is true, also dumps the list
+** of page addresses; if 'all' is also true, dumps page addresses and
+** slice addresses.
+**
+** @param addrs  Also dump page addresses
+** @param both   Also dump slice addresses
+*/
+void km_dump( bool_t addrs, bool_t both ) {
+
+	// report the sizes
+	cio_printf( "&free_pages %08x, &free_slices %08x, %u pages, %u slices\n",
+			(uint32_t) &free_pages, (uint32_t) &free_slices,
+			n_pages, n_slices );
+
+	// was that all?
+	if( !addrs ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// dump the addresses of the pages in the free list
+	uint32_t n = 0;
+	list_t *block = free_pages.next;
+	while( block != NULL ) {
+		if( n && !(n & MOD4_BITS) ) {
+			// four per line
+			cio_putchar( '\n' );
+		}
+		cio_printf( " page @ 0x%08x", (uint32_t) block );
+		block = block->next;
+		++n;
+	}
+
+	// sanity check - verify that the counts match
+	if( n != n_pages ) {
+		sprint( b256, "km_dump: n_pages %u, counted %u!!!\n",
+				n_pages, n );
+		WARNING( b256);
+	}
+
+	if( !both ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// but wait - there's more!
+
+	// also dump the addresses of slices in the slice free list
+	n = 0;
+	block = free_slices.next;
+	while( block != NULL ) {
+		if( n && !(n & MOD4_BITS) ) {
+			// four per line
+			cio_putchar( '\n' );
+		}
+		cio_printf( "  slc @ 0x%08x", (uint32_t) block );
+		block = block->next;
+		++n;
+	}
+
+	// sanity check - verify that the counts match
+	if( n != n_slices ) {
+		sprint( b256, "km_dump: n_slices %u, counted %u!!!\n",
+				n_slices, n );
+		WARNING( b256);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** PAGE MANAGEMENT
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_page_alloc
+**
+** Allocate a page of memory from the free list.
+**
+** @return a pointer to the beginning of the allocated page,
+**		   or NULL if no memory is available
+*/
+void *km_page_alloc( void ) {
+
+	// if km_init() wasn't called first, stop us in our tracks
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST
+	cio_puts( "KM: pg_alloc()" );
+#endif
+
+	// pointer to the first block
+	void *page = list_remove( &free_pages );
+
+	// was a page available?
+	if( page == NULL ){
+		// nope!
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST
+		cio_puts( " FAIL\n" );
+#endif
+		return( NULL );
+	}
+
+	// fix the count of available pages
+	--n_pages;
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST
+	cio_printf( " -> %08x\n", (uint32_t) page );
+#endif
+
+	return( page );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_page_free
+**
+** Returns a page to the list of available pages.
+**
+** @param[in] page   Pointer to the page to be returned to the free list
+*/
+void km_page_free( void *page ){
+
+	// verify that km_init() was called first
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+	/*
+	** Don't do anything if the address is NULL.
+	*/
+	if( page == NULL ){
+		return;
+	}
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST
+	cio_printf( "KM: pg_free(%08x)", (uint32_t) page );
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	** CRITICAL ASSUMPTION
+	**
+	** We assume that the block pointer given to us points to a single
+	** page-sized block of memory.  We make this assumption because we
+	** don't track allocation sizes.  We can't use the simple "allocate
+	** four extra bytes before the returned pointer" scheme to do this
+	** because we're managing pages, and the pointers we return must point
+	** to page boundaries, so we would wind up allocating an extra page
+	** for each allocation.
+	**
+	** Alternatively, we could keep an array of addresses and block
+	** sizes ourselves, but that feels clunky, and would risk running out
+	** of table entries if there are lots of allocations (assuming we use
+	** a 4KB page to hold the table, at eight bytes per entry we would have
+	** 512 entries per page).
+	**
+	** IF THIS ASSUMPTION CHANGES, THIS CODE MUST BE FIXED!!!
+	*/
+
+	// link this into the free list
+	list_add( &free_pages, page );
+
+	// one more in the pool
+	++n_pages;
+}
+
+/*
+** SLICE MANAGEMENT
+*/
+
+/*
+** Slices are 1024-byte fragments from pages.  We maintain a free list of
+** slices for those parts of the OS which don't need full 4096-byte chunks
+** of space.
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	carve_slices
+**
+** Split an allocated page into four slices and add
+** them to the "free slices" list.
+**
+** @param page  Pointer to the page to be carved up
+*/
+static void carve_slices( void *page ) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert1( page != NULL );
+
+	// create the four slices from it
+	uint8_t *ptr = (uint8_t *) page;
+	for( int i = 0; i < 4; ++i ) {
+		km_slice_free( (void *) ptr );
+		ptr += SZ_SLICE;
+		++n_slices;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_slice_alloc
+**
+** Dynamically allocates a slice (1/4 of a page).  If no
+** memory is available, we return NULL (unless ALLOC_FAIL_PANIC
+** was defined, in which case we panic).
+**
+** @return a pointer to the allocated slice
+*/
+void *km_slice_alloc( void ) {
+
+	// verify that km_init() was called first
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST
+	cio_printf( "KM: sl_alloc()\n" );
+#endif
+
+	// if we are out of slices, create a few more
+	if( free_slices.next == NULL ) {
+		void *new = km_page_alloc();
+		if( new == NULL ) {
+			// can't get any more space
+#if ALLOC_FAIL_PANIC
+			PANIC( 0, "slice new alloc failed" );
+#else
+			return NULL;
+#endif
+		}
+		carve_slices( new );
+	}
+
+	// take the first one from the free list
+	void *slice = list_remove( &free_slices );
+	assert( slice != NULL );
+	--n_slices;
+
+	// make it nice and shiny for the caller
+	memclr( (void *) slice, SZ_SLICE );
+
+	return( slice );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_slice_free
+**
+** Returns a slice to the list of available slices.
+**
+** We make no attempt to merge slices, as we treat them as
+** independent blocks of memory (like pages).
+**
+** @param[in] block  Pointer to the slice (1/4 page) to be freed
+*/
+void km_slice_free( void *block ) {
+
+	// verify that km_init() was called first
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREELIST
+	cio_printf( "KM: sl_free(%08x)\n", (uint32_t) block );
+#endif
+
+	// just add it to the front of the free list
+	list_add( &free_slices, block );
+	--n_slices;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/list.c b/kernel/list.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..084000a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/list.c
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/**
+** @file list.c
+**
+** @author Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	Support for a basic linked list data type.
+**
+** This module provides a very basic linked list data structure.
+** A list can contain anything that has a pointer field in the first
+** four bytes; these routines assume those bytes contain a pointer to
+** the following entry in the list, whatever that may be.
+*/
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <list.h>
+
+/*
+** FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:    list_add
+**
+** Add the supplied data to the beginning of the specified list.
+**
+** @param[in,out] list  The address of a list_t variable
+** @param[in] data      The data to prepend to the list
+*/
+void list_add( list_t *list, void *data ) {
+
+	// sanity checks
+	assert1( list != NULL );
+	assert1( data != NULL );
+
+	list_t *tmp = (list_t *)data;
+	tmp->next = list->next;
+	list->next = tmp;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    list_remove
+**
+** Remove the first entry from a linked list.
+**
+** @param[in,out] list  The address of a list_t variable
+**
+** @return a pointer to the removed data, or NULL if the list was empty
+*/
+void *list_remove( list_t *list ) {
+
+	assert1( list != NULL );
+
+	list_t *data = list->next;
+	if( data != NULL ) {
+		list->next = data->next;
+		data->next = NULL;
+	}
+
+	return (void *)data;
+}
+
diff --git a/kernel/procs.c b/kernel/procs.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96bb3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/procs.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1136 @@
+/*
+** @file	procs.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Process-related implementations
+*/
+
+#define	KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <procs.h>
+#include <user.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+// determine if a queue is empty; assumes 'q' is a valid pointer
+#define	PCB_QUEUE_EMPTY(q)	((q)->head == NULL)
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PCB Queue structure
+**
+** Opaque to the rest of the kernel
+**
+** Typedef'd in the header: typedef struct pcb_queue_s *pcb_queue_t;
+*/
+struct pcb_queue_s {
+	pcb_t *head;
+	pcb_t *tail;
+	enum pcb_queue_order_e order;
+};
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// collection of queues
+static struct pcb_queue_s pcb_freelist_queue;
+static struct pcb_queue_s ready_queue;
+static struct pcb_queue_s waiting_queue;
+static struct pcb_queue_s sleeping_queue;
+static struct pcb_queue_s zombie_queue;
+static struct pcb_queue_s sioread_queue;
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// public-facing queue handles
+pcb_queue_t pcb_freelist;
+pcb_queue_t ready;
+pcb_queue_t waiting;
+pcb_queue_t sleeping;
+pcb_queue_t zombie;
+pcb_queue_t sioread;
+
+// pointer to the currently-running process
+pcb_t *current;
+
+// the process table
+pcb_t ptable[N_PROCS];
+
+// next available PID
+uint_t next_pid;
+
+// pointer to the PCB for the 'init' process
+pcb_t *init_pcb;
+
+// table of state name strings
+const char *state_str[N_STATES] = {
+	[ STATE_UNUSED   ] = "Unu",       // "Unused"
+	[ STATE_NEW      ] = "New",
+	[ STATE_READY    ] = "Rdy",       // "Ready"
+	[ STATE_RUNNING  ] = "Run",       // "Running"
+	[ STATE_SLEEPING ] = "Slp",       // "Sleeping"
+	[ STATE_BLOCKED  ] = "Blk",       // "Blocked"
+	[ STATE_WAITING  ] = "Wat",       // "Waiting"
+	[ STATE_KILLED   ] = "Kil",       // "Killed"
+	[ STATE_ZOMBIE   ] = "Zom"        // "Zombie"
+};
+
+// table of priority name strings
+const char *prio_str[N_PRIOS] = {
+	[ PRIO_HIGH     ] = "High",
+	[ PRIO_STD      ] = "User",
+	[ PRIO_LOW      ] = "Low ",
+	[ PRIO_DEFERRED ] = "Def "
+};
+
+// table of queue ordering name strings
+const char *ord_str[N_PRIOS] = {
+	[ O_FIFO   ] = "FIFO",
+	[ O_PRIO   ] = "PRIO",
+	[ O_PID    ] = "PID ",
+	[ O_WAKEUP ] = "WAKE"
+};
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Priority search functions. These are used to traverse a supplied
+** queue looking for the queue entry that would precede the supplied
+** PCB when that PCB is inserted into the queue.
+**
+** Variations:
+**     find_prev_wakeup()     compares wakeup times
+**     find_prev_priority()   compares process priorities
+**     find_prev_pid()        compares PIDs
+**
+** Each assumes the queue should be in ascending order by the specified
+** comparison value.
+**
+** @param[in] queue  The queue to search
+** @param[in] pcb    The PCB to look for
+**
+** @return a pointer to the predecessor in the queue, or NULL if
+** this PCB would be at the beginning of the queue.
+*/
+static pcb_t *find_prev_wakeup( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	// sanity checks!
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	pcb_t *prev = NULL;
+	pcb_t *curr = queue->head;
+
+	while( curr != NULL && curr->wakeup <= pcb->wakeup ) {
+		prev = curr;
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	return prev;
+}
+
+static pcb_t *find_prev_priority( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	// sanity checks!
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	pcb_t *prev = NULL;
+	pcb_t *curr = queue->head;
+
+	while( curr != NULL && curr->priority <= pcb->priority ) {
+		prev = curr;
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	return prev;
+}
+
+static pcb_t *find_prev_pid( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	// sanity checks!
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	pcb_t *prev = NULL;
+	pcb_t *curr = queue->head;
+
+	while( curr != NULL && curr->pid <= pcb->pid ) {
+		prev = curr;
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	return prev;
+}
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+// a macro to simplify queue setup
+#define	QINIT(q,s) \
+	q = &q##_queue; \
+	if( pcb_queue_reset(q,s) != SUCCESS ) { \
+		PANIC( 0, "pcb_init can't reset " # q ); \
+	}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_init
+**
+** Initialization for the Process module.
+*/
+void pcb_init( void ) {
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	cio_puts( " Procs" );
+#endif
+
+	// there is no current process
+	current = NULL;
+
+	// set up the external links to the queues
+	QINIT( pcb_freelist, O_FIFO );
+	QINIT( ready, O_PRIO );
+	QINIT( waiting, O_PID );
+	QINIT( sleeping, O_WAKEUP );
+	QINIT( zombie, O_PID );
+	QINIT( sioread, O_FIFO );
+
+	/*
+	** We statically allocate our PCBs, so we need to add them
+	** to the freelist before we can use them. If this changes
+	** so that we dynamicallyl allocate PCBs, this step either
+	** won't be required, or could be used to pre-allocate some
+	** number of PCB structures for future use.
+	*/
+
+	pcb_t *ptr = ptable;
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PROCS; ++i ) {
+		pcb_free( ptr );
+		++ptr;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_alloc
+**
+** Allocate a PCB from the list of free PCBs.
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to a pcb_t * where the PCB pointer will be returned.
+**
+** @return status of the allocation attempt
+*/
+int pcb_alloc( pcb_t **pcb ) {
+
+	// sanity check!
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	// remove the first PCB from the free list
+	pcb_t *tmp;
+	if( pcb_queue_remove(pcb_freelist,&tmp) != SUCCESS ) {
+		return E_NO_PCBS;
+	}
+
+	*pcb = tmp;
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_free
+**
+** Return a PCB to the list of free PCBs.
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to the PCB to be deallocated.
+*/
+void pcb_free( pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	if( pcb != NULL ) {
+		// mark the PCB as available
+		pcb->state = STATE_UNUSED;
+
+		// add it to the free list
+		int status = pcb_queue_insert( pcb_freelist, pcb );
+
+		// if that failed, we're in trouble
+		if( status != SUCCESS ) {
+			sprint( b256, "pcb_free(0x%08x) status %d", (uint32_t) pcb,
+					status );
+			PANIC( 0, b256 );
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_zombify
+**
+** Turn the indicated process into a Zombie. This function
+** does most of the real work for exit() and kill() calls.
+** Is also called from the scheduler and dispatcher.
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to the newly-undead PCB
+*/
+void pcb_zombify( register pcb_t *victim ) {
+
+	// should this be an error?
+	if( victim == NULL ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// every process must have a parent, even if it's 'init'
+	assert( victim->parent != NULL );
+
+	/*
+	** We need to locate the parent of this process.  We also need
+	** to reparent any children of this process.  We do these in
+	** a single loop.
+	*/
+	pcb_t *parent = victim->parent;
+	pcb_t *zchild = NULL;
+
+	// two PIDs we will look for
+	uint_t vicpid = victim->pid;
+
+	// speed up access to the process table entries
+	register pcb_t *curr = ptable;
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PROCS; ++i, ++curr ) {
+
+		// make sure this is a valid entry
+		if( curr->state == STATE_UNUSED ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		// if this is our parent, just keep going - we continue
+		// iterating to find all the children of this process.
+		if( curr == parent ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if( curr->parent == victim ) {
+
+			// found a child - reparent it
+			curr->parent = init_pcb;
+
+			// see if this child is already undead
+			if( curr->state == STATE_ZOMBIE ) {
+				// if it's already a zombie, remember it, so we
+				// can pass it on to 'init'; also, if there are
+				// two or more zombie children, it doesn't matter
+				// which one we pick here, as the others will be
+				// collected when 'init' loops
+				zchild = curr;
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** If we found a child that was already terminated, we need to
+	** wake up the init process if it's already waiting.
+	**
+	** Note: we only need to do this for one Zombie child process -
+	** init will loop and collect the others after it finishes with
+	** this one.
+	**
+	** Also note: it's possible that the exiting process' parent is
+	** also init, which means we're letting one of zombie children
+	** of the exiting process be cleaned up by init before the 
+	** existing process itself is cleaned up by init. This will work,
+	** because after init cleans up the zombie, it will loop and
+	** call waitpid() again, by which time this exiting process will
+	** be marked as a zombie.
+	*/
+	if( zchild != NULL && init_pcb->state == STATE_WAITING ) {
+
+		// dequeue the zombie
+		assert( pcb_queue_remove_this(zombie,zchild) == SUCCESS );
+
+		assert( pcb_queue_remove_this(waiting,init_pcb) == SUCCESS );
+
+		// intrinsic return value is the PID
+		RET(init_pcb) = zchild->pid;
+
+		// may also want to return the exit status
+		int32_t *ptr = (int32_t *) ARG(init_pcb,2);
+
+		if( ptr != NULL ) {
+			// ********************************************************
+			// ** Potential VM issue here!  This code assigns the exit
+			// ** status into a variable in the parent's address space.
+			// ** This works in the baseline because we aren't using
+			// ** any type of memory protection.  If address space
+			// ** separation is implemented, this code will very likely
+			// ** STOP WORKING, and will need to be fixed.
+			// ********************************************************
+			*ptr = zchild->exit_status;
+		}
+
+		// all done - schedule 'init', and clean up the zombie
+		schedule( init_pcb );
+		pcb_cleanup( zchild );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Now, deal with the parent of this process. If the parent is
+	** already waiting, just wake it up and clean up this process.
+	** Otherwise, this process becomes a zombie.
+	**
+	** Note: if the exiting process' parent is init and we just woke
+	** init up to deal with a zombie child of the exiting process,
+	** init's status won't be Waiting any more, so we don't have to
+	** worry about it being scheduled twice.
+	*/
+
+	if( parent->state == STATE_WAITING ) {
+
+		// verify that the parent is either waiting for this process
+		// or is waiting for any of its children
+		uint32_t target = ARG(parent,1);
+
+		if( target == 0 || target == vicpid ) {
+
+			// the parent is waiting for this child or is waiting
+			// for any of its children, so we can wake it up.
+
+			// intrinsic return value is the PID
+			RET(parent) = vicpid;
+
+			// may also want to return the exit status
+			int32_t *ptr = (int32_t *) ARG(parent,2);
+
+			if( ptr != NULL ) {
+				// ********************************************************
+				// ** Potential VM issue here!  This code assigns the exit
+				// ** status into a variable in the parent's address space.
+				// ** This works in the baseline because we aren't using
+				// ** any type of memory protection.  If address space
+				// ** separation is implemented, this code will very likely
+				// ** STOP WORKING, and will need to be fixed.
+				// ********************************************************
+				*ptr = victim->exit_status;
+			}
+
+			// all done - schedule the parent, and clean up the zombie
+			schedule( parent );
+			pcb_cleanup( victim );
+
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** The parent isn't waiting OR is waiting for a specific child
+	** that isn't this exiting process, so we become a Zombie.
+	**
+	** This code assumes that Zombie processes are *not* in
+	** a queue, but instead are just in the process table with
+	** a state of 'Zombie'.  This simplifies life immensely,
+	** because we won't need to dequeue it when it is collected
+	** by its parent.
+	*/
+
+	victim->state = STATE_ZOMBIE;
+	assert( pcb_queue_insert(zombie,victim) == SUCCESS );
+
+	/*
+	** Note: we don't call _dispatch() here - we leave that for
+	** the calling routine, as it's possible we don't need to
+	** choose a new current process.
+	*/
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_cleanup
+**
+** Reclaim a process' data structures
+**
+** @param pcb   The PCB to reclaim
+*/
+void pcb_cleanup( pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+#if TRACING_PCB
+	cio_printf( "** pcb_cleanup(0x%08x)\n", (uint32_t) pcb );
+#endif
+
+	// avoid deallocating a NULL pointer
+	if( pcb == NULL ) {
+		// should this be an error?
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// we need to release all the VM data structures and frames
+	user_cleanup( pcb );
+
+	// release the PCB itself
+	pcb_free( pcb );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_find_pid
+**
+** Locate the PCB for the process with the specified PID
+**
+** @param pid   The PID to be located
+**
+** @return Pointer to the PCB, or NULL
+*/
+pcb_t *pcb_find_pid( uint_t pid ) {
+
+	// must be a valid PID
+	if( pid < 1 ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// scan the process table
+	pcb_t *p = ptable;
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PROCS; ++i, ++p ) {
+		if( p->pid == pid && p->state != STATE_UNUSED ) {
+			return p;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// didn't find it!
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_find_ppid
+**
+** Locate the PCB for the process with the specified parent
+**
+** @param pid   The PID to be located
+**
+** @return Pointer to the PCB, or NULL
+*/
+pcb_t *pcb_find_ppid( uint_t pid ) {
+
+	// must be a valid PID
+	if( pid < 1 ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// scan the process table
+	pcb_t *p = ptable;
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PROCS; ++i, ++p ) {
+		assert1( p->parent != NULL );
+		if( p->parent->pid == pid && p->parent->state != STATE_UNUSED ) {
+			return p;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// didn't find it!
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_reset
+**
+** Initialize a PCB queue. We assume that whatever data may be
+** in the queue structure can be overwritten.
+**
+** @param queue[out]  The queue to be initialized
+** @param order[in]   The desired ordering for the queue
+**
+** @return status of the init request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_reset( pcb_queue_t queue, enum pcb_queue_order_e style ) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+
+	// make sure the style is valid
+	if( style < O_FIRST_STYLE || style > O_LAST_STYLE ) {
+		return E_BAD_PARAM;
+	}
+
+	// reset the queue
+	queue->head = queue->tail = NULL;
+	queue->order = style;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	pcb_queue_empty
+**
+** Determine whether a queue is empty. Essentially just a wrapper
+** for the PCB_QUEUE_EMPTY() macro, for use outside this module.
+**
+** @param[in] queue  The queue to check
+**
+** @return true if the queue is empty, else false
+*/
+bool_t pcb_queue_empty( pcb_queue_t queue ) {
+
+	// if there is no queue, blow up
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+
+	return PCB_QUEUE_EMPTY(queue);
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_length
+**
+** Return the count of elements in the specified queue.
+**
+** @param[in] queue  The queue to check
+**
+** @return the count (0 if the queue is empty)
+*/
+uint_t pcb_queue_length( const pcb_queue_t queue ) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+
+	// this is pretty simple
+	register pcb_t *tmp = queue->head;
+	register int num = 0;
+	
+	while( tmp != NULL ) {
+		++num;
+		tmp = tmp->next;
+	}
+
+	return num;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_insert
+**
+** Inserts a PCB into the indicated queue.
+**
+** @param queue[in,out]  The queue to be used
+** @param pcb[in]        The PCB to be inserted
+**
+** @return status of the insertion request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_insert( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	// sanity checks
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	// if this PCB is already in a queue, we won't touch it
+	if( pcb->next != NULL ) {
+		// what to do? we let the caller decide
+		return E_BAD_PARAM;
+	}
+
+	// is the queue empty?
+	if( queue->head == NULL ) {
+		queue->head = queue->tail = pcb;
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+	assert1( queue->tail != NULL );
+
+	// no, so we need to search it
+	pcb_t *prev = NULL;
+
+	// find the predecessor node
+	switch( queue->order ) {
+	case O_FIFO:
+		prev = queue->tail;
+		break;
+	case O_PRIO:
+		prev = find_prev_priority(queue,pcb);
+		break;
+	case O_PID:
+		prev = find_prev_pid(queue,pcb);
+		break;
+	case O_WAKEUP:
+		prev = find_prev_wakeup(queue,pcb);
+		break;
+	default:
+		// do we need something more specific here?
+		return E_BAD_PARAM;
+	}
+
+	// OK, we found the predecessor node; time to do the insertion
+
+	if( prev == NULL ) {
+
+		// there is no predecessor, so we're
+		// inserting at the front of the queue
+		pcb->next = queue->head;
+		if( queue->head == NULL ) {
+			// empty queue!?! - should we panic?
+			queue->tail = pcb;
+		}
+		queue->head = pcb;
+
+	} else if( prev->next == NULL ) {
+
+		// append at end
+		prev->next = pcb;
+		queue->tail = pcb;
+
+	} else {
+
+		// insert between prev & prev->next
+		pcb->next = prev->next;
+		prev->next = pcb;
+
+	}
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_remove
+**
+** Remove the first PCB from the indicated queue.
+**
+** @param queue[in,out]  The queue to be used
+** @param pcb[out]       Pointer to where the PCB pointer will be saved
+**
+** @return status of the removal request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_remove( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t **pcb ) {
+
+	//sanity checks
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	// can't get anything if there's nothing to get!
+	if( PCB_QUEUE_EMPTY(queue) ) {
+		return E_EMPTY_QUEUE;
+	}
+
+	// take the first entry from the queue
+	pcb_t *tmp = queue->head;
+	queue->head = tmp->next;
+
+	// disconnect it completely
+	tmp->next = NULL;
+
+	// was this the last thing in the queue?
+	if( queue->head == NULL ) {
+		// yes, so clear the tail pointer for consistency
+		queue->tail = NULL;
+	}
+
+	// save the pointer
+	*pcb = tmp;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_remove_this
+**
+** Remove the specified PCB from the indicated queue.
+**
+** We don't return the removed pointer, because the calling
+** routine must already have it (because it was supplied
+** to us in the call).
+**
+** @param queue[in,out]  The queue to be used
+** @param pcb[in]        Pointer to the PCB to be removed
+**
+** @return status of the removal request
+*/
+int pcb_queue_remove_this( pcb_queue_t queue, pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	//sanity checks
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	// can't get anything if there's nothing to get!
+	if( PCB_QUEUE_EMPTY(queue) ) {
+		return E_EMPTY_QUEUE;
+	}
+
+	// iterate through the queue until we find the desired PCB
+	pcb_t *prev = NULL;
+	pcb_t *curr = queue->head;
+
+	while( curr != NULL && curr != pcb ) {
+		prev = curr;
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	// case  prev  curr  next   interpretation
+	// ====  ====  ====  ====   ============================
+	//   1.    0     0    --    *** CANNOT HAPPEN ***
+	//   2.    0    !0     0    removing only element
+	//   3.    0    !0    !0    removing first element
+	//   4.   !0     0    --    *** NOT FOUND ***
+	//   5.   !0    !0     0    removing from end
+	//   6.   !0    !0    !0    removing from middle
+
+	if( curr == NULL ) {
+		// case 1
+		assert( prev != NULL );
+		// case 4
+		return E_NOT_FOUND;
+	}
+
+	// connect predecessor to successor
+	if( prev != NULL ) {
+		// not the first element
+		// cases 5 and 6
+		prev->next = curr->next;
+	} else {
+		// removing first element
+		// cases 2 and 3
+		queue->head = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	// if this was the last node (cases 2 and 5),
+	// also need to reset the tail pointer
+	if( curr->next == NULL ) {
+		// if this was the only entry (2), prev is NULL,
+		// so this works for that case, too
+		queue->tail = prev;
+	}
+
+	// unlink current from queue
+	curr->next = NULL;
+
+	// there's a possible consistancy problem here if somehow
+	// one of the queue pointers is NULL and the other one
+	// is not NULL
+
+	assert1(
+		(queue->head == NULL && queue->tail == NULL) ||
+		(queue->head != NULL && queue->tail != NULL)
+	);
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    pcb_queue_peek
+**
+** Return the first PCB from the indicated queue, but don't
+** remove it from the queue.
+**
+** @param queue[in]  The queue to be used
+**
+** @return the PCB poiner, or NULL if the queue is empty
+*/
+pcb_t *pcb_queue_peek( const pcb_queue_t queue ) {
+
+	//sanity check
+	assert1( queue != NULL );
+
+	// can't get anything if there's nothing to get!
+	if( PCB_QUEUE_EMPTY(queue) ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// just return the first entry from the queue
+	return queue->head;
+}
+
+/*
+** Scheduler routines
+*/
+
+/**
+** schedule(pcb)
+**
+** Schedule the supplied process
+**
+** @param pcb   Pointer to the PCB of the process to be scheduled
+*/
+void schedule( pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+
+	// check for a killed process
+	if( pcb->state == STATE_KILLED ) {
+		// TODO figure out what to do now
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// mark it as ready
+	pcb->state = STATE_READY;
+
+	// add it to the ready queue
+	if( pcb_queue_insert(ready,pcb) != SUCCESS ) {
+		PANIC( 0, "schedule insert fail" );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** dispatch()
+**
+** Select the next process to receive the CPU
+*/
+void dispatch( void ) {
+
+	// verify that there is no current process
+	assert( current == NULL );
+
+	// grab whoever is at the head of the queue
+	int status = pcb_queue_remove( ready, &current );
+	if( status != SUCCESS ) {
+		sprint( b256, "dispatch queue remove failed, code %d", status );
+		PANIC( 0, b256 );
+	}
+
+	// set the process up for success
+	current->state = STATE_RUNNING;
+	current->ticks = QUANTUM_STANDARD;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Debugging/tracing routines
+*/
+
+/**
+** ctx_dump(msg,context)
+**
+** Dumps the contents of this process context to the console
+**
+** @param msg[in]   An optional message to print before the dump
+** @param c[in]     The context to dump out
+*/
+void ctx_dump( const char *msg, register context_t *c ) {
+
+	// first, the message (if there is one)
+	if( msg ) {
+		cio_puts( msg );
+	}
+
+	// the pointer
+	cio_printf( " @ %08x: ", (uint32_t) c );
+
+	// if it's NULL, why did you bother calling me?
+	if( c == NULL ) {
+		cio_puts( " NULL???\n" );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// now, the contents
+	cio_printf( "ss %04x gs %04x fs %04x es %04x ds %04x cs %04x\n",
+				  c->ss & 0xff, c->gs & 0xff, c->fs & 0xff,
+				  c->es & 0xff, c->ds & 0xff, c->cs & 0xff );
+	cio_printf( "  edi %08x esi %08x ebp %08x esp %08x\n",
+				  c->edi, c->esi, c->ebp, c->esp );
+	cio_printf( "  ebx %08x edx %08x ecx %08x eax %08x\n",
+				  c->ebx, c->edx, c->ecx, c->eax );
+	cio_printf( "  vec %08x cod %08x eip %08x eflags %08x\n",
+				  c->vector, c->code, c->eip, c->eflags );
+}
+
+/**
+** ctx_dump_all(msg)
+**
+** dump the process context for all active processes
+**
+** @param msg[in]  Optional message to print
+*/
+void ctx_dump_all( const char *msg ) {
+
+	if( msg != NULL ) {
+		cio_puts( msg );
+	}
+
+	int n = 0;
+	register pcb_t *pcb = ptable;
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PROCS; ++i, ++pcb ) {
+		if( pcb->state != STATE_UNUSED ) {
+			++n;
+			cio_printf( "%2d(%d): ", n, pcb->pid );
+			ctx_dump( NULL, pcb->context );
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** _pcb_dump(msg,pcb)
+**
+** Dumps the contents of this PCB to the console
+**
+** @param msg[in]  An optional message to print before the dump
+** @param pcb[in]  The PCB to dump
+** @param all[in]  Dump all the contents?
+*/
+void pcb_dump( const char *msg, register pcb_t *pcb, bool_t all ) {
+
+	// first, the message (if there is one)
+	if( msg ) {
+		cio_puts( msg );
+	}
+
+	// the pointer
+	cio_printf( " @ %08x:", (uint32_t) pcb );
+
+	// if it's NULL, why did you bother calling me?
+	if( pcb == NULL ) {
+		cio_puts( " NULL???\n" );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	cio_printf( " %d", pcb->pid );
+	cio_printf( " %s",
+			pcb->state >= N_STATES ? "???" : state_str[pcb->state] );
+
+	if( !all ) {
+		// just printing IDs and states on one line
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// now, the rest of the contents
+	cio_printf( " %s",
+			pcb->priority >= N_PRIOS ? "???" : prio_str[pcb->priority] );
+
+	cio_printf( " ticks %u xit %d wake %08x\n",
+				pcb->ticks, pcb->exit_status, pcb->wakeup );
+
+	cio_printf( " parent %08x", (uint32_t)pcb->parent );
+	if( pcb->parent != NULL ) {
+		cio_printf( " (%u)", pcb->parent->pid );
+	}
+
+	cio_printf( " next %08x context %08x pde %08x", (uint32_t) pcb->next,
+			(uint32_t) pcb->context, (uint32_t) pcb->pdir );
+
+	cio_putchar( '\n' );
+}
+
+/**
+** pcb_queue_dump(msg,queue,contents)
+**
+** Dump the contents of the specified queue to the console
+**
+** @param msg[in]       Optional message to print
+** @param queue[in]     The queue to dump
+** @param contents[in]  Also dump (some) contents?
+*/
+void pcb_queue_dump( const char *msg, pcb_queue_t queue, bool_t contents ) {
+
+	// report on this queue
+	cio_printf( "%s: ", msg );
+	if( queue == NULL ) {
+		cio_puts( "NULL???\n" );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// first, the basic data
+	cio_printf( "head %08x tail %08x",
+			(uint32_t) queue->head, (uint32_t) queue->tail );
+
+	// next, how the queue is ordered
+	cio_printf( " order %s\n",
+			queue->order >= N_ORDERINGS ? "????" : ord_str[queue->order] );
+
+	// if there are members in the queue, dump the first few PIDs
+	if( contents && queue->head != NULL ) {
+		cio_puts( " PIDs: " );
+		pcb_t *tmp = queue->head;
+		for( int i = 0; i < 5 && tmp != NULL; ++i, tmp = tmp->next ) {
+			cio_printf( " [%u]", tmp->pid );
+		}
+
+		if( tmp != NULL ) {
+			cio_puts( " ..." );
+		}
+
+		cio_putchar( '\n' );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** ptable_dump(msg,all)
+**
+** dump the contents of the "active processes" table
+**
+** @param msg[in]  Optional message to print
+** @param all[in]  Dump all or only part of the relevant data
+*/
+void ptable_dump( const char *msg, bool_t all ) {
+
+	if( msg ) {
+		cio_puts( msg );
+	}
+	cio_putchar( ' ' );
+
+	int used = 0;
+	int empty = 0;
+
+	register pcb_t *pcb = ptable;
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PROCS; ++i ) {
+		if( pcb->state == STATE_UNUSED ) {
+
+			// an empty slot
+			++empty;
+
+		} else {
+
+			// a non-empty slot
+			++used;
+
+			// if not dumping everything, add commas if needed
+			if( !all && used ) {
+				cio_putchar( ',' );
+			}
+
+			// report the table slot #
+			cio_printf( " #%d:", i );
+
+			// and dump the contents
+			pcb_dump( NULL, pcb, all );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// only need this if we're doing one-line output
+	if( !all ) {
+		cio_putchar( '\n' );
+	}
+
+	// sanity check - make sure we saw the correct number of table slots
+	if( (used + empty) != N_PROCS ) {
+		cio_printf( "Table size %d, used %d + empty %d = %d???\n",
+					  N_PROCS, used, empty, used + empty );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    ptable_dump_counts
+**
+** Prints basic information about the process table (number of
+** entries, number with each process state, etc.).
+*/
+void ptable_dump_counts( void ) {
+	uint_t nstate[N_STATES] = { 0 };
+	uint_t unknown = 0;
+
+	int n = 0;
+	pcb_t *ptr = ptable;
+	while( n < N_PROCS ) {
+		if( ptr->state < 0 || ptr->state >= N_STATES ) {
+			++unknown;
+		} else {
+			++nstate[ptr->state];
+		}
+		++n;
+		++ptr;
+	}
+
+	cio_printf( "Ptable: %u ***", unknown );
+	for( n = 0; n < N_STATES; ++n ) {
+		cio_printf( " %u %s", nstate[n],
+				state_str[n] != NULL ? state_str[n] : "???" );
+	}
+	cio_putchar( '\n' );
+}
diff --git a/kernel/sio.c b/kernel/sio.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5c7b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/sio.c
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+/**
+** @file	sio.c
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** @brief	SIO module
+**
+** For maximum compatibility from semester to semester, this code uses
+** several "stand-in" type names and macros which should be defined
+** in the accompanying "compat.h" header file if they're not part of
+** the baseline system:
+**
+**      standard-sized integer types:  intN_t, uintN_t
+**      other types:  PCBTYPE, QTYPE
+**      scheduler functions:  SCHED, DISPATCH
+**      queue functions:  QCREATE, QLENGTH, QDEQUE
+**      other functions:  SLENGTH
+**      sio read queue:  QNAME
+**
+** Our SIO scheme is very simple:
+**
+**  Input:  We maintain a buffer of incoming characters that haven't
+**      yet been read by processes.  When a character comes in, if
+**      there is no process waiting for it, it goes in the buffer;
+**      otherwise, the first waiting process is awakeneda and it
+**      gets the character.
+**
+**      When a process invokes readch(), if there is a character in
+**      the input buffer, the process gets it; otherwise, it is
+**      blocked until input appears
+**
+**      Communication with system calls is via two routines.
+**      sio_readc() returns the first available character (if
+**      there is one), resetting the input variables if this was
+**      the last character in the buffer.  If there are no
+**      characters in the buffer, sio_read() returns a -1
+**      (presumably so the requesting process can be blocked).
+**
+**      sio_read() copies the contents of the input buffer into
+**      a user-supplied buffer.  It returns the number of characters
+**      copied.  If there are no characters available, return a -1.
+**
+**  Output: We maintain a buffer of outgoing characters that haven't
+**      yet been sent to the device, and an indication of whether
+**      or not we are in the middle of a transmit sequence.  When
+**      an interrupt comes in, if there is another character to
+**      send we copy it to the transmitter buffer; otherwise, we
+**      end the transmit sequence.
+**
+**      Communication with user processes is via three functions.
+**      sio_writec() writes a single character; sio_write()
+**      writes a sized buffer full of characters; sio_puts()
+**      prints a NUL-terminated string.  If we are in the middle
+**      of a transmit sequence, all characters will be added
+**      to the output buffer (from where they will be sent
+**      automatically); otherwise, we send the first character
+**      directly, add the rest of the characters (if there are
+**      any) to the output buffer, and set the "sending" flag
+**      to indicate that we're expecting a transmitter interrupt.
+*/
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+// this should do all includes required for this OS
+#include <compat.h>
+
+// all other framework includes are next
+#include <x86/uart.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/pic.h>
+
+#include <sio.h>
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+#define BUF_SIZE    2048
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBALS
+*/
+
+	// input character buffer
+static char inbuffer[ BUF_SIZE ];
+static char *inlast;
+static char *innext;
+static uint32_t incount;
+
+	// output character buffer
+static char outbuffer[ BUF_SIZE ];
+static char *outlast;
+static char *outnext;
+static uint32_t outcount;
+
+	// output control flag
+static int sending;
+
+	// interrupt register status
+static uint8_t ier;
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// queue for read-blocked processes
+#ifdef QNAME
+QTYPE QNAME;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** sio_isr(vector,ecode)
+**
+** Interrupt handler for the SIO module.  Handles all pending
+** events (as described by the SIO controller).
+**
+** @param vector   The interrupt vector number for this interrupt
+** @param ecode    The error code associated with this interrupt
+*/
+static void sio_isr( int vector, int ecode ) {
+	int ch;
+
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_puts( "SIO: int:" );
+#endif
+	//
+	// Must process all pending events; loop until the IRR
+	// says there's nothing else to do.
+	//
+
+	for(;;) {
+
+		// get the "pending event" indicator
+		int iir = inb( UA4_IIR ) & UA4_IIR_INT_PRI_MASK;
+
+		// process this event
+		switch( iir ) {
+
+		case UA4_IIR_LINE_STATUS:
+			// shouldn't happen, but just in case....
+			cio_printf( "** SIO int, LSR = %02x\n", inb(UA4_LSR) );
+			break;
+
+		case UA4_IIR_RX:
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_puts( " RX" );
+#endif
+			// get the character
+			ch = inb( UA4_RXD );
+			if( ch == '\r' ) {    // map CR to LF
+				ch = '\n';
+			}
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_printf( " ch %02x", ch );
+#endif
+
+#ifdef QNAME
+			//
+			// If there is a waiting process, this must be
+			// the first input character; give it to that
+			// process and awaken the process.
+			//
+
+			if( !QEMPTY(QNAME) ) {
+				PCBTYPE *pcb;
+
+				QDEQUE( QNAME, pcb );
+				// make sure we got a non-NULL result
+				assert( pcb );
+
+				// return char via arg #2 and count in EAX
+				char *buf = (char *) ARG(pcb,2);
+				*buf = ch & 0xff;
+				RET(pcb) = 1;
+				SCHED( pcb );
+
+			} else {
+#endif /* QNAME */
+
+				//
+				// Nobody waiting - add to the input buffer
+				// if there is room, otherwise just ignore it.
+				//
+
+				if( incount < BUF_SIZE ) {
+					*inlast++ = ch;
+					++incount;
+				}
+
+#ifdef QNAME
+			}
+#endif /* QNAME */
+			break;
+
+		case UA5_IIR_RX_FIFO:
+			// shouldn't happen, but just in case....
+			ch = inb( UA4_RXD );
+			cio_printf( "** SIO FIFO timeout, RXD = %02x\n", ch );
+			break;
+
+		case UA4_IIR_TX:
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_puts( " TX" );
+#endif
+			// if there is another character, send it
+			if( sending && outcount > 0 ) {
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_printf( " ch %02x", *outnext );
+#endif
+				outb( UA4_TXD, *outnext );
+				++outnext;
+				// wrap around if necessary
+				if( outnext >= (outbuffer + BUF_SIZE) ) {
+					outnext = outbuffer;
+				}
+				--outcount;
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_printf( " (outcount %d)", outcount );
+#endif
+			} else {
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_puts( " EOS" );
+#endif
+				// no more data - reset the output vars
+				outcount = 0;
+				outlast = outnext = outbuffer;
+				sending = 0;
+				// disable TX interrupts
+				sio_disable( SIO_TX );
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case UA4_IIR_NO_INT:
+#if TRACING_SIO_ISR
+	cio_puts( " EOI\n" );
+#endif
+			// nothing to do - tell the PIC we're done
+			outb( PIC1_CMD, PIC_EOI );
+			return;
+
+		case UA4_IIR_MODEM_STATUS:
+			// shouldn't happen, but just in case....
+			cio_printf( "** SIO int, MSR = %02x\n", inb(UA4_MSR) );
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			// uh-oh....
+			sprint( b256, "sio isr: IIR %02x\n", ((uint32_t) iir) & 0xff );
+			PANIC( 0, b256 );
+		}
+	
+	}
+
+	// should never reach this point!
+	assert( false );
+}
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** sio_init()
+**
+** Initialize the UART chip.
+*/
+void sio_init( void ) {
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	cio_puts( " Sio" );
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	** Initialize SIO variables.
+	*/
+
+	memclr( (void *) inbuffer, sizeof(inbuffer) );
+	inlast = innext = inbuffer;
+	incount = 0;
+
+	memclr( (void *) outbuffer, sizeof(outbuffer) );
+	outlast = outnext = outbuffer;
+	outcount = 0;
+	sending = 0;
+
+	// queue of read-blocked processes
+	QCREATE( QNAME );
+
+	/*
+	** Next, initialize the UART.
+	**
+	** Initialize the FIFOs
+	**
+	** this is a bizarre little sequence of operations
+	*/
+
+	outb( UA5_FCR, 0x20 );
+	outb( UA5_FCR, UA5_FCR_FIFO_RESET );               // 0x00
+	outb( UA5_FCR, UA5_FCR_FIFO_EN );                  // 0x01
+	outb( UA5_FCR, UA5_FCR_FIFO_EN | UA5_FCR_RXSR );   // 0x03
+	outb( UA5_FCR, UA5_FCR_FIFO_EN | UA5_FCR_RXSR | UA5_FCR_TXSR );  // 0x07
+
+	/*
+	** disable interrupts
+	**
+	** note that we leave them disabled; sio_enable() must be
+	** called to switch them back on
+	*/
+
+	outb( UA4_IER, 0 );
+	ier = 0;
+
+	/*
+	** select the divisor latch registers and set the data rate
+	*/
+
+	outb( UA4_LCR, UA4_LCR_DLAB );
+	outb( UA4_DLL, BAUD_LOW_BYTE( DL_BAUD_9600 ) );
+	outb( UA4_DLM, BAUD_HIGH_BYTE( DL_BAUD_9600 ) );
+
+	/*
+	** deselect the latch registers, by setting the data
+	** characteristics in the LCR
+	*/
+
+	outb( UA4_LCR, UA4_LCR_WLS_8 | UA4_LCR_1_STOP_BIT | UA4_LCR_NO_PARITY );
+	
+	/*
+	** Set the ISEN bit to enable the interrupt request signal,
+	** and the DTR and RTS bits to enable two-way communication.
+	*/
+
+	outb( UA4_MCR, UA4_MCR_ISEN | UA4_MCR_DTR | UA4_MCR_RTS );
+
+	/*
+	** Install our ISR
+	*/
+
+	install_isr( VEC_COM1, sio_isr );
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_enable()
+**
+** Enable SIO interrupts
+**
+** usage:    uint8_t old = sio_enable( uint8_t which )
+**
+** @param which   Bit mask indicating which interrupt(s) to enable
+**
+** @return the prior IER setting
+*/
+uint8_t sio_enable( uint8_t which ) {
+	uint8_t old;
+
+	// remember the current status
+
+	old = ier;
+
+	// figure out what to enable
+
+	if( which & SIO_TX ) {
+		ier |= UA4_IER_TX_IE;
+	}
+
+	if( which & SIO_RX ) {
+		ier |= UA4_IER_RX_IE;
+	}
+
+	// if there was a change, make it
+
+	if( old != ier ) {
+		outb( UA4_IER, ier );
+	}
+
+	// return the prior settings
+
+	return( old );
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_disable()
+**
+** Disable SIO interrupts
+**
+** usage:    uint8_t old = sio_disable( uint8_t which )
+**
+** @param which   Bit mask indicating which interrupt(s) to disable
+**
+** @return the prior IER setting
+*/
+uint8_t sio_disable( uint8_t which ) {
+	uint8_t old;
+
+	// remember the current status
+
+	old = ier;
+
+	// figure out what to disable
+
+	if( which & SIO_TX ) {
+		ier &= ~UA4_IER_TX_IE;
+	}
+
+	if( which & SIO_RX ) {
+		ier &= ~UA4_IER_RX_IE;
+	}
+
+	// if there was a change, make it
+
+	if( old != ier ) {
+		outb( UA4_IER, ier );
+	}
+
+	// return the prior settings
+
+	return( old );
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_inq_length()
+**
+** Get the input queue length
+**
+** usage:    int num = sio_inq_length()
+**
+** @return the count of characters still in the input queue
+*/
+int sio_inq_length( void ) {
+	return( incount );
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_readc()
+**
+** Get the next input character
+**
+** usage:    int ch = sio_readc()
+**
+** @return the next character, or -1 if no character is available
+*/
+int sio_readc( void ) {
+	int ch;
+
+	// assume there is no character available
+	ch = -1;
+
+	// 
+	// If there is a character, return it
+	//
+
+	if( incount > 0 ) {
+
+		// take it out of the input buffer
+		ch = ((int)(*innext++)) & 0xff;
+		--incount;
+
+		// reset the buffer variables if this was the last one
+		if( incount < 1 ) {
+			inlast = innext = inbuffer;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	return( ch );
+
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_read(buf,length)
+**
+** Read the entire input buffer into a user buffer of a specified size
+**
+** usage:    int num = sio_read( char *buffer, int length )
+**
+** @param buf     The destination buffer
+** @param length  Length of the buffer
+**
+** @return the number of bytes copied, or 0 if no characters were available
+*/
+
+int sio_read( char *buf, int length ) {
+	char *ptr = buf;
+	int copied = 0;
+
+	// if there are no characters, just return 0
+
+	if( incount < 1 ) {
+		return( 0 );
+	}
+
+	//
+	// We have characters.  Copy as many of them into the user
+	// buffer as will fit.
+	//
+
+	while( incount > 0 && copied < length ) {
+		*ptr++ = *innext++ & 0xff;
+		if( innext > (inbuffer + BUF_SIZE) ) {
+			innext = inbuffer;
+		}
+		--incount;
+		++copied;
+	}
+
+	// reset the input buffer if necessary
+
+	if( incount < 1 ) {
+		inlast = innext = inbuffer;
+	}
+
+	// return the copy count
+
+	return( copied );
+}
+
+
+/**
+** sio_writec( ch )
+**
+** Write a character to the serial output
+**
+** usage:    sio_writec( int ch )
+**
+** @param ch   Character to be written (in the low-order 8 bits)
+*/
+void sio_writec( int ch ){
+
+
+	//
+	// Must do LF -> CRLF mapping
+	//
+
+	if( ch == '\n' ) {
+		sio_writec( '\r' );
+	}
+
+	//
+	// If we're currently transmitting, just add this to the buffer
+	//
+
+	if( sending ) {
+		*outlast++ = ch;
+		++outcount;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	//
+	// Not sending - must prime the pump
+	//
+
+	sending = 1;
+	outb( UA4_TXD, ch );
+
+	// Also must enable transmitter interrupts
+
+	sio_enable( SIO_TX );
+
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_write( buffer, length )
+**
+** Write a buffer of characters to the serial output
+**
+** usage:    int num = sio_write( const char *buffer, int length )
+**
+** @param buffer   Buffer containing characters to write
+** @param length   Number of characters to write
+**
+** @return the number of characters copied into the SIO output buffer
+*/
+int sio_write( const char *buffer, int length ) {
+	int first = *buffer;
+	const char *ptr = buffer;
+	int copied = 0;
+
+	//
+	// If we are currently sending, we want to append all
+	// the characters to the output buffer; else, we want
+	// to append all but the first character, and then use
+	// sio_writec() to send the first one out.
+	//
+
+	if( !sending ) {
+		ptr += 1;
+		copied++;
+	}
+
+	while( copied < length && outcount < BUF_SIZE ) {
+		*outlast++ = *ptr++;
+		// wrap around if necessary
+		if( outlast >= (outbuffer + BUF_SIZE) ) {
+			outlast = outbuffer;
+		}
+		++outcount;
+		++copied;
+	}
+
+	//
+	// We use sio_writec() to send out the first character,
+	// as it will correctly set all the other necessary
+	// variables for us.
+	//
+
+	if( !sending ) {
+		sio_writec( first );
+	}
+
+	// Return the transfer count
+
+
+	return( copied );
+
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_puts( buf )
+**
+** Write a NUL-terminated buffer of characters to the serial output
+**
+** usage:    int num = sio_puts( const char *buffer )
+**
+** @param buffer  The buffer containing a NUL-terminated string
+**
+** @return the count of bytes transferred
+*/
+int sio_puts( const char *buffer ) {
+	int n;  // must be outside the loop so we can return it
+
+	n = SLENGTH( buffer );
+	sio_write( buffer, n );
+
+	return( n );
+}
+
+/**
+** sio_dump( full )
+**
+** dump the contents of the SIO buffers to the console
+**
+** usage:    sio_dump(true) or sio_dump(false)
+**
+** @param full   Boolean indicating whether or not a "full" dump
+**               is being requested (which includes the contents
+**               of the queues)
+*/
+
+void sio_dump( bool_t full ) {
+	int n;
+	char *ptr;
+
+	// dump basic info into the status region
+
+	cio_printf_at( 48, 0,
+		"SIO: IER %02x (%c%c%c) in %d ot %d",
+			((uint32_t)ier) & 0xff, sending ? '*' : '.',
+			(ier & UA4_IER_TX_IE) ? 'T' : 't',
+			(ier & UA4_IER_RX_IE) ? 'R' : 'r',
+			incount, outcount );
+
+	// if we're not doing a full dump, stop now
+
+	if( !full ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// also want the queue contents, but we'll
+	// dump them into the scrolling region
+
+	if( incount ) {
+		cio_puts( "SIO input queue: \"" );
+		ptr = innext; 
+		for( n = 0; n < incount; ++n ) {
+			put_char_or_code( *ptr++ );
+		}
+		cio_puts( "\"\n" );
+	}
+
+	if( outcount ) {
+		cio_puts( "SIO output queue: \"" );
+		cio_puts( " ot: \"" );
+		ptr = outnext; 
+		for( n = 0; n < outcount; ++n )  {
+			put_char_or_code( *ptr++ );
+		}
+		cio_puts( "\"\n" );
+	}
+}
diff --git a/kernel/startup.S b/kernel/startup.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cae13c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/startup.S
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+/*
+** @file	startup.S
+**
+** @author	Jon Coles
+** @authors	Warren R. Carithers, K. Reek
+**
+** SP startup code.
+**
+** This code prepares the various registers for execution of
+** the program.  It sets up all the segment registers and the
+** runtime stack.  By the time this code is running, we're in
+** protected mode already.
+*/
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+#define ASM_SRC
+
+	.arch	i386
+
+#include <common.h>
+#include <bootstrap.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/bios.h>
+#include <vm.h>
+
+/*
+** Configuration options - define in Makefile
+**
+**	CLEAR_BSS	include code to clear all BSS space
+**	OS_CONFIG	OS-related (vs. just standalone) variations
+*/
+
+/*
+** A symbol for locating the beginning of the code.
+*/
+	.globl	begtext
+
+	.text
+begtext:
+
+/*
+** The entry point. When we get here, we have just entered protected
+** mode, so all the segment registers are incorrect except for CS.
+*/
+	.globl	_start
+
+_start:
+	cli			/* seems to be reset on entry to p. mode */
+	movb	$NMI_ENABLE, %al  /* re-enable NMIs (bootstrap */
+	outb	$CMOS_ADDR	  /*   turned them off) */
+
+/*
+** Set the data and stack segment registers (code segment register
+** was set by the long jump that switched us into protected mode).
+*/
+	xorl	%eax, %eax	/* clear EAX */
+	movw	$GDT_DATA, %ax	/* GDT entry #3 - data segment */
+	movw	%ax, %ds	/* for all four data segment registers */
+	movw	%ax, %es
+	movw	%ax, %fs
+	movw	%ax, %gs
+
+	movw	$GDT_STACK, %ax	/* entry #4 is the stack segment */
+	movw	%ax, %ss
+
+	movl	$TARGET_STACK, %esp	/* set up the system stack pointer */
+
+#ifdef CLEAR_BSS
+/*
+** Zero the BSS segment
+**
+** These symbols are defined automatically by the linker, but they're
+** defined at their virtual addresses rather than their physical addresses,
+** and we haven't enabled paging yet.
+*/
+	.globl	__bss_start, _end
+
+	movl	$V2P(__bss_start), %edi
+clearbss:
+	movl	$0, (%edi)
+	addl	$4, %edi
+	cmpl	$V2P(_end), %edi
+	jb	clearbss
+#endif	/* CLEAR_BSS */
+
+/*
+** Enable paging. We use "large" pages for the initial page directory
+** so that a one-level hierarchy will work for us. Once we have set
+** up our memory freelist, we'll create a two-level hierarchy using
+** "normal" 4KB pages.
+*/
+	# enable large pages
+	movl	%cr4, %eax
+	orl	$(CR4_PSE), %eax
+	movl	%eax, %cr4
+
+	# set the page directory
+	.globl	firstpdir
+	movl	$(V2P(firstpdir)+0x1000), %eax
+	movl	%eax, %cr3
+
+	# turn on paging
+	movl	%cr0, %eax
+	orl	$(CR0_PG), %eax
+	movl	%eax, %cr0
+
+	# reset our stack pointer
+	movl	$(kstack + SZ_KSTACK), %esp
+
+	# set the initial frame pointer
+	xorl	%ebp, %ebp
+
+/*
+** Call the system initialization routine, and switch to
+** executing at high addresses. We use an indirect jump
+** here to avoid getting a PC-relative 'jmp' instruction.
+**
+** Alternate idea: push the address of isr_restore
+** and just do an indirect jump?
+*/
+	.globl	main
+
+	movl	$main, %eax
+	call	*%eax
+
+/*
+** At this point, main() must have created the first user
+** process, and we're ready to shift into user mode.  The user
+** stack for that process must have the initial context in it;
+** we treat this as a "return from interrupt" event, and just
+** transfer to the code that restores the user context.
+*/
+
+	.globl	isr_restore
+	jmp	isr_restore
+
+	.data
+
+/*
+** Define the kernel stack here, at a multiple-of-16 address
+*/
+	.p2align 4
+	.globl	kstack
+kstack:	.space	SZ_KSTACK, 0
+
+/*
+** Define the initial kernel ESP here, as well. It should point
+** to the first byte after the stack.
+*/
+
+	.globl	kernel_esp
+kernel_esp:
+	.long	kstack + SZ_KSTACK
diff --git a/kernel/support.c b/kernel/support.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d48ce59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/support.c
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+/*
+** SCCS ID:	@(#)support.c	2.6	1/22/25
+**
+** @file	support.c
+**
+** @author  4003-506 class of 20003
+** @authors K. Reek, Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Miscellaneous system initialization functions, interrupt
+** support routines, and data structures.
+*/
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <support.h>
+#include <cio.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/pic.h>
+#include <x86/ops.h>
+#include <bootstrap.h>
+#include <syscalls.h>
+
+/*
+** Global variables and local data types.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This is the table that contains pointers to the C-language ISR for
+** each interrupt.  These functions are called from the isr stub based
+** on the interrupt number.
+*/
+void ( *isr_table[ 256 ] )( int vector, int code );
+
+/*
+** Format of an IDT entry.
+*/
+typedef struct  {
+	short   offset_15_0;
+	short   segment_selector;
+	short   flags;
+	short   offset_31_16;
+} IDT_Gate;
+
+/*
+** LOCAL ROUTINES - not intended to be used outside this module.
+*/
+
+/**
+** unexpected_handler
+**
+** This routine catches interrupts that we do not expect to ever occur.
+** It handles them by (optionally) reporting them and then calling panic().
+**
+** @param vector   vector number for the interrupt that occurred
+** @param code     error code, or a dummy value
+**
+** Does not return.
+*/
+#ifdef RPT_INT_UNEXP
+/* add any header includes you need here */
+#endif
+static void unexpected_handler( int vector, int code ) {
+#ifdef RPT_INT_UNEXP
+	cio_printf( "\n** UNEXPECTED vector %d code %d\n", vector, code );
+#endif
+	panic( "Unexpected interrupt" );
+}
+
+/**
+** default_handler
+**
+** Default handler for interrupts we expect may occur but are not
+** handling (yet).  We just reset the PIC and return.
+**
+** @param vector   vector number for the interrupt that occurred
+** @param code     error code, or a dummy value
+*/
+static void default_handler( int vector, int code ) {
+#ifdef RPT_INT_UNEXP
+	cio_printf( "\n** vector %d code %d\n", vector, code );
+#endif
+	if( vector >= 0x20 && vector < 0x30 ) {
+		if( vector > 0x27 ) {
+			// must also ACK the secondary PIC
+			outb( PIC2_CMD, PIC_EOI );
+		}
+		outb( PIC1_CMD, PIC_EOI );
+	} else {
+		/*
+		** All the "expected" interrupts will be handled by the
+		** code above.  If we get down here, the isr table may
+		** have been corrupted.  Print a message and don't return.
+		*/
+		panic( "Unexpected \"expected\" interrupt!" );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** mystery_handler
+**
+** Default handler for the "mystery" interrupt that comes through vector
+** 0x27.  This is a non-repeatable interrupt whose source has not been
+** identified, but it appears to be the famous "spurious level 7 interrupt"
+** source.
+**
+** @param vector   vector number for the interrupt that occurred
+** @param code     error code, or a dummy value
+*/
+static void mystery_handler( int vector, int code ) {
+#if defined(RPT_INT_MYSTERY) || defined(RPT_INT_UNEXP)
+	cio_printf( "\nMystery interrupt!\nVector=0x%02x, code=%d\n",
+		  vector, code );
+#endif
+	outb( PIC1_CMD, PIC_EOI );
+}
+
+/**
+** init_pic
+**
+** Initialize the 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller.
+*/
+static void init_pic( void ) {
+	/*
+	** ICW1: start the init sequence, update ICW4
+	*/
+	outb( PIC1_CMD, PIC_CW1_INIT | PIC_CW1_NEED4 );
+	outb( PIC2_CMD, PIC_CW1_INIT | PIC_CW1_NEED4 );
+
+	/*
+	** ICW2: primary offset of 0x20 in the IDT, secondary offset of 0x28
+	*/
+	outb( PIC1_DATA, PIC1_CW2_VECBASE );
+	outb( PIC2_DATA, PIC2_CW2_VECBASE );
+
+	/*
+	** ICW3: secondary attached to line 2 of primary, bit mask is 00000100
+	**   secondary id is 2
+	*/
+	outb( PIC1_DATA, PIC1_CW3_SEC_IRQ2 );
+	outb( PIC2_DATA, PIC2_CW3_SEC_ID );
+
+	/*
+	** ICW4: want 8086 mode, not 8080/8085 mode
+	*/
+	outb( PIC1_DATA, PIC_CW4_PM86 );
+	outb( PIC2_DATA, PIC_CW4_PM86 );
+
+	/*
+	** OCW1: allow interrupts on all lines
+	*/
+	outb( PIC1_DATA, PIC_MASK_NONE );
+	outb( PIC2_DATA, PIC_MASK_NONE );
+}
+
+/**
+** set_idt_entry
+**
+** Construct an entry in the IDT
+**
+** @param entry    the vector number of the interrupt
+** @param handler  ISR address to be put into the IDT entry
+**
+** Note: generally, the handler invoked from the IDT will be a "stub"
+** that calls the second-level C handler via the isr_table array.
+*/
+static void set_idt_entry( int entry, void ( *handler )( void ) ) {
+	IDT_Gate *g = (IDT_Gate *)IDT_ADDR + entry;
+
+	g->offset_15_0 = (int)handler & 0xffff;
+	g->segment_selector = 0x0010;
+	g->flags = IDT_PRESENT | IDT_DPL_0 | IDT_INT32_GATE;
+	g->offset_31_16 = (int)handler >> 16 & 0xffff;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    init_idt
+**
+** Initialize the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT).  This makes each of
+** the entries in the IDT point to the isr stub for that entry, and
+** installs a default handler in the handler table.  Temporary handlers
+** are then installed for those interrupts we may get before a real
+** handler is set up.
+*/
+static void init_idt( void ) {
+	int i;
+	extern  void    ( *isr_stub_table[ 256 ] )( void );
+
+	/*
+	** Make each IDT entry point to the stub for that vector.  Also
+	** make each entry in the ISR table point to the default handler.
+	*/
+	for ( i=0; i < 256; i++ ) {
+		set_idt_entry( i, isr_stub_table[ i ] );
+		install_isr( i, unexpected_handler );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Install the handlers for interrupts that have (or will have) a
+	** specific handler. Comments indicate which module init function
+	** will eventually install the "real" handler.
+	*/
+
+	install_isr( VEC_KBD, default_handler );         // cio_init()
+	install_isr( VEC_COM1, default_handler );        // sio_init()
+	install_isr( VEC_TIMER, default_handler );       // clk_init()
+	install_isr( VEC_SYSCALL, default_handler );     // sys_init()
+	install_isr( VEC_PAGE_FAULT, default_handler );  // vm_init()
+
+	install_isr( VEC_MYSTERY, mystery_handler );
+}
+
+/*
+** END OF LOCAL ROUTINES.
+**
+** Full documentation for globally-visible routines is in the corresponding
+** header file.
+*/
+
+/*
+** panic
+**
+** Called when we find an unrecoverable error.
+*/
+void panic( char *reason ) {
+	__asm__( "cli" );
+	cio_printf( "\nPANIC: %s\nHalting...", reason );
+	for(;;) {
+		;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** init_interrupts
+**
+** (Re)initilizes the interrupt system.
+*/
+void init_interrupts( void ) {
+	init_idt();
+	init_pic();
+}
+
+/*
+** install_isr
+**
+** Installs a second-level handler for a specific interrupt.
+*/
+void (*install_isr( int vector,
+		void (*handler)(int,int) ) ) ( int, int ) {
+
+	void ( *old_handler )( int vector, int code );
+
+	old_handler = isr_table[ vector ];
+	isr_table[ vector ] = handler;
+	return old_handler;
+}
+
+/*
+** Name:	delay
+**
+** Notes:  The parameter to the delay() function is ambiguous; it
+** purports to indicate a delay length, but that isn't really tied
+** to any real-world time measurement.
+**
+** On the original systems we used (dual 500MHz Intel P3 CPUs), each
+** "unit" was approximately one tenth of a second, so delay(10) would
+** delay for about one second.
+**
+** On the current machines (Intel Core i5-7500), delay(100) is about
+** 2.5 seconds, so each "unit" is roughly 0.025 seconds.
+**
+** Ultimately, just remember that DELAY VALUES ARE APPROXIMATE AT BEST.
+*/
+void delay( int length ) {
+
+	while( --length >= 0 ) {
+		for( int i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i )
+			;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/kernel/syscalls.c b/kernel/syscalls.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7176cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/syscalls.c
@@ -0,0 +1,829 @@
+/**
+** @file	syscalls.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	System call implementations
+*/
+
+#define	KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <cio.h>
+#include <clock.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+#include <sio.h>
+#include <syscalls.h>
+#include <user.h>
+#include <vm.h>
+#include <x86/pic.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** Macros to simplify tracing a bit
+**
+** TRACING_SYSCALLS and TRACING_SYSRETS are defined in debug.h,
+** controlled by the TRACE ** macro. If not tracing these, SYSCALL_ENTER
+** is a no-op, and SYSCALL_EXIT just does a return.
+*/
+
+#if TRACING_SYSCALLS
+
+#define SYSCALL_ENTER(x)    do { \
+		cio_printf( "--> %s, pid %08x", __func__, (uint32_t) (x) ); \
+	} while(0)
+
+#else
+
+#define SYSCALL_ENTER(x)    /* */
+
+#endif  /* TRACING_SYSCALLS */
+
+#if TRACING_SYSRETS
+
+#define SYSCALL_EXIT(x) do { \
+		cio_printf( "<-- %s %08x\n", __func__, (uint32_t) (x) ); \
+		return; \
+	} while(0)
+
+#else
+
+#define SYSCALL_EXIT(x) return
+
+#endif  /* TRACING_SYSRETS */
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** IMPLEMENTATION FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+// a macro to simplify syscall entry point specification
+// we don't declare these static because we may want to call
+// some of them from other parts of the kernel
+#define SYSIMPL(x)	void sys_##x( pcb_t * pcb )
+
+/*
+** Second-level syscall handlers
+**
+** All have this prototype:
+**
+**	static void sys_NAME( pcb_t *pcb );
+**
+** where the parameter 'pcb' is a pointer to the PCB of the process
+** making the system call.
+**
+** Values being returned to the user are placed into the EAX
+** field in the context save area for that process.
+*/
+
+/**
+** sys_exit - terminate the calling process
+**
+** Implements:
+**		void exit( int32_t status );
+**
+** Does not return
+*/
+SYSIMPL(exit) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// retrieve the exit status of this process
+	pcb->exit_status = (int32_t) ARG(pcb,1);
+
+	// now, we need to do the following:
+	// 	reparent any children of this process and wake up init if need be
+	// 	find this process' parent and wake it up if it's waiting
+	
+	pcb_zombify( pcb );
+
+	// pick a new winner
+	dispatch();
+
+	SYSCALL_EXIT( 0 );
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_waitpid - wait for a child process to terminate
+**
+** Implements:
+**		int waitpid( uint_t pid, int32_t *status );
+**
+** Blocks the calling process until the specified child (or any child)
+** of the caller terminates. Intrinsic return is the PID of the child that
+** terminated, or an error code; on success, returns the child's termination
+** status via 'status' if that pointer is non-NULL.
+*/
+SYSIMPL(waitpid) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	/*
+	** We need to do two things here:  (1) find out whether or
+	** not this process has any children in the system, and (2)
+	** find out whether the desired child (or any child, if the
+	** target PID is 0) has terminated.
+	**
+	** To do this, we loop until we find a the requested PID or
+	** a Zombie child process, or have gone through all of the
+	** slots in the process table.
+	**
+	** If the target PID is 0, we don't care which child process
+	** we reap here; there could be several, but we only need to
+	** find one.
+	*/
+
+	// verify that we aren't looking for ourselves!
+	uint_t target = ARG(pcb,1);
+
+	if( target == pcb->pid ) {
+		RET(pcb) = E_BAD_PARAM;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( E_BAD_PARAM );
+	}
+
+	// Good.  Now, figure out what we're looking for.
+
+	pcb_t *child = NULL;
+
+	if( target != 0 ) {
+
+		// we're looking for a specific child
+		child = pcb_find_pid( target );
+
+		if( child != NULL ) {
+
+			// found the process; is it one of our children:
+			if( child->parent != pcb ) {
+				// NO, so we can't wait for it
+				RET(pcb) = E_BAD_PARAM;
+				SYSCALL_EXIT( E_BAD_PARAM );
+			}
+
+			// yes!  is this one ready to be collected?
+			if( child->state != STATE_ZOMBIE ) {
+				// no, so we'll have to block for now
+				child = NULL;
+			}
+
+		} else {
+
+			// no such child
+			RET(pcb) = E_BAD_PARAM;
+			SYSCALL_EXIT( E_BAD_PARAM );
+
+		}
+
+	} else {
+
+		// looking for any child
+
+		// we need to find a process that is our child
+		// and has already exited
+
+		child = NULL;
+		bool_t found = false;
+
+		// unfortunately, we can't stop at the first child,
+		// so we need to do the iteration ourselves
+		register pcb_t *curr = ptable;
+
+		for( int i = 0; i < N_PROCS; ++i, ++curr ) {
+
+			if( curr->parent == pcb ) {
+
+				// found one!
+				found = true;
+
+				// has it already exited?
+				if( curr->state == STATE_ZOMBIE ) {
+					// yes, so we're done here
+					child = curr;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if( !found ) {
+			// got through the loop without finding a child!
+			RET(pcb) = E_NO_CHILDREN;
+			SYSCALL_EXIT( E_NO_CHILDREN );
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** At this point, one of these situations is true:
+	**
+	**  * we are looking for a specific child and found it
+	**  * we are looking for any child and found one
+	**
+	** Either way, 'child' will be non-NULL if the selected
+	** process has already become a Zombie.  If that's the
+	** case, we collect its status and clean it up; otherwise,
+	** we block this process.
+	*/
+
+	// did we find one to collect?
+	if( child == NULL ) {
+
+		// no - mark the parent as "Waiting"
+		pcb->state = STATE_WAITING;
+		assert( pcb_queue_insert(waiting,pcb) == SUCCESS );
+
+		// select a new current process
+		dispatch();
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( (uint32_t) current );
+	}
+
+	// found a Zombie; collect its information and clean it up
+	RET(pcb) = child->pid;
+
+	// get "status" pointer from parent
+	int32_t *stat = (int32_t *) ARG(pcb,2);
+
+	// if stat is NULL, the parent doesn't want the status
+	if( stat != NULL ) {
+		// ********************************************************
+		// ** Potential VM issue here!  This code assigns the exit
+		// ** status into a variable in the parent's address space.
+		// ** This works in the baseline because we aren't using
+		// ** any type of memory protection.  If address space
+		// ** separation is implemented, this code will very likely
+		// ** STOP WORKING, and will need to be fixed.
+		// ********************************************************
+		*stat = child->exit_status;
+	}
+
+	// clean up the child
+	pcb_cleanup( child );
+
+	SYSCALL_EXIT( RET(pcb) );
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_fork - create a new process
+**
+** Implements:
+**		int fork( void );
+**
+** Creates a new process that is a duplicate of the calling process.
+** Returns the child's PID to the parent, and 0 to the child, on success;
+** else, returns an error code to the parent.
+*/
+SYSIMPL(fork) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// Make sure there's room for another process!
+	pcb_t *new;
+	if( pcb_alloc(&new) != SUCCESS || new == NULL ) {
+		RET(pcb) = E_NO_PROCS;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( RET(pcb) );
+	}
+
+	// duplicate the memory image of the parent
+	int status = user_duplicate( new, pcb );
+	if( status != SUCCESS ) {
+		pcb_free( new );
+		RET(pcb) = status;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( status );
+	}
+
+	// Set the child's identity.
+	new->pid = next_pid++;
+	new->parent = pcb;
+	new->state = STATE_NEW;
+
+	// replicate other things inherited from the parent
+	new->priority = pcb->priority;
+
+	// Set the return values for the two processes.
+	RET(pcb) = new->pid;
+	RET(new) = 0;
+
+	// Schedule the child, and let the parent continue.
+	schedule( new );
+
+	SYSCALL_EXIT( new->pid );
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_exec - replace the memory image of a process
+**
+** Implements:
+**		void exec( uint_t what, char **args );
+**
+** Replaces the memory image of the calling process with that of the
+** indicated program.
+**
+** Returns only on failure.
+*/
+SYSIMPL(exec)
+{
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	uint_t what = ARG(pcb,1);
+	const char **args = (const char **) ARG(pcb,2);
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// locate the requested program
+	prog_t *prog = user_locate( what );
+	if( prog == NULL ) {
+		RET(pcb) = E_NOT_FOUND;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( E_NOT_FOUND );
+	}
+
+	// we have located the program, but before we can load it,
+	// we need to clean up the existing VM hierarchy
+	vm_free( pcb->pdir );
+	pcb->pdir = NULL;
+
+	// "load" it and set up the VM tables for this process
+	int status = user_load( prog, pcb, args );
+	if( status != SUCCESS ) {
+		RET(pcb) = status;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( status );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Decision:
+	**	(A) schedule this process and dispatch another,
+	**	(B) let this one continue in its current time slice
+	**	(C) reset this one's time slice and let it continue
+	**
+	** We choose option A.
+	**
+	** If scheduling the process fails, the exec() has failed. However,
+	** all trace of the old process is gone by now, so we can't return
+	** an error status to it.
+	*/
+
+	schedule( pcb );
+
+	dispatch();
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_read - read into a buffer from an input channel
+**
+** Implements:
+**		int read( uint_t chan, void *buffer, uint_t length );
+**
+** Reads up to 'length' bytes from 'chan' into 'buffer'. Returns the
+** count of bytes actually transferred.
+*/
+SYSIMPL(read) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+	
+	// grab the arguments
+	uint_t chan = ARG(pcb,1);
+	char *buf = (char *) ARG(pcb,2);
+	uint_t len = ARG(pcb,3);
+
+	// if the buffer is of length 0, we're done!
+	if( len == 0 ) {
+		RET(pcb) = 0;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( 0 );
+	}
+
+	// try to get the next character(s)
+	int n = 0;
+
+	if( chan == CHAN_CIO ) {
+
+		// console input is non-blocking
+		if( cio_input_queue() < 1 ) {
+			RET(pcb) = 0;
+			SYSCALL_EXIT( 0 );
+		}
+		// at least one character
+		n = cio_gets( buf, len );
+		RET(pcb) = n;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( n );
+
+	} else if( chan == CHAN_SIO ) {
+
+		// SIO input is blocking, so if there are no characters
+		// available, we'll block this process
+		n = sio_read( buf, len );
+		RET(pcb) = n;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( n );
+
+	}
+
+	// bad channel code
+	RET(pcb) = E_BAD_PARAM;
+	SYSCALL_EXIT( E_BAD_PARAM );
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_write - write from a buffer to an output channel
+**
+** Implements:
+**		int write( uint_t chan, const void *buffer, uint_t length );
+**
+** Writes 'length' bytes from 'buffer' to 'chan'. Returns the
+** count of bytes actually transferred.
+*/
+SYSIMPL(write) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// grab the parameters
+	uint_t chan = ARG(pcb,1);
+	char *buf = (char *) ARG(pcb,2);
+	uint_t length = ARG(pcb,3);
+
+	// this is almost insanely simple, but it does separate the
+	// low-level device access fromm the higher-level syscall implementation
+
+	// assume we write the indicated amount
+	int rval = length;
+
+	// simplest case
+	if( length >= 0 ) {
+
+		if( chan == CHAN_CIO ) {
+
+			cio_write( buf, length );
+
+		} else if( chan == CHAN_SIO ) {
+
+			sio_write( buf, length );
+
+		} else {
+
+			rval = E_BAD_CHAN;
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	RET(pcb) = rval;
+
+	SYSCALL_EXIT( rval );
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_getpid - returns the PID of the calling process
+**
+** Implements:
+**		uint_t getpid( void );
+*/
+SYSIMPL(getpid) {
+
+	// sanity check!
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// return the time
+	RET(pcb) = pcb->pid;
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_getppid - returns the PID of the parent of the calling process
+**
+** Implements:
+**		uint_t getppid( void );
+*/
+SYSIMPL(getppid) {
+
+	// sanity check!
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+	assert( pcb->parent != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// return the time
+	RET(pcb) = pcb->parent->pid;
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_gettime - returns the current system time
+**
+** Implements:
+**		uint32_t gettime( void );
+*/
+SYSIMPL(gettime) {
+
+	// sanity check!
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// return the time
+	RET(pcb) = system_time;
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_getprio - the scheduling priority of the calling process
+**
+** Implements:
+**		int getprio( void );
+*/
+SYSIMPL(getprio) {
+
+	// sanity check!
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// return the time
+	RET(pcb) = pcb->priority;
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_setprio - sets the scheduling priority of the calling process
+**
+** Implements:
+**		int setprio( int new );
+*/
+SYSIMPL(setprio) {
+
+	// sanity check!
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// remember the old priority
+	int old = pcb->priority;
+
+	// set the priority
+	pcb->priority = ARG(pcb,1);
+
+	// return the old value
+	RET(pcb) = old;
+}
+
+/**
+** sys_kill - terminate a process with extreme prejudice
+**
+** Implements:
+**		int32_t kill( uint_t pid );
+**
+** Marks the specified process (or the calling process, if PID is 0)
+** as "killed". Returns 0 on success, else an error code.
+*/
+SYSIMPL(kill) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// who is the victim?
+	uint_t pid = ARG(pcb,1);
+
+	// if it's this process, convert this into a call to exit()
+	if( pid == pcb->pid ) {
+		pcb->exit_status = EXIT_KILLED;
+		pcb_zombify( pcb );
+		dispatch();
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( EXIT_KILLED );
+	}
+
+	// must be a valid "ordinary user" PID
+	// QUESTION: what if it's the idle process?
+	if( pid < FIRST_USER_PID ) {
+		RET(pcb) = E_FAILURE;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( E_FAILURE );
+	}
+
+	// OK, this is an acceptable victim; see if it exists
+	pcb_t *victim = pcb_find_pid( pid );
+	if( victim == NULL ) {
+		// nope!
+		RET(pcb) = E_NOT_FOUND;
+		SYSCALL_EXIT( E_NOT_FOUND );
+	}
+
+	// must have a state that is possible
+	assert( victim->state >= FIRST_VIABLE && victim->state < N_STATES );
+
+	// how we perform the kill depends on the victim's state
+	int32_t status = SUCCESS;
+
+	switch( victim->state ) {
+
+	case STATE_KILLED:    // FALL THROUGH
+	case STATE_ZOMBIE:
+		// you can't kill it if it's already dead
+		RET(pcb) = SUCCESS;
+		break;
+
+	case STATE_READY:     // FALL THROUGH
+	case STATE_SLEEPING:  // FALL THROUGH
+	case STATE_BLOCKED:   // FALL THROUGH
+		// here, the process is on a queue somewhere; mark
+		// it as "killed", and let the scheduler deal with it
+		victim->state = STATE_KILLED;
+		RET(pcb) = SUCCESS;
+		break;
+
+	case STATE_RUNNING:
+		// we have met the enemy, and it is us!
+		pcb->exit_status = EXIT_KILLED;
+		pcb_zombify( pcb );
+		status = EXIT_KILLED;
+		// we need a new current process
+		dispatch();
+		break;
+
+	case STATE_WAITING:
+		// similar to the 'running' state, but we don't need
+		// to dispatch a new process
+		victim->exit_status = EXIT_KILLED;
+		status = pcb_queue_remove_this( waiting, victim );
+		pcb_zombify( victim );
+		RET(pcb) = status;
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		// this is a really bad potential problem - we have an
+		// unexpected or bogus process state, but we didn't
+		// catch that earlier.
+		sprint( b256, "*** kill(): victim %d, odd state %d\n",
+				victim->pid, victim->state );
+		PANIC( 0, b256 );
+	}
+
+	SYSCALL_EXIT( status );
+}
+
+
+/**
+** sys_sleep - put the calling process to sleep for some length of time
+**
+** Implements:
+**		uint_t sleep( uint_t ms );
+**
+** Puts the calling process to sleep for 'ms' milliseconds (or just yields
+** the CPU if 'ms' is 0).  ** Returns the time the process spent sleeping.
+*/
+SYSIMPL(sleep) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert( pcb != NULL );
+
+	SYSCALL_ENTER( pcb->pid );
+
+	// get the desired duration
+	uint_t length = ARG( pcb, 1 );
+
+	if( length == 0 ) {
+
+		// just yield the CPU
+		// sleep duration is 0
+		RET(pcb) = 0;
+
+		// back on the ready queue
+		schedule( pcb );
+
+	} else {
+
+		// sleep for a while
+		pcb->wakeup = system_time + length;
+
+		if( pcb_queue_insert(sleeping,pcb) != SUCCESS ) {
+			// something strange is happening
+			WARNING( "sleep pcb insert failed" );
+			// if this is the current process, report an error
+			if( current == pcb ) {
+				RET(pcb) = -1;
+			}
+			// return without dispatching a new process
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// only dispatch if the current process called us
+	if( pcb == current ) {
+		current = NULL;
+		dispatch();
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** The system call jump table
+**
+** Initialized using designated initializers to ensure the entries
+** are correct even if the syscall code values should happen to change.
+** This also makes it easy to add new system call entries, as their
+** position in the initialization list is irrelevant.
+*/
+
+static void (* const syscalls[N_SYSCALLS])( pcb_t * ) = {
+	[ SYS_exit ]    = sys_exit,
+	[ SYS_waitpid ] = sys_waitpid,
+	[ SYS_fork ]    = sys_fork,
+	[ SYS_exec ]    = sys_exec,
+	[ SYS_read ]    = sys_read,
+	[ SYS_write ]   = sys_write,
+	[ SYS_getpid ]  = sys_getpid,
+	[ SYS_getppid ] = sys_getppid,
+	[ SYS_gettime ] = sys_gettime,
+	[ SYS_getprio ] = sys_getprio,
+	[ SYS_setprio ] = sys_setprio,
+	[ SYS_kill ]    = sys_kill,
+	[ SYS_sleep ]   = sys_sleep
+};
+
+/**
+** Name:	sys_isr
+**
+** System call ISR
+**
+** @param vector   Vector number for this interrupt
+** @param code     Error code (0 for this interrupt)
+*/
+static void sys_isr( int vector, int code ) {
+
+	// keep the compiler happy
+	(void) vector;
+	(void) code;
+
+	// sanity check!
+	assert( current != NULL );
+	assert( current->context != NULL );
+
+	// retrieve the syscall code
+	int num = REG( current, eax );
+
+#if TRACING_SYSCALLS
+	cio_printf( "** --> SYS pid %u code %u\n", current->pid, num );
+#endif
+
+	// validate it
+	if( num < 0 || num >= N_SYSCALLS ) {
+		// bad syscall number
+		// could kill it, but we'll just force it to exit
+		num = SYS_exit;
+		ARG(current,1) = EXIT_BAD_SYSCALL;
+	}
+
+	// call the handler
+	syscalls[num]( current );
+
+#if TRACING_SYSCALLS
+	cio_printf( "** <-- SYS pid %u ret %u\n", current->pid, RET(current) );
+#endif
+
+	// tell the PIC we're done
+	outb( PIC1_CMD, PIC_EOI );
+}
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:  sys_init
+**
+** Syscall module initialization routine
+**
+** Dependencies:
+**    Must be called after cio_init()
+*/
+void sys_init( void ) {
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	cio_puts( " Sys" );
+#endif
+
+	// install the second-stage ISR
+	install_isr( VEC_SYSCALL, sys_isr );
+}
diff --git a/kernel/user.c b/kernel/user.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d32157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/user.c
@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+/**
+** @file	user.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	User-level code manipulation routines
+*/
+
+#define	KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <bootstrap.h>
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <user.h>
+#include <vm.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** Location of the "user blob" in memory.
+**
+** These variables are filled in by the code in startup.S using values
+** passed to it from the bootstrap. 
+**
+** These are visible so that the startup code can find them.
+*/
+uint16_t user_offset;      // byte offset from the segment base
+uint16_t user_segment;     // segment base address
+uint16_t user_sectors;     // number of 512-byte sectors it occupies
+
+header_t *user_header;    // filled in by the user_init routine
+prog_t *prog_table;       // filled in by the user_init routine
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+#if TRACING_ELF
+
+/*
+** This is debugging support code; if not debugging the ELF
+** handling code, it won't be compiled into the kernel.
+*/
+
+// buffer used by some of these functions
+static char ebuf[16];
+
+/*
+** File header functions
+*/
+
+// interpret the file class
+static const char *fh_eclass( e32_si class ) {
+	switch( class ) {
+	case ELF_CLASS_NONE:  return( "None" ); break;
+	case ELF_CLASS_32:    return( "EC32" ); break;
+	case ELF_CLASS_64:    return( "EC64" ); break;
+	}
+	return( "????" );
+}
+
+// interpret the data encoding
+static const char *fh_edata( e32_si data ) {
+	switch( data ) {
+	case ELF_DATA_NONE:  return( "Invd" ); break;
+	case ELF_DATA_2LSB:  return( "2CLE" ); break;
+	case ELF_DATA_2MSB:  return( "2CBE" ); break;
+	}
+	return( "????" );
+}
+
+// interpret the file type
+static const char *fh_htype( e32_h type ) {
+	switch( type ) {
+	case ET_NONE:	return( "none" ); break;
+	case ET_REL:	return( "rel" ); break;
+	case ET_EXEC:	return( "exec" ); break;
+	case ET_DYN:	return( "dyn" ); break;
+	case ET_CORE:	return( "core" ); break;
+	default:
+		if( type >= ET_LO_OS && type <= ET_HI_OS )
+			return( "OSsp" );
+		else if( type >= ET_LO_CP && type <= ET_HI_CP )
+			return( "CPsp" );
+	}
+	sprint( ebuf, "0x%04x", type );
+	return( (const char *) ebuf );
+}
+
+// interpret the machine type
+static const char *fh_mtype( e32_h machine ) {
+	switch( machine ) {
+	case EM_NONE:     return( "None" ); break;
+	case EM_386:      return( "386" ); break;
+	case EM_ARM:      return( "ARM" ); break;
+	case EM_X86_64:   return( "AMD64" ); break;
+	case EM_AARCH64:  return( "AARCH64" ); break;
+	case EM_RISCV:    return( "RISC-V" ); break;
+	}
+	return( "Other" );
+}
+
+// dump the program header
+static void dump_fhdr( elfhdr_t *hdr ) {
+	cio_puts( "File header: magic " );
+	for( int i = EI_MAG0; i <= EI_MAG3; ++i )
+		put_char_or_code( hdr->e_ident.bytes[i] );
+	cio_printf( " class %s", fh_eclass(hdr->e_ident.f.class) );
+	cio_printf( " enc %s", fh_edata(hdr->e_ident.f.data) );
+	cio_printf( " ver %u\n", hdr->e_ident.f.version );
+	cio_printf( " type %s", fh_htype(hdr->e_type) );
+	cio_printf( " mach %s", fh_mtype(hdr->e_machine) );
+	cio_printf( " vers %d", hdr->e_version );
+	cio_printf( " entr %08x\n", hdr->e_entry );
+
+	cio_printf( " phoff %08x", hdr->e_phoff );
+	cio_printf( " shoff %08x", hdr->e_shoff );
+	cio_printf( " flags %08x", (uint32_t) hdr->e_flags );
+	cio_printf( " ehsize %u\n", hdr->e_ehsize );
+	cio_printf( " phentsize %u", hdr->e_phentsize );
+	cio_printf( " phnum %u", hdr->e_phnum );
+	cio_printf( " shentsize %u", hdr->e_shentsize );
+	cio_printf( " shnum %u", hdr->e_shnum );
+	cio_printf( " shstrndx %u\n", hdr->e_shstrndx );
+}
+
+/*
+** Program header functions
+*/
+
+// categorize the header type
+static const char *ph_type( e32_w type ) {
+	switch( type ) {
+	case PT_NULL:     return( "Unused" ); break;
+	case PT_LOAD:     return( "Load" ); break;
+	case PT_DYNAMIC:  return( "DLI" ); break;
+	case PT_INTERP:   return( "Interp" ); break;
+	case PT_NOTE:     return( "Aux" ); break;
+	case PT_SHLIB:    return( "RSVD" ); break;
+	case PT_PHDR:     return( "PTentry" ); break;
+	case PT_TLS:      return( "TLS" ); break;
+	default:
+		if( type >= PT_LO_OS && type <= PT_HI_OS )
+			return( "OSsp" );
+		else if( type >= PT_LO_CP && type <= PT_HI_CP )
+			return( "CPsp" );
+	}
+	sprint( ebuf, "0x%08x", type );
+	return( (const char *) ebuf );
+}
+
+// report the individual flags
+static void ph_flags( e32_w flags ) {
+	if( (flags & PF_R) != 0 ) cio_putchar( 'R' );
+	if( (flags & PF_W) != 0 ) cio_putchar( 'W' );
+	if( (flags & PF_E) != 0 ) cio_putchar( 'X' );
+}
+
+// dump a program header
+static void dump_phdr( elfproghdr_t *hdr, int n ) {
+	cio_printf( "Prog header %d, type %s\n", n, ph_type(hdr->p_type) );
+	cio_printf( " offset %08x", hdr->p_offset );
+	cio_printf( " va %08x", hdr->p_va );
+	cio_printf( " pa %08x\n", hdr->p_pa );
+	cio_printf( " filesz %08x", hdr->p_filesz );
+	cio_printf( " memsz %08x", hdr->p_memsz );
+	cio_puts( " flags " );
+	ph_flags( hdr->p_flags );
+	cio_printf( " align %08x", hdr->p_align );
+	cio_putchar( '\n' );
+}
+
+/*
+** Section header functions
+*/
+
+// interpret the header type
+static const char *sh_type( e32_w type ) {
+	switch( type ) {
+	case SHT_NULL:          return( "Unused" ); break;
+	case SHT_PROGBITS:      return( "Progbits" ); break;
+	case SHT_SYMTAB:        return( "Symtab" ); break;
+	case SHT_STRTAB:        return( "Strtab" ); break;
+	case SHT_RELA:          return( "Rela" ); break;
+	case SHT_HASH:          return( "Hash" ); break;
+	case SHT_DYNAMIC:       return( "Dynamic" ); break;
+	case SHT_NOTE:          return( "Note" ); break;
+	case SHT_NOBITS:        return( "Nobits" ); break;
+	case SHT_REL:           return( "Rel" ); break;
+	case SHT_SHLIB:         return( "Shlib" ); break;
+	case SHT_DYNSYM:        return( "Dynsym" ); break;
+	default:
+		if( type >= SHT_LO_CP && type <= SHT_HI_CP )
+			return( "CCsp" );
+		else if( type >= SHT_LO_US && type <= SHT_HI_US )
+			return( "User" );
+	}
+	sprint( ebuf, "0x%08x", type );
+	return( (const char *) ebuf );
+}
+
+// report the various flags
+static void sh_flags( unsigned int flags ) {
+	if( (flags & SHF_WRITE) != 0 )            cio_putchar( 'W' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_ALLOC) != 0 )            cio_putchar( 'A' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_EXECINSTR) != 0 )        cio_putchar( 'X' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_MERGE) != 0 )            cio_putchar( 'M' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_STRINGS) != 0 )          cio_putchar( 'S' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_INFO_LINK) != 0 )        cio_putchar( 'L' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_LINK_ORDER) != 0 )       cio_putchar( 'o' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_OS_NONCON) != 0 )        cio_putchar( 'n' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_GROUP) != 0 )            cio_putchar( 'g' );
+	if( (flags & SHF_TLS) != 0 )              cio_putchar( 't' );
+}
+
+// dump a section header
+__attribute__((__unused__))
+static void dump_shdr( elfsecthdr_t *hdr, int n ) {
+	cio_printf( "Sect header %d, type %d (%s), name %s\n",
+			n, hdr->sh_type, sh_type(hdr->sh_type) );
+	cio_printf( " flags %08x ", (uint32_t) hdr->sh_flags );
+	sh_flags( hdr->sh_flags );
+	cio_printf( " addr %08x", hdr->sh_addr );
+	cio_printf( " offset %08x", hdr->sh_offset );
+	cio_printf( " size %08x\n", hdr->sh_size );
+	cio_printf( " link %08x", hdr->sh_link );
+	cio_printf( " info %08x", hdr->sh_info );
+	cio_printf( " align %08x", hdr->sh_addralign );
+	cio_printf( " entsz %08x\n", hdr->sh_entsize );
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+** read_phdrs(addr,phoff,phentsize,phnum)
+**
+** Parses the ELF program headers and each segment described into memory.
+**
+** @param hdr  Pointer to the program header
+** @param pcb  Pointer to the PCB (and its PDE)
+**
+** @return status of the attempt:
+**     SUCCESS         everything loaded correctly
+**     E_LOAD_LIMIT    more than N_LOADABLE PT_LOAD sections
+**     other           status returned from vm_add()
+*/
+static int read_phdrs( elfhdr_t *hdr, pcb_t *pcb ) {
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert1( hdr != NULL );
+	assert2( pcb != NULL );
+
+#if TRACING_USER
+	cio_printf( "read_phdrs(%08x,%08x)\n", (uint32_t) hdr, (uint32_t) pcb );
+#endif
+
+	// iterate through the program headers
+	uint_t nhdrs = hdr->e_phnum;
+
+	// pointer to the first header table entry
+	elfproghdr_t *curr = (elfproghdr_t *) ((uint32_t) hdr + hdr->e_phoff);
+
+	// process them all
+	int loaded = 0;
+	for( uint_t i = 0; i < nhdrs; ++i, ++curr ) {
+
+#if TRACING_ELF
+		dump_phdr( curr, i );
+#endif
+		if( curr->p_type != PT_LOAD ) {
+			// not loadable --> we'll skip it
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if( loaded >= N_LOADABLE ) {
+#if TRACING_USER
+			cio_puts( " LIMIT\n" );
+#endif
+			return E_LOAD_LIMIT;
+		}
+
+		// set a pointer to the bytes within the object file
+		char *data = (char *) (((uint32_t)hdr) + curr->p_offset);
+#if TRACING_USER
+		cio_printf( " data @ %08x", (uint32_t) data );
+#endif
+
+		// copy the pages into memory
+		int stat = vm_add( pcb->pdir, curr->p_flags & PF_W, false,
+				(char *) curr->p_va, curr->p_memsz, data, curr->p_filesz );
+		if( stat != SUCCESS ) {
+			// TODO what else should we do here? check for memory leak?
+			return stat;
+		}
+
+		// set the section table entry in the PCB
+		pcb->sects[loaded].length = curr->p_memsz;
+		pcb->sects[loaded].addr = curr->p_va;
+#if TRACING_USER
+		cio_printf( " loaded %u @ %08x\n",
+				pcb->sects[loaded].length, pcb->sects[loaded].addr );
+#endif
+		++loaded;
+	}
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	stack_setup
+**
+** Set up the stack for a new process
+**
+** @param pcb    Pointer to the PCB for the process
+** @param entry  Entry point for the new process
+** @param args   Argument vector to be put in place
+**
+** @return A pointer to the context_t on the stack, or NULL
+*/
+static context_t *stack_setup( pcb_t *pcb, uint32_t entry, const char **args ) {
+
+	/*
+	** First, we need to count the space we'll need for the argument
+	** vector and strings.
+	*/
+
+	int argbytes = 0;
+	int argc = 0;
+
+	while( args[argc] != NULL ) {
+		int n = strlen( args[argc] ) + 1;
+		// can't go over one page in size
+		if( (argbytes + n) > SZ_PAGE ) {
+			// oops - ignore this and any others
+			break;
+		}
+		argbytes += n;
+		++argc;
+	}
+
+	// Round up the byte count to the next multiple of four.
+	argbytes = (argbytes + 3) & MOD4_MASK;
+
+	/*
+	** Allocate the arrays.  We are safe using dynamic arrays here
+	** because we're using the OS stack, not the user stack.
+	**
+	** We want the argstrings and argv arrays to contain all zeroes.
+	** The C standard states, in section 6.7.8, that
+	**
+	**   "21 If there are fewer initializers in a brace-enclosed list
+	**       than there are elements or members of an aggregate, or
+	**       fewer characters in a string literal used to initialize an
+	**       array of known size than there are elements in the array,
+	**       the remainder of the aggregate shall be initialized
+	**       implicitly the same as objects that have static storage
+	**       duration."
+	**
+	** Sadly, because we're using variable-sized arrays, we can't
+	** rely on this, so we have to call memclr() instead. :-(  In
+	** truth, it doesn't really cost us much more time, but it's an
+	** annoyance.
+	*/
+
+	char argstrings[ argbytes ];
+	char *argv[ argc + 1 ];
+
+	CLEAR( argstrings );
+	CLEAR( argv );
+
+	// Next, duplicate the argument strings, and create pointers to
+	// each one in our argv.
+	char *tmp = argstrings;
+	for( int i = 0; i < argc; ++i ) {
+		int nb = strlen(args[i]) + 1; // bytes (incl. NUL) in this string
+		strcpy( tmp, args[i] );   // add to our buffer
+		argv[i] = tmp;              // remember where it was
+		tmp += nb;                  // move on
+	}
+
+	// trailing NULL pointer
+	argv[argc] = NULL;
+
+	/*
+	** The pages for the stack were cleared when they were allocated,
+	** so we don't need to remember to do that.
+	**
+	** We reserve one longword at the bottom of the stack to hold a
+	** pointer to where argv is on the stack.
+	**
+	** The user code was linked with a startup function that defines
+	** the entry point (_start), calls main(), and then calls exit()
+	** if main() returns. We need to set up the stack this way:
+	** 
+	**      esp ->  context      <- context save area
+	**              ...          <- context save area
+	**              context      <- context save area
+	**              entry_pt     <- return address for the ISR
+	**              argc         <- argument count for main()
+	**         /->  argv         <- argv pointer for main()
+	**         |     ...         <- argv array w/trailing NULL
+	**         |     ...         <- argv character strings
+	**         \--- ptr          <- last word in stack
+	**
+	** Stack alignment rules for the SysV ABI i386 supplement dictate that
+	** the 'argc' parameter must be at an address that is a multiple of 16;
+	** see below for more information.
+	*/
+
+	// Pointer to the last word in stack. We get this from the 
+	// VM hierarchy. Get the PDE entry for the user address space.
+	pde_t stack_pde = pcb->pdir[USER_PDE];
+
+	// The PDE entry points to the PT, which is an array of PTE. The last
+	// two entries are for the stack; pull out the last one.
+	pte_t stack_pte = ((pte_t *)(stack_pde & MOD4K_MASK))[USER_STK_PTE2];
+
+	// OK, now we have the PTE. The frame address of the last page is
+	// in this PTE. Find the address immediately after that.
+	uint32_t *ptr = (uint32_t *)
+		((uint32_t)(stack_pte & MOD4K_MASK) + SZ_PAGE);
+
+	// Pointer to where the arg strings should be filled in.
+	char *strings = (char *) ( (uint32_t) ptr - argbytes );
+
+	// back the pointer up to the nearest word boundary; because we're
+	// moving toward location 0, the nearest word boundary is just the
+	// next smaller address whose low-order two bits are zeroes
+	strings = (char *) ((uint32_t) strings & MOD4_MASK);
+
+	// Copy over the argv strings.
+	memcpy( (void *)strings, argstrings, argbytes );
+
+	/*
+	** Next, we need to copy over the argv pointers.  Start by
+	** determining where 'argc' should go.
+	**
+	** Stack alignment is controlled by the SysV ABI i386 supplement,
+	** version 1.2 (June 23, 2016), which states in section 2.2.2:
+	**
+	**   "The end of the input argument area shall be aligned on a 16
+	**   (32 or 64, if __m256 or __m512 is passed on stack) byte boundary.
+	**   In other words, the value (%esp + 4) is always a multiple of 16
+	**   (32 or 64) when control is transferred to the function entry
+	**   point. The stack pointer, %esp, always points to the end of the
+	**   latest allocated stack frame."
+	**
+	** Isn't technical documentation fun?  Ultimately, this means that
+	** the first parameter to main() should be on the stack at an address
+	** that is a multiple of 16.
+	**
+	** The space needed for argc, argv, and the argv array itself is
+	** argc + 3 words (argc+1 for the argv entries, plus one word each
+	** for argc and argv).  We back up that much from 'strings'.
+	*/
+
+	int nwords = argc + 3;
+	uint32_t *acptr = ((uint32_t *) strings) - nwords;
+
+	/*
+	** Next, back up until we're at a multiple-of-16 address. Because we
+	** are moving to a lower address, its upper 28 bits are identical to
+	** the address we currently have, so we can do this with a bitwise
+	** AND to just turn off the lower four bits.
+	*/
+
+	acptr = (uint32_t *) ( ((uint32_t)acptr) & MOD16_MASK );
+
+	// copy in 'argc'
+	*acptr = argc;
+
+	// next, 'argv', which follows 'argc'; 'argv' points to the
+	// word that follows it in the stack
+	uint32_t *avptr = acptr + 2;
+	*(acptr+1) = (uint32_t) avptr;
+
+	/*
+	** Next, we copy in all argc+1 pointers.
+	*/
+
+	// Adjust and copy the string pointers.
+	for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+		if( argv[i] != NULL ) {
+			// an actual pointer - adjust it and copy it in
+			*avptr = (uint32_t) strings;
+			// skip to the next entry in the array
+			strings += strlen(argv[i]) + 1;
+		} else {
+			// end of the line!
+			*avptr = NULL;
+		}
+		++avptr;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Now, we need to set up the initial context for the executing
+	** process.
+	**
+	** When this process is dispatched, the context restore code will
+	** pop all the saved context information off the stack, including
+	** the saved EIP, CS, and EFLAGS. We set those fields up so that
+	** the interrupt "returns" to the entry point of the process.
+	*/
+
+	// Locate the context save area on the stack.
+	context_t *ctx = ((context_t *) avptr) - 1;
+
+	/*
+	** We cleared the entire stack earlier, so all the context
+	** fields currently contain zeroes.  We now need to fill in
+	** all the important fields.
+	*/
+
+	ctx->eflags = DEFAULT_EFLAGS;    // IE enabled, PPL 0
+	ctx->eip = entry;                // initial EIP
+	ctx->cs = GDT_CODE;              // segment registers
+	ctx->ss = GDT_STACK;
+	ctx->ds = ctx->es = ctx->fs = ctx->gs = GDT_DATA;
+
+	/*
+	** Return the new context pointer to the caller.  It will be our
+	** caller's responsibility to schedule this process.
+	*/
+	
+	return( ctx );
+}
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_init
+**
+** Initializes the user support module.
+*/
+void user_init( void ) {
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	cio_puts( " User" );
+#endif 
+
+	// This is gross, but we need to get this information somehow.
+	// Access the "user blob" data in the second bootstrap sector
+	uint16_t *blobdata = (uint16_t *) USER_BLOB_DATA;
+	user_offset  = *blobdata++;
+	user_segment = *blobdata++;
+	user_sectors = *blobdata++;
+
+#if TRACING_USER
+	cio_printf( "\nUser blob: %u sectors @ %04x:%04x", user_sectors,
+			user_segment, user_offset );
+#endif
+
+	// calculate the location of the user blob
+	if( user_sectors > 0 ) {
+
+		// calculate the address of the header
+		user_header = (header_t *)
+			( KERN_BASE + 
+			  ( (((uint_t)user_segment) << 4) + ((uint_t)user_offset) )
+			  );
+
+		// the program table immediate follows the blob header
+		prog_table = (prog_t *) (user_header + 1);
+
+#if TRACING_USER
+	cio_printf( ", hdr %08x, %u progs, tbl %08x\n", (uint32_t) user_header,
+			user_header->num, (uint32_t) prog_table );
+#endif
+
+	} else {
+		// too bad, so sad!
+		user_header = NULL;
+		prog_table = NULL;
+#if TRACING_USER
+		cio_putchar( '\n' );
+#endif
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_locate
+**
+** Locates a user program in the user code archive.
+**
+** @param what   The ID of the user program to find
+**
+** @return pointer to the program table entry in the code archive, or NULL
+*/
+prog_t *user_locate( uint_t what ) {
+	
+	// no programs if there is no blob!
+	if( user_header == NULL ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// make sure this is a reasonable program to request
+	if( what >= user_header->num ) {
+		// no such program!
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// find the entry in the program table
+	prog_t *prog = &prog_table[what];
+
+	// if there are no bytes, it's useless
+	if( prog->size < 1 ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// return the program table pointer
+	return prog;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    user_duplicate
+**
+** Duplicates the memory setup for an existing process.
+**
+** @param new   The PCB for the new copy of the program
+** @param old   The PCB for the existing the program
+**
+** @return the status of the duplicate attempt
+*/
+int user_duplicate( pcb_t *new, pcb_t *old ) {
+
+	// We need to do a recursive duplication of the process address
+	// space of the current process. First, we create a new user
+	// page directory. Next, we'll duplicate the USER_PDE page
+	// table. Finally, we'll go through that table and duplicate
+	// all the frames.
+
+	// create the initial VM hierarchy
+	pde_t *pdir = vm_mkuvm();
+	if( pdir == NULL ) {
+		return E_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+	new->pdir = pdir;
+
+	// next, add a USER_PDE page table that's a duplicate of the
+	// current process' page table
+	if( !vm_uvmdup(old->pdir,new->pdir) ) {
+		// check for memory leak?
+		return E_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	// now, iterate through the entries, replacing the frame
+	// numbers with duplicate frames
+	//
+	// NOTE: we only deal with pdir[0] here, as we are limiting
+	// the user address space to the first 4MB
+	pte_t *pt = (pte_t *) (pdir[USER_PDE]);
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PTE; ++i ) {
+
+		// if this entry is present,
+		if( IS_PRESENT(*pt) ) {
+
+			// duplicate the page
+			void *tmp = vm_pagedup( (void *) (*pt & FRAME_MASK) );
+			// replace the old frame number with the new one
+			*pt = (pte_t) (((uint32_t)tmp) | (*pt & PERM_MASK));
+
+		} else {
+
+			*pt = 0;
+
+		}
+		++pt;
+	}
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_load
+**
+** Loads a user program from the user code archive into memory.
+** Allocates all needed frames and sets up the VM tables.
+**
+** @param ptab   A pointer to the program table entry to be loaded
+** @param pcb    The PCB for the program being loaded
+** @param args   The argument vector for the program
+**
+** @return the status of the load attempt
+*/
+int user_load( prog_t *ptab, pcb_t *pcb, const char **args ) {
+
+	// NULL pointers are bad!
+	assert1( ptab != NULL );
+	assert1( pcb != NULL );
+	assert1( args != NULL );
+
+	// locate the ELF binary
+	elfhdr_t *hdr = (elfhdr_t *) ((uint32_t)user_header + ptab->offset);
+
+#if TRACING_ELF
+	cio_printf( "Load: ptab %08x: '%s', off %08x, size %08x, flags %08x\n", 
+			(uint32_t) ptab, ptab->name, ptab->offset, ptab->size,
+			ptab->flags );
+	cio_printf( "      args %08x:", (uint32_t) args );
+	for( int i = 0; args[i] != NULL; ++i ) {
+		cio_printf( " [%d] %s", i, args[i] );
+	}
+	cio_printf( "\n      pcb %08x (pid %u)\n", (uint32_t) pcb, pcb->pid );
+	dump_fhdr( hdr );
+#endif
+
+	// verify the ELF header
+	if( hdr->e_ident.f.magic != ELF_MAGIC ) {
+		return E_BAD_PARAM;
+	}
+
+	// allocate a page directory
+	pcb->pdir = vm_mkuvm();
+	if( pcb->pdir == NULL ) {
+		return E_NO_MEMORY;
+	}
+
+	// read all the program headers
+	int stat = read_phdrs( hdr, pcb );
+	if( stat != SUCCESS ) {
+		// TODO figure out a better way to deal with this
+		PANIC( 0, "user_load: phdr read failed" );
+	}
+
+	// next, set up the runtime stack - just like setting up loadable
+	// sections, except nothing to copy
+	stat = vm_add( pcb->pdir, true, false, (void *) USER_STACK,
+			SZ_USTACK, NULL, 0 );
+	if( stat != SUCCESS ) {
+		// TODO yadda yadda...
+		PANIC( 0, "user_load: vm_add failed" );
+	}
+
+	// set up the command-line arguments
+	pcb->context = stack_setup( pcb, hdr->e_entry, args );
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	user_cleanup
+**
+** "Unloads" a user program. Deallocates all memory frames and
+** cleans up the VM structures.
+**
+** @param pcb   The PCB of the program to be unloaded
+*/
+void user_cleanup( pcb_t *pcb ) {
+	
+	if( pcb == NULL ) {
+		// should this be an error?
+		return;
+	}
+
+	vm_free( pcb->pdir );
+	pcb->pdir = NULL;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/vm.c b/kernel/vm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46c4eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/vm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+/**
+** @file	vm.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Kernel VM support
+*/
+
+#define	KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <vm.h>
+#include <vmtables.h>
+
+#include <kmem.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/ops.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// created page directory for the kernel
+pde_t *kpdir;
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_isr
+**
+** Description: Page fault handler
+**
+** @param vector   Interrupt vector number
+** @param code     Error code pushed onto the stack
+*/
+static void vm_isr( int vector, int code ) {
+
+	// get whatever information we can from the fault
+	pfec_t fault;
+	fault.u = (uint32_t) code;
+	uint32_t addr = r_cr2();
+
+	// report what we found
+	sprint( b256,
+		"** page fault @ 0x%08x %cP %c %cM %cRSV %c %cPK %cSS %cHLAT %cSGZ",
+			addr,
+			fault.s.p    ? ' ' : '!',
+			fault.s.w    ? 'W' : 'R',
+			fault.s.us   ? 'U' : 'S',
+			fault.s.rsvd ? ' ' : '!',
+			fault.s.id   ? 'I' : 'D',
+			fault.s.pk   ? ' ' : '!',
+			fault.s.ss   ? ' ' : '!',
+			fault.s.hlat ? ' ' : '!',
+			fault.s.sgz  ? ' ' : '!'
+	);
+
+	// and give up
+	PANIC( 0, b256 );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    uva2kva
+**
+** Convert a user VA into a kernel address
+*/
+__attribute__((__unused__))
+static void *uva2kva( pde_t *pdir, void *va ) {
+
+	// find the PMT entry for this address
+	pte_t *pte = vm_getpte( pdir, va, false );
+	if( pte == NULL ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// is this a valid address for the user?
+	if( IS_PRESENT(*pte) ) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if( IS_LARGE(*pte) ) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// get the physical address
+	uint32_t frame = *pte & FRAME_MASK;     // keep the frame address
+	frame |= ((uint32_t) va) & PERM_MASK;  // OR in the lower 12 bits
+
+	return (void *) frame;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_init
+**
+** Description:  Initialize the VM module
+*/
+void vm_init( void ) {
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	cio_puts( " VM" );
+#endif
+
+	// set up the kernel's page directory
+	kpdir = vm_mkkvm();
+	assert( kpdir != NULL );
+
+	// install the page fault handler
+	install_isr( VEC_PAGE_FAULT, vm_isr );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_pagedup
+**
+** Duplicate a page of memory
+**
+** @param old  Pointer to the first byte of a page
+**
+** @return a pointer to the new, duplicate page, or NULL
+*/
+void *vm_pagedup( void *old ) {
+	void *new = (void *) km_page_alloc();
+	if( new != NULL ) {
+		memcpy( new, old, SZ_PAGE );
+	}
+	return new;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_ptdup
+**
+** Duplicate a page directory entry
+**
+** @param dst   Pointer to where the duplicate should go
+** @param curr  Pointer to the entry to be duplicated
+**
+** @return true on success, else false
+*/
+bool_t vm_ptdup( pde_t *dst, pde_t *curr ) {
+
+#if TRACING_VM
+	cio_printf( "vm_ptdup dst %08x curr %08x\n",
+			(uint32_t) dst, (uint32_t) curr );
+#endif
+	// simplest case
+	if( *curr == 0 ) {
+		*dst = 0;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	// OK, we have an entry; allocate a page table
+	pte_t *pt = (pte_t *) km_page_alloc();
+	if( pt == NULL ) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// pointer to the first PTE in the current table
+	pte_t *old = (pte_t *) (((uint32_t) *curr) & FRAME_MASK);
+	// pointer to the first PTE in the new table
+	pte_t *new = pt;
+
+	for( int i = 0 ; i < N_PTE; ++i ) {
+		if( IS_PRESENT(*old) ) {
+			*new = 0;
+		} else {
+			*new = *old;
+		}
+		++old;
+		++new;
+	}
+
+	// assign the page table into the new page directory
+	// upper 22 bits from 'pt', lower 12 from '*curr'
+	*dst = (pde_t) (
+		(((uint32_t)pt) & FRAME_MASK) |
+		(((uint32_t)(*curr)) & PERM_MASK )
+	);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_getpte
+**
+** Return the address of the PTE corresponding to the virtual address
+** 'va' within the address space controlled by 'pgdir'. If there is no
+** page table for that VA and 'alloc' is true, create the necessary
+** page table entries.
+**
+** @param pdir   Pointer to the page directory to be searched
+** @param va     The virtual address we're looking for
+** @param alloc  Should we allocate a page table if there isn't one?
+**
+** @return A pointer to the page table entry for this VA, or NULL
+*/
+pte_t *vm_getpte( pde_t *pdir, const void *va, bool_t alloc ) {
+	pte_t *ptab;
+
+	// sanity check
+	assert1( pdir != NULL );
+
+	// get the PDIR entry for this virtual address
+	pde_t *pde = &pdir[ PDIX(va) ];
+
+	// is it already set up?
+	if( IS_PRESENT(*pde) ) {
+
+		// yes!
+		ptab = (pte_t*)P2V(PTE_ADDR(*pde));
+
+	} else {
+
+		// no - should we create it?
+		if( !alloc ) {
+			// nope, so just return
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		// yes - try to allocate a page table
+		ptab = (pte_t *) km_page_alloc();
+		if( ptab == NULL ) {
+			WARNING( "can't allocate page table" );
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		// who knows what was left in this page....
+		memclr( ptab, SZ_PAGE );
+
+		// add this to the page directory
+		//
+		// we set this up to allow general access; this could be
+		// controlled by setting access control in the page table
+		// entries, if necessary.
+		*pde = V2P(ptab) | PDE_P | PDE_RW;
+	}
+
+	// finally, return a pointer to the entry in the
+	// page table for this VA
+	return &ptab[ PTIX(va) ];
+}
+
+// Set up kernel part of a page table.
+pde_t *vm_mkkvm( void )
+{
+	mapping_t *k;
+
+	// allocate the page directory
+	pde_t *pdir = km_page_alloc();
+	if( pdir == NULL ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// clear it out to disable all the entries
+	memclr( pdir, SZ_PAGE );
+
+	// map in all the page ranges
+	k = kmap;
+	for( int i = 0; i < n_kmap; ++i, ++k ) {
+		int stat = vm_map( pdir, ((void *)k->va_start),
+				k->pa_end - k->pa_start, 
+				k->pa_start, k->perm );
+		if( stat != SUCCESS ) {
+			vm_free( pdir );
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return pdir;
+}
+
+/*
+** Creates an initial user VM table hierarchy by copying the
+** system entries into a new page directory.
+**
+** @return a pointer to the new page directory, or NULL
+*/
+pde_t *vm_mkuvm( void ) {
+
+	// allocate the directory
+	pde_t *new = (pde_t *) km_page_alloc();
+	if( new == NULL ) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// iterate through the kernel page directory
+	pde_t *curr = kpdir;
+	pde_t *dst = new;
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PDE; ++i ) {
+
+		if( *curr != 0 ) {
+			// found an active one - duplicate it
+			if( !vm_ptdup(dst,curr) ) {
+				return NULL;
+			}
+		}
+
+		++curr;
+		++dst;
+	}
+
+	return new;
+
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_set_kvm
+**
+** Switch the page table register to the kernel's page directory.
+*/
+void vm_set_kvm( void ) {
+	w_cr3( V2P(kpdir) );   // switch to the kernel page table
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_set_uvm
+**
+** Switch the page table register to the page directory for a user process.
+**
+** @param p  PCB of the process we're switching to
+*/
+void vm_set_uvm( pcb_t *p ) {
+	assert( p != NULL );
+	assert( p->pdir != NULL );
+
+	w_cr3( V2P(p->pdir) );  // switch to process's address space
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_add
+**
+** Add pages to the page hierarchy for a process, copying data into
+** them if necessary.
+**
+** @param pdir   Pointer to the page directory to modify
+** @param wr     "Writable" flag for the PTE
+** @param sys    "System" flag for the PTE
+** @param va     Starting VA of the range
+** @param size   Amount of physical memory to allocate (bytes)
+** @param data   Pointer to data to copy, or NULL
+** @param bytes  Number of bytes to copy
+**
+** @return status of the allocation attempt
+*/
+int vm_add( pde_t *pdir, bool_t wr, bool_t sys,
+		void *va, uint32_t size, char *data, uint32_t bytes ) {
+
+	// how many pages do we need?
+	uint_t npages = ((size & MOD4K_BITS) ? PGUP(size) : size) >> MOD4K_SHIFT;
+
+	// permission set for the PTEs
+	uint_t entrybase = PTE_P;
+	if( wr ) {
+		entrybase |= PTE_RW;
+	}
+	if( sys ) {
+		entrybase |= PTE_US;
+	}
+
+#if TRACING_VM
+	cio_printf( "vm_add: pdir %08x, %s, va %08x (%u, %u pgs)\n",
+			(uint32_t) pdir, wr ? "W" : "!W", (uint32_t) va, size );
+	cio_printf( "        from %08x, %u bytes, perms %08x\n",
+			(uint32_t) data, bytes, entrybase );
+#endif
+
+	// iterate through the pages
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < npages; ++i ) {
+
+		// figure out where this page will go in the hierarchy
+		pte_t *pte = vm_getpte( pdir, va, true );
+		if( pte == NULL ) {
+			// TODO if i > 0, this isn't the first frame - is
+			// there anything to do about other frames?
+			// POSSIBLE MEMORY LEAK?
+			return E_NO_MEMORY;
+		}
+
+		// allocate the frame
+		void *page = km_page_alloc();
+		if( page == NULL ) {
+			// TODO same question here
+			return E_NO_MEMORY;
+		}
+
+		// clear it all out
+		memclr( page, SZ_PAGE );
+
+		// create the PTE for this frame
+		uint32_t entry = (uint32_t) (PTE_ADDR(page) | entrybase);
+		*pte = entry;
+
+		// copy data if we need to
+		if( data != NULL && bytes > 0 ) {
+			// how much to copy
+			uint_t num = bytes > SZ_PAGE ? SZ_PAGE : bytes;
+			// do it!
+			memcpy( (void *)page, (void *)data, num );
+			// adjust all the pointers
+			data += num;   // where to continue
+			bytes -= num;  // what's left to copy
+		}
+
+		// bump the virtual address
+		va += SZ_PAGE;
+	}
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    vm_free
+**
+** Deallocate a page table hierarchy and all physical memory frames
+** in the user portion.
+**
+** @param pdir  Pointer to the page directory
+*/
+void vm_free( pde_t *pdir ) {
+
+	// do we have anything to do?
+	if( pdir == NULL ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// iterate through the page directory entries, freeing the
+	// PMTS and the frames they point to
+	pde_t *curr = pdir;
+	for( int i = 0; i < N_PDE; ++i ) {
+
+		// does this entry point to anything useful?
+		if( IS_PRESENT(*curr) ) {
+
+			// yes - get the PMT pointer
+			pte_t *pte = (pte_t *) PTE_ADDR(*curr);
+
+			// walk the PMT
+			for( int j = 0; j < N_PTE; ++j ) {
+				// does this entry point to a frame?
+				if( IS_PRESENT(*pte) ) {
+					// yes - free the frame
+					km_page_free( (void *) PTE_ADDR(*pte) );
+					// mark it so we don't get surprised
+					*pte = 0;
+				}
+				// move on
+				++pte;
+			}
+			// now, free the PMT itself
+			km_page_free( (void *) PDE_ADDR(*curr) );
+			*curr = 0;
+		}
+
+		// move to the next entry
+		++curr;
+	}
+
+	// finally, free the PDIR itself
+	km_page_free( (void *) pdir );
+}
+
+/*
+** Name:	vm_map
+**
+** Create PTEs for virtual addresses starting at 'va' that refer to
+** physical addresses in the range [pa, pa+size-1]. We aren't guaranteed
+** that va is page-aligned.
+**
+** @param pdir  Page directory for this address space
+** @param va    The starting virtual address
+** @param size  Length of the range to be mapped
+** @param pa    The starting physical address
+** @param perm  Permission bits for the PTEs
+*/
+int vm_map( pde_t *pdir, void *va, uint_t size, uint_t pa, int perm ) {
+	pte_t *pte;
+
+	// round the VA down to its page boundary
+	char *addr = (char*)PGDOWN((uint_t)va);
+
+	// round the end of the range down to its page boundary
+	char *last = (char*)PGDOWN(((uint_t)va) + size - 1);
+
+	for(;;) {
+
+		// get a pointer to the PTE for the current VA
+		if( (pte = vm_getpte(pdir, addr, 1)) == 0 ) {
+			// couldn't find it
+			return E_NO_PTE;
+		}
+
+		// if this entry has already been mapped, we're in trouble
+		if( IS_PRESENT(*pte) ) {
+			PANIC( 0, "mapping an already-mapped address" );
+		}
+
+		// ok, set the PTE as requested
+		*pte = pa | perm | PTE_P;
+
+		// are we done?
+		if( addr == last ) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		// nope - move to the next page
+		addr += SZ_PAGE;
+		pa += SZ_PAGE;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	vm_uvmdup
+**
+** Create a duplicate of the user portio of an existing page table
+** hierarchy. We assume that the "new" page directory exists and
+** the system portions of it should not be touched.
+**
+** Note: we do not duplicate the frames in the hierarchy - we just
+** create a duplicate of the hierarchy itself. This means that we
+** now have two sets of page tables that refer to the same user-level
+** frames in memory.
+**
+** @param old  Existing page directory
+** @param new  New page directory
+**
+** @return status of the duplication attempt
+*/
+int vm_uvmdup( pde_t *old, pde_t *new ) {
+
+	if( old == NULL || new == NULL ) {
+		return E_BAD_PARAM;
+	}
+
+	// we only want to deal with the "user" half of the address space
+	for( int i = 0; i < (N_PDE >> 1); ++i ) {
+
+		// is this entry in use?
+		if( IS_PRESENT(*old) ) {
+
+			// yes. if it points to a 4MB page, we just copy it;
+			// otherwise, we must duplicate the next level PMT
+
+			*new = *old;  // copy the entry
+
+			if( !IS_LARGE(*old) ) {
+
+				// it's a 4KB page, so we need to duplicate the PMT
+				pte_t *newpmt = (pte_t *) vm_pagedup( (void *) (*old & FRAME_MASK) );
+				if( newpmt == NULL ) {
+					return E_NO_MEMORY;
+				}
+
+				// create the new PDE entry by replacing the frame #
+				*new = (pde_t) (((uint32_t)newpmt) | PERMS(*old));
+			}
+		}
+
+		++old;
+		++new;
+	}
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
diff --git a/kernel/vmtables.c b/kernel/vmtables.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..306b1f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/vmtables.c
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+/**
+** @file	vmtables.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	Kernel VM tables
+**
+** Compilation options:
+**
+**  MAKE_IDENTITY_MAP   Creates a page table that identity-maps the first
+**                      4MB of main memory.
+*/
+
+#define	KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <kmem.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+#include <vm.h>
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+
+// defined for us by the linker
+extern char _data[];
+
+/*
+** Initial page directory, for when the kernel is starting up
+**
+** we use large (4MB) pages here to allow us to use a one-level
+** paging hierarchy; the kernel will create a new page table
+** hierarchy once memory is initialized
+**
+** We only map the first 2GB of memory, plus a 4MB portion of
+** the upper half, which we map to cover the first 4MB of
+** memory.
+*/
+
+// identity-map 4MB page #n
+#define	L(n)   [n] = (pde_t) ( (TO_4MFRAME((n))) | (PDE_P|PDE_RW|PDE_PS) )
+
+ALIGN(SZ_PAGE)
+pde_t firstpdir[N_PDE] = {
+
+	// Map VA range [0, 2GB] to PA range [0, 2GB]
+L(0x000), L(0x001), L(0x002), L(0x003), L(0x004), L(0x005), L(0x006), L(0x007),
+L(0x008), L(0x009), L(0x00a), L(0x00b), L(0x00c), L(0x00d), L(0x00e), L(0x00f),
+L(0x010), L(0x011), L(0x012), L(0x013), L(0x014), L(0x015), L(0x016), L(0x017),
+L(0x018), L(0x019), L(0x01a), L(0x01b), L(0x01c), L(0x01d), L(0x01e), L(0x01f),
+L(0x020), L(0x021), L(0x022), L(0x023), L(0x024), L(0x025), L(0x026), L(0x027),
+L(0x028), L(0x029), L(0x02a), L(0x02b), L(0x02c), L(0x02d), L(0x02e), L(0x02f),
+L(0x030), L(0x031), L(0x032), L(0x033), L(0x034), L(0x035), L(0x036), L(0x037),
+L(0x038), L(0x039), L(0x03a), L(0x03b), L(0x03c), L(0x03d), L(0x03e), L(0x03f),
+L(0x040), L(0x041), L(0x042), L(0x043), L(0x044), L(0x045), L(0x046), L(0x047),
+L(0x048), L(0x049), L(0x04a), L(0x04b), L(0x04c), L(0x04d), L(0x04e), L(0x04f),
+L(0x050), L(0x051), L(0x052), L(0x053), L(0x054), L(0x055), L(0x056), L(0x057),
+L(0x058), L(0x059), L(0x05a), L(0x05b), L(0x05c), L(0x05d), L(0x05e), L(0x05f),
+L(0x060), L(0x061), L(0x062), L(0x063), L(0x064), L(0x065), L(0x066), L(0x067),
+L(0x068), L(0x069), L(0x06a), L(0x06b), L(0x06c), L(0x06d), L(0x06e), L(0x06f),
+L(0x070), L(0x071), L(0x072), L(0x073), L(0x074), L(0x075), L(0x076), L(0x077),
+L(0x078), L(0x079), L(0x07a), L(0x07b), L(0x07c), L(0x07d), L(0x07e), L(0x07f),
+L(0x080), L(0x081), L(0x082), L(0x083), L(0x084), L(0x085), L(0x086), L(0x087),
+L(0x088), L(0x089), L(0x08a), L(0x08b), L(0x08c), L(0x08d), L(0x08e), L(0x08f),
+L(0x090), L(0x091), L(0x092), L(0x093), L(0x094), L(0x095), L(0x096), L(0x097),
+L(0x098), L(0x099), L(0x09a), L(0x09b), L(0x09c), L(0x09d), L(0x09e), L(0x09f),
+L(0x0a0), L(0x0a1), L(0x0a2), L(0x0a3), L(0x0a4), L(0x0a5), L(0x0a6), L(0x0a7),
+L(0x0a8), L(0x0a9), L(0x0aa), L(0x0ab), L(0x0ac), L(0x0ad), L(0x0ae), L(0x0af),
+L(0x0b0), L(0x0b1), L(0x0b2), L(0x0b3), L(0x0b4), L(0x0b5), L(0x0b6), L(0x0b7),
+L(0x0b8), L(0x0b9), L(0x0ba), L(0x0bb), L(0x0bc), L(0x0bd), L(0x0be), L(0x0bf),
+L(0x0c0), L(0x0c1), L(0x0c2), L(0x0c3), L(0x0c4), L(0x0c5), L(0x0c6), L(0x0c7),
+L(0x0c8), L(0x0c9), L(0x0ca), L(0x0cb), L(0x0cc), L(0x0cd), L(0x0ce), L(0x0cf),
+L(0x0d0), L(0x0d1), L(0x0d2), L(0x0d3), L(0x0d4), L(0x0d5), L(0x0d6), L(0x0d7),
+L(0x0d8), L(0x0d9), L(0x0da), L(0x0db), L(0x0dc), L(0x0dd), L(0x0de), L(0x0df),
+L(0x0e0), L(0x0e1), L(0x0e2), L(0x0e3), L(0x0e4), L(0x0e5), L(0x0e6), L(0x0e7),
+L(0x0e8), L(0x0e9), L(0x0ea), L(0x0eb), L(0x0ec), L(0x0ed), L(0x0ee), L(0x0ef),
+L(0x0f0), L(0x0f1), L(0x0f2), L(0x0f3), L(0x0f4), L(0x0f5), L(0x0f6), L(0x0f7),
+L(0x0f8), L(0x0f9), L(0x0fa), L(0x0fb), L(0x0fc), L(0x0fd), L(0x0fe), L(0x0ff),
+L(0x100), L(0x101), L(0x102), L(0x103), L(0x104), L(0x105), L(0x106), L(0x107),
+L(0x108), L(0x109), L(0x10a), L(0x10b), L(0x10c), L(0x10d), L(0x10e), L(0x10f),
+L(0x110), L(0x111), L(0x112), L(0x113), L(0x114), L(0x115), L(0x116), L(0x117),
+L(0x118), L(0x119), L(0x11a), L(0x11b), L(0x11c), L(0x11d), L(0x11e), L(0x11f),
+L(0x120), L(0x121), L(0x122), L(0x123), L(0x124), L(0x125), L(0x126), L(0x127),
+L(0x128), L(0x129), L(0x12a), L(0x12b), L(0x12c), L(0x12d), L(0x12e), L(0x12f),
+L(0x130), L(0x131), L(0x132), L(0x133), L(0x134), L(0x135), L(0x136), L(0x137),
+L(0x138), L(0x139), L(0x13a), L(0x13b), L(0x13c), L(0x13d), L(0x13e), L(0x13f),
+L(0x140), L(0x141), L(0x142), L(0x143), L(0x144), L(0x145), L(0x146), L(0x147),
+L(0x148), L(0x149), L(0x14a), L(0x14b), L(0x14c), L(0x14d), L(0x14e), L(0x14f),
+L(0x150), L(0x151), L(0x152), L(0x153), L(0x154), L(0x155), L(0x156), L(0x157),
+L(0x158), L(0x159), L(0x15a), L(0x15b), L(0x15c), L(0x15d), L(0x15e), L(0x15f),
+L(0x160), L(0x161), L(0x162), L(0x163), L(0x164), L(0x165), L(0x166), L(0x167),
+L(0x168), L(0x169), L(0x16a), L(0x16b), L(0x16c), L(0x16d), L(0x16e), L(0x16f),
+L(0x170), L(0x171), L(0x172), L(0x173), L(0x174), L(0x175), L(0x176), L(0x177),
+L(0x178), L(0x179), L(0x17a), L(0x17b), L(0x17c), L(0x17d), L(0x17e), L(0x17f),
+L(0x180), L(0x181), L(0x182), L(0x183), L(0x184), L(0x185), L(0x186), L(0x187),
+L(0x188), L(0x189), L(0x18a), L(0x18b), L(0x18c), L(0x18d), L(0x18e), L(0x18f),
+L(0x190), L(0x191), L(0x192), L(0x193), L(0x194), L(0x195), L(0x196), L(0x197),
+L(0x198), L(0x199), L(0x19a), L(0x19b), L(0x19c), L(0x19d), L(0x19e), L(0x19f),
+L(0x1a0), L(0x1a1), L(0x1a2), L(0x1a3), L(0x1a4), L(0x1a5), L(0x1a6), L(0x1a7),
+L(0x1a8), L(0x1a9), L(0x1aa), L(0x1ab), L(0x1ac), L(0x1ad), L(0x1ae), L(0x1af),
+L(0x1b0), L(0x1b1), L(0x1b2), L(0x1b3), L(0x1b4), L(0x1b5), L(0x1b6), L(0x1b7),
+L(0x1b8), L(0x1b9), L(0x1ba), L(0x1bb), L(0x1bc), L(0x1bd), L(0x1be), L(0x1bf),
+L(0x1c0), L(0x1c1), L(0x1c2), L(0x1c3), L(0x1c4), L(0x1c5), L(0x1c6), L(0x1c7),
+L(0x1c8), L(0x1c9), L(0x1ca), L(0x1cb), L(0x1cc), L(0x1cd), L(0x1ce), L(0x1cf),
+L(0x1d0), L(0x1d1), L(0x1d2), L(0x1d3), L(0x1d4), L(0x1d5), L(0x1d6), L(0x1d7),
+L(0x1d8), L(0x1d9), L(0x1da), L(0x1db), L(0x1dc), L(0x1dd), L(0x1de), L(0x1df),
+L(0x1e0), L(0x1e1), L(0x1e2), L(0x1e3), L(0x1e4), L(0x1e5), L(0x1e6), L(0x1e7),
+L(0x1e8), L(0x1e9), L(0x1ea), L(0x1eb), L(0x1ec), L(0x1ed), L(0x1ee), L(0x1ef),
+L(0x1f0), L(0x1f1), L(0x1f2), L(0x1f3), L(0x1f4), L(0x1f5), L(0x1f6), L(0x1f7),
+L(0x1f8), L(0x1f9), L(0x1fa), L(0x1fb), L(0x1fc), L(0x1fd), L(0x1fe), L(0x1ff),
+
+	// Map VA range [KERN_BASE, KERN_BASE+4MB] to PA range [0, 4MB]
+    [PDIX(KERN_BASE)] = (pde_t) (PDE_P | PDE_RW | PDE_PS)
+};
+
+#ifdef MAKE_IDENTITY_MAP
+/*
+** "Identity" page map table.
+**
+** This just maps the first 4MB of physical memory. It is initialized
+** in vm_init().
+**
+** This could be converted into a 4GB map of 4MB pages by turning on
+** the PDE_PS bit in each entry.
+*/
+
+// identity-map 4KB page #n
+#define	S(n)   [n] = (pte_t) ( (TO_4KFRAME((n))) | (PTE_P|PTE_RW) )
+
+pte_t id_map[N_PTE] = {
+S(0x000), S(0x001), S(0x002), S(0x003), S(0x004), S(0x005), S(0x006), S(0x007),
+S(0x008), S(0x009), S(0x00a), S(0x00b), S(0x00c), S(0x00d), S(0x00e), S(0x00f),
+S(0x010), S(0x011), S(0x012), S(0x013), S(0x014), S(0x015), S(0x016), S(0x017),
+S(0x018), S(0x019), S(0x01a), S(0x01b), S(0x01c), S(0x01d), S(0x01e), S(0x01f),
+S(0x020), S(0x021), S(0x022), S(0x023), S(0x024), S(0x025), S(0x026), S(0x027),
+S(0x028), S(0x029), S(0x02a), S(0x02b), S(0x02c), S(0x02d), S(0x02e), S(0x02f),
+S(0x030), S(0x031), S(0x032), S(0x033), S(0x034), S(0x035), S(0x036), S(0x037),
+S(0x038), S(0x039), S(0x03a), S(0x03b), S(0x03c), S(0x03d), S(0x03e), S(0x03f),
+S(0x040), S(0x041), S(0x042), S(0x043), S(0x044), S(0x045), S(0x046), S(0x047),
+S(0x048), S(0x049), S(0x04a), S(0x04b), S(0x04c), S(0x04d), S(0x04e), S(0x04f),
+S(0x050), S(0x051), S(0x052), S(0x053), S(0x054), S(0x055), S(0x056), S(0x057),
+S(0x058), S(0x059), S(0x05a), S(0x05b), S(0x05c), S(0x05d), S(0x05e), S(0x05f),
+S(0x060), S(0x061), S(0x062), S(0x063), S(0x064), S(0x065), S(0x066), S(0x067),
+S(0x068), S(0x069), S(0x06a), S(0x06b), S(0x06c), S(0x06d), S(0x06e), S(0x06f),
+S(0x070), S(0x071), S(0x072), S(0x073), S(0x074), S(0x075), S(0x076), S(0x077),
+S(0x078), S(0x079), S(0x07a), S(0x07b), S(0x07c), S(0x07d), S(0x07e), S(0x07f),
+S(0x080), S(0x081), S(0x082), S(0x083), S(0x084), S(0x085), S(0x086), S(0x087),
+S(0x088), S(0x089), S(0x08a), S(0x08b), S(0x08c), S(0x08d), S(0x08e), S(0x08f),
+S(0x090), S(0x091), S(0x092), S(0x093), S(0x094), S(0x095), S(0x096), S(0x097),
+S(0x098), S(0x099), S(0x09a), S(0x09b), S(0x09c), S(0x09d), S(0x09e), S(0x09f),
+S(0x0a0), S(0x0a1), S(0x0a2), S(0x0a3), S(0x0a4), S(0x0a5), S(0x0a6), S(0x0a7),
+S(0x0a8), S(0x0a9), S(0x0aa), S(0x0ab), S(0x0ac), S(0x0ad), S(0x0ae), S(0x0af),
+S(0x0b0), S(0x0b1), S(0x0b2), S(0x0b3), S(0x0b4), S(0x0b5), S(0x0b6), S(0x0b7),
+S(0x0b8), S(0x0b9), S(0x0ba), S(0x0bb), S(0x0bc), S(0x0bd), S(0x0be), S(0x0bf),
+S(0x0c0), S(0x0c1), S(0x0c2), S(0x0c3), S(0x0c4), S(0x0c5), S(0x0c6), S(0x0c7),
+S(0x0c8), S(0x0c9), S(0x0ca), S(0x0cb), S(0x0cc), S(0x0cd), S(0x0ce), S(0x0cf),
+S(0x0d0), S(0x0d1), S(0x0d2), S(0x0d3), S(0x0d4), S(0x0d5), S(0x0d6), S(0x0d7),
+S(0x0d8), S(0x0d9), S(0x0da), S(0x0db), S(0x0dc), S(0x0dd), S(0x0de), S(0x0df),
+S(0x0e0), S(0x0e1), S(0x0e2), S(0x0e3), S(0x0e4), S(0x0e5), S(0x0e6), S(0x0e7),
+S(0x0e8), S(0x0e9), S(0x0ea), S(0x0eb), S(0x0ec), S(0x0ed), S(0x0ee), S(0x0ef),
+S(0x0f0), S(0x0f1), S(0x0f2), S(0x0f3), S(0x0f4), S(0x0f5), S(0x0f6), S(0x0f7),
+S(0x0f8), S(0x0f9), S(0x0fa), S(0x0fb), S(0x0fc), S(0x0fd), S(0x0fe), S(0x0ff),
+S(0x100), S(0x101), S(0x102), S(0x103), S(0x104), S(0x105), S(0x106), S(0x107),
+S(0x108), S(0x109), S(0x10a), S(0x10b), S(0x10c), S(0x10d), S(0x10e), S(0x10f),
+S(0x110), S(0x111), S(0x112), S(0x113), S(0x114), S(0x115), S(0x116), S(0x117),
+S(0x118), S(0x119), S(0x11a), S(0x11b), S(0x11c), S(0x11d), S(0x11e), S(0x11f),
+S(0x120), S(0x121), S(0x122), S(0x123), S(0x124), S(0x125), S(0x126), S(0x127),
+S(0x128), S(0x129), S(0x12a), S(0x12b), S(0x12c), S(0x12d), S(0x12e), S(0x12f),
+S(0x130), S(0x131), S(0x132), S(0x133), S(0x134), S(0x135), S(0x136), S(0x137),
+S(0x138), S(0x139), S(0x13a), S(0x13b), S(0x13c), S(0x13d), S(0x13e), S(0x13f),
+S(0x140), S(0x141), S(0x142), S(0x143), S(0x144), S(0x145), S(0x146), S(0x147),
+S(0x148), S(0x149), S(0x14a), S(0x14b), S(0x14c), S(0x14d), S(0x14e), S(0x14f),
+S(0x150), S(0x151), S(0x152), S(0x153), S(0x154), S(0x155), S(0x156), S(0x157),
+S(0x158), S(0x159), S(0x15a), S(0x15b), S(0x15c), S(0x15d), S(0x15e), S(0x15f),
+S(0x160), S(0x161), S(0x162), S(0x163), S(0x164), S(0x165), S(0x166), S(0x167),
+S(0x168), S(0x169), S(0x16a), S(0x16b), S(0x16c), S(0x16d), S(0x16e), S(0x16f),
+S(0x170), S(0x171), S(0x172), S(0x173), S(0x174), S(0x175), S(0x176), S(0x177),
+S(0x178), S(0x179), S(0x17a), S(0x17b), S(0x17c), S(0x17d), S(0x17e), S(0x17f),
+S(0x180), S(0x181), S(0x182), S(0x183), S(0x184), S(0x185), S(0x186), S(0x187),
+S(0x188), S(0x189), S(0x18a), S(0x18b), S(0x18c), S(0x18d), S(0x18e), S(0x18f),
+S(0x190), S(0x191), S(0x192), S(0x193), S(0x194), S(0x195), S(0x196), S(0x197),
+S(0x198), S(0x199), S(0x19a), S(0x19b), S(0x19c), S(0x19d), S(0x19e), S(0x19f),
+S(0x1a0), S(0x1a1), S(0x1a2), S(0x1a3), S(0x1a4), S(0x1a5), S(0x1a6), S(0x1a7),
+S(0x1a8), S(0x1a9), S(0x1aa), S(0x1ab), S(0x1ac), S(0x1ad), S(0x1ae), S(0x1af),
+S(0x1b0), S(0x1b1), S(0x1b2), S(0x1b3), S(0x1b4), S(0x1b5), S(0x1b6), S(0x1b7),
+S(0x1b8), S(0x1b9), S(0x1ba), S(0x1bb), S(0x1bc), S(0x1bd), S(0x1be), S(0x1bf),
+S(0x1c0), S(0x1c1), S(0x1c2), S(0x1c3), S(0x1c4), S(0x1c5), S(0x1c6), S(0x1c7),
+S(0x1c8), S(0x1c9), S(0x1ca), S(0x1cb), S(0x1cc), S(0x1cd), S(0x1ce), S(0x1cf),
+S(0x1d0), S(0x1d1), S(0x1d2), S(0x1d3), S(0x1d4), S(0x1d5), S(0x1d6), S(0x1d7),
+S(0x1d8), S(0x1d9), S(0x1da), S(0x1db), S(0x1dc), S(0x1dd), S(0x1de), S(0x1df),
+S(0x1e0), S(0x1e1), S(0x1e2), S(0x1e3), S(0x1e4), S(0x1e5), S(0x1e6), S(0x1e7),
+S(0x1e8), S(0x1e9), S(0x1ea), S(0x1eb), S(0x1ec), S(0x1ed), S(0x1ee), S(0x1ef),
+S(0x1f0), S(0x1f1), S(0x1f2), S(0x1f3), S(0x1f4), S(0x1f5), S(0x1f6), S(0x1f7),
+S(0x1f8), S(0x1f9), S(0x1fa), S(0x1fb), S(0x1fc), S(0x1fd), S(0x1fe), S(0x1ff),
+S(0x200), S(0x201), S(0x202), S(0x203), S(0x204), S(0x205), S(0x206), S(0x207),
+S(0x208), S(0x209), S(0x20a), S(0x20b), S(0x20c), S(0x20d), S(0x20e), S(0x20f),
+S(0x210), S(0x211), S(0x212), S(0x213), S(0x214), S(0x215), S(0x216), S(0x217),
+S(0x218), S(0x219), S(0x21a), S(0x21b), S(0x21c), S(0x21d), S(0x21e), S(0x21f),
+S(0x220), S(0x221), S(0x222), S(0x223), S(0x224), S(0x225), S(0x226), S(0x227),
+S(0x228), S(0x229), S(0x22a), S(0x22b), S(0x22c), S(0x22d), S(0x22e), S(0x22f),
+S(0x230), S(0x231), S(0x232), S(0x233), S(0x234), S(0x235), S(0x236), S(0x237),
+S(0x238), S(0x239), S(0x23a), S(0x23b), S(0x23c), S(0x23d), S(0x23e), S(0x23f),
+S(0x240), S(0x241), S(0x242), S(0x243), S(0x244), S(0x245), S(0x246), S(0x247),
+S(0x248), S(0x249), S(0x24a), S(0x24b), S(0x24c), S(0x24d), S(0x24e), S(0x24f),
+S(0x250), S(0x251), S(0x252), S(0x253), S(0x254), S(0x255), S(0x256), S(0x257),
+S(0x258), S(0x259), S(0x25a), S(0x25b), S(0x25c), S(0x25d), S(0x25e), S(0x25f),
+S(0x260), S(0x261), S(0x262), S(0x263), S(0x264), S(0x265), S(0x266), S(0x267),
+S(0x268), S(0x269), S(0x26a), S(0x26b), S(0x26c), S(0x26d), S(0x26e), S(0x26f),
+S(0x270), S(0x271), S(0x272), S(0x273), S(0x274), S(0x275), S(0x276), S(0x277),
+S(0x278), S(0x279), S(0x27a), S(0x27b), S(0x27c), S(0x27d), S(0x27e), S(0x27f),
+S(0x280), S(0x281), S(0x282), S(0x283), S(0x284), S(0x285), S(0x286), S(0x287),
+S(0x288), S(0x289), S(0x28a), S(0x28b), S(0x28c), S(0x28d), S(0x28e), S(0x28f),
+S(0x290), S(0x291), S(0x292), S(0x293), S(0x294), S(0x295), S(0x296), S(0x297),
+S(0x298), S(0x299), S(0x29a), S(0x29b), S(0x29c), S(0x29d), S(0x29e), S(0x29f),
+S(0x2a0), S(0x2a1), S(0x2a2), S(0x2a3), S(0x2a4), S(0x2a5), S(0x2a6), S(0x2a7),
+S(0x2a8), S(0x2a9), S(0x2aa), S(0x2ab), S(0x2ac), S(0x2ad), S(0x2ae), S(0x2af),
+S(0x2b0), S(0x2b1), S(0x2b2), S(0x2b3), S(0x2b4), S(0x2b5), S(0x2b6), S(0x2b7),
+S(0x2b8), S(0x2b9), S(0x2ba), S(0x2bb), S(0x2bc), S(0x2bd), S(0x2be), S(0x2bf),
+S(0x2c0), S(0x2c1), S(0x2c2), S(0x2c3), S(0x2c4), S(0x2c5), S(0x2c6), S(0x2c7),
+S(0x2c8), S(0x2c9), S(0x2ca), S(0x2cb), S(0x2cc), S(0x2cd), S(0x2ce), S(0x2cf),
+S(0x2d0), S(0x2d1), S(0x2d2), S(0x2d3), S(0x2d4), S(0x2d5), S(0x2d6), S(0x2d7),
+S(0x2d8), S(0x2d9), S(0x2da), S(0x2db), S(0x2dc), S(0x2dd), S(0x2de), S(0x2df),
+S(0x2e0), S(0x2e1), S(0x2e2), S(0x2e3), S(0x2e4), S(0x2e5), S(0x2e6), S(0x2e7),
+S(0x2e8), S(0x2e9), S(0x2ea), S(0x2eb), S(0x2ec), S(0x2ed), S(0x2ee), S(0x2ef),
+S(0x2f0), S(0x2f1), S(0x2f2), S(0x2f3), S(0x2f4), S(0x2f5), S(0x2f6), S(0x2f7),
+S(0x2f8), S(0x2f9), S(0x2fa), S(0x2fb), S(0x2fc), S(0x2fd), S(0x2fe), S(0x2ff),
+S(0x300), S(0x301), S(0x302), S(0x303), S(0x304), S(0x305), S(0x306), S(0x307),
+S(0x308), S(0x309), S(0x30a), S(0x30b), S(0x30c), S(0x30d), S(0x30e), S(0x30f),
+S(0x310), S(0x311), S(0x312), S(0x313), S(0x314), S(0x315), S(0x316), S(0x317),
+S(0x318), S(0x319), S(0x31a), S(0x31b), S(0x31c), S(0x31d), S(0x31e), S(0x31f),
+S(0x320), S(0x321), S(0x322), S(0x323), S(0x324), S(0x325), S(0x326), S(0x327),
+S(0x328), S(0x329), S(0x32a), S(0x32b), S(0x32c), S(0x32d), S(0x32e), S(0x32f),
+S(0x330), S(0x331), S(0x332), S(0x333), S(0x334), S(0x335), S(0x336), S(0x337),
+S(0x338), S(0x339), S(0x33a), S(0x33b), S(0x33c), S(0x33d), S(0x33e), S(0x33f),
+S(0x340), S(0x341), S(0x342), S(0x343), S(0x344), S(0x345), S(0x346), S(0x347),
+S(0x348), S(0x349), S(0x34a), S(0x34b), S(0x34c), S(0x34d), S(0x34e), S(0x34f),
+S(0x350), S(0x351), S(0x352), S(0x353), S(0x354), S(0x355), S(0x356), S(0x357),
+S(0x358), S(0x359), S(0x35a), S(0x35b), S(0x35c), S(0x35d), S(0x35e), S(0x35f),
+S(0x360), S(0x361), S(0x362), S(0x363), S(0x364), S(0x365), S(0x366), S(0x367),
+S(0x368), S(0x369), S(0x36a), S(0x36b), S(0x36c), S(0x36d), S(0x36e), S(0x36f),
+S(0x370), S(0x371), S(0x372), S(0x373), S(0x374), S(0x375), S(0x376), S(0x377),
+S(0x378), S(0x379), S(0x37a), S(0x37b), S(0x37c), S(0x37d), S(0x37e), S(0x37f),
+S(0x380), S(0x381), S(0x382), S(0x383), S(0x384), S(0x385), S(0x386), S(0x387),
+S(0x388), S(0x389), S(0x38a), S(0x38b), S(0x38c), S(0x38d), S(0x38e), S(0x38f),
+S(0x390), S(0x391), S(0x392), S(0x393), S(0x394), S(0x395), S(0x396), S(0x397),
+S(0x398), S(0x399), S(0x39a), S(0x39b), S(0x39c), S(0x39d), S(0x39e), S(0x39f),
+S(0x3a0), S(0x3a1), S(0x3a2), S(0x3a3), S(0x3a4), S(0x3a5), S(0x3a6), S(0x3a7),
+S(0x3a8), S(0x3a9), S(0x3aa), S(0x3ab), S(0x3ac), S(0x3ad), S(0x3ae), S(0x3af),
+S(0x3b0), S(0x3b1), S(0x3b2), S(0x3b3), S(0x3b4), S(0x3b5), S(0x3b6), S(0x3b7),
+S(0x3b8), S(0x3b9), S(0x3ba), S(0x3bb), S(0x3bc), S(0x3bd), S(0x3be), S(0x3bf),
+S(0x3c0), S(0x3c1), S(0x3c2), S(0x3c3), S(0x3c4), S(0x3c5), S(0x3c6), S(0x3c7),
+S(0x3c8), S(0x3c9), S(0x3ca), S(0x3cb), S(0x3cc), S(0x3cd), S(0x3ce), S(0x3cf),
+S(0x3d0), S(0x3d1), S(0x3d2), S(0x3d3), S(0x3d4), S(0x3d5), S(0x3d6), S(0x3d7),
+S(0x3d8), S(0x3d9), S(0x3da), S(0x3db), S(0x3dc), S(0x3dd), S(0x3de), S(0x3df),
+S(0x3e0), S(0x3e1), S(0x3e2), S(0x3e3), S(0x3e4), S(0x3e5), S(0x3e6), S(0x3e7),
+S(0x3e8), S(0x3e9), S(0x3ea), S(0x3eb), S(0x3ec), S(0x3ed), S(0x3ee), S(0x3ef),
+S(0x3f0), S(0x3f1), S(0x3f2), S(0x3f3), S(0x3f4), S(0x3f5), S(0x3f6), S(0x3f7),
+S(0x3f8), S(0x3f9), S(0x3fa), S(0x3fb), S(0x3fc), S(0x3fd), S(0x3fe), S(0x3ff)
+};
+#endif  /* MAKE_IDENTITY_MAP */
+
+/*
+** Kernel address mappings, present in every page table
+*/
+mapping_t kmap[] = {
+	// va                pa_start     pa_end       perms
+	{ KERN_BASE,         0,           EXT_BASE,    PDE_RW },
+	{ KERN_VLINK,        KERN_PLINK,  V2P(_data),  0      },
+	{ (uint32_t) _data,  V2P(_data),  KERN_BASE,   PDE_RW },
+	{ DEV_BASE,          DEV_BASE,    0,           PDE_RW }
+};
+const uint_t n_kmap = sizeof(kmap) / sizeof(kmap[0]);
diff --git a/lib/Make.mk b/lib/Make.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f8de2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Make.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#
+# Makefile fragment for the library components of the system.
+# 
+# THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE Makefile - run GNU make in the top-level
+# directory, and this will be pulled in automatically.
+#
+
+SUBDIRS += lib
+
+###################
+#  FILES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+#
+# library file lists
+#
+
+# "common" library functions, used by kernel and users
+CLIB_SRC := lib/bound.c lib/cvtdec.c lib/cvtdec0.c \
+	lib/cvthex.c lib/cvtoct.c lib/cvtuns.c \
+	lib/cvtuns0.c lib/memclr.c lib/memcpy.c \
+	lib/memset.c lib/pad.c lib/padstr.c \
+	lib/sprint.c lib/str2int.c lib/strcat.c \
+	lib/strcmp.c lib/strcpy.c lib/strlen.c
+
+# user-only library functions
+ULIB_SRC := lib/ulibc.c lib/ulibs.S lib/entry.S
+
+# kernel-only library functions
+KLIB_SRC := lib/klibc.c
+
+# lists of object files
+CLIB_OBJ:= $(patsubst lib/%.c, $(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o, $(CLIB_SRC))
+
+ULIB_OBJ:= $(patsubst lib/%.c, $(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o, $(ULIB_SRC))
+ULIB_OBJ:= $(patsubst lib/%.S, $(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o, $(ULIB_OBJ))
+
+KLIB_OBJ := $(patsubst lib/%.c, $(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o, $(KLIB_SRC))
+KLIB_OBJ := $(patsubst lib/%.S, $(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o, $(KLIB_OBJ))
+
+# library file names
+CLIB_NAME := libcommon.a
+ULIB_NAME := libuser.a
+KLIB_NAME := libkernel.a
+
+###################
+#  RULES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+# how to make everything
+lib:	$(BUILDDIR)/lib/$(CLIB_NAME) \
+	$(BUILDDIR)/lib/$(KLIB_NAME) \
+	$(BUILDDIR)/lib/$(ULIB_NAME)
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o:	lib/%.c $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/lib/%.o:	lib/%.S $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CPP) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $(@D)/$*.s $<
+	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $(@D)/$*.s -a=$(@D)/$*.lst
+	$(RM) -f $(@D)/$*.s
+	$(NM) -n $@ > $(@D)/$*.sym
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/lib/$(CLIB_NAME):	$(CLIB_OBJ)
+	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $(CLIB_OBJ)
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/lib/$(ULIB_NAME):	$(ULIB_OBJ)
+	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $(ULIB_OBJ)
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/lib/$(KLIB_NAME):	$(KLIB_OBJ)
+	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $(KLIB_OBJ)
diff --git a/lib/bound.c b/lib/bound.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f086473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bound.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/**
+** @file	bound.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef BOUND_SRC_INC
+#define BOUND_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** bound(min,value,max)
+**
+** This function confines an argument within specified bounds.
+**
+** @param min    Lower bound
+** @param value  Value to be constrained
+** @param max    Upper bound
+**
+** @return The constrained value
+*/
+uint32_t bound( uint32_t min, uint32_t value, uint32_t max ) {
+	if( value < min ){
+		value = min;
+	}
+	if( value > max ){
+		value = max;
+	}
+	return value;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/cvtdec.c b/lib/cvtdec.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..216f147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cvtdec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/**
+** @file	cvtdec.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef CVTDEC_SRC_INC
+#define CVTDEC_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** cvtdec(buf,value)
+**
+** convert a 32-bit signed value into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Destination buffer
+** @param value  Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvtdec( char *buf, int32_t value ) {
+	char *bp = buf;
+
+	if( value < 0 ) {
+		*bp++ = '-';
+		value = -value;
+	}
+
+	bp = cvtdec0( bp, value );
+	*bp  = '\0';
+
+	return( bp - buf );
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/cvtdec0.c b/lib/cvtdec0.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87792e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cvtdec0.c
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+** @file	cvtdec0.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef CVTDEC0_SRC_INC
+#define CVTDEC0_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** cvtdec0(buf,value) - local support routine for cvtdec()
+**
+** convert a 32-bit unsigned integer into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Destination buffer
+** @param value  Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+char *cvtdec0( char *buf, int value ) {
+	int quotient;
+
+	quotient = value / 10;
+	if( quotient < 0 ) {
+		quotient = 214748364;
+		value = 8;
+	}
+	if( quotient != 0 ) {
+		buf = cvtdec0( buf, quotient );
+	}
+	*buf++ = value % 10 + '0';
+	return buf;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/cvthex.c b/lib/cvthex.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f3da19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cvthex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/**
+** @file	cvthex.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef CVTHEX_SRC_INC
+#define CVTHEX_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** cvthex(buf,value)
+**
+** convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a minimal-length (up to
+** 8-character) NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Destination buffer
+** @param value  Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvthex( char *buf, uint32_t value ) {
+	const char hexdigits[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+	int chars_stored = 0;
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < 8; i += 1 ) {
+		uint32_t val = value & 0xf0000000;
+		if( chars_stored || val != 0 || i == 7 ) {
+			++chars_stored;
+			val = (val >> 28) & 0xf;
+			*buf++ = hexdigits[val];
+		}
+		value <<= 4;
+	}
+
+	*buf = '\0';
+
+	return( chars_stored );
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/cvtoct.c b/lib/cvtoct.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dafd8ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cvtoct.c
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+** @file	cvtoct.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef CVTOCT_SRC_INC
+#define CVTOCT_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** cvtoct(buf,value)
+**
+** convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a mininal-length (up to
+** 11-character) NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf   Destination buffer
+** @param value Value to convert
+**
+** @return The number of characters placed into the buffer
+**          (not including the NUL)
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvtoct( char *buf, uint32_t value ) {
+	int i;
+	int chars_stored = 0;
+	char *bp = buf;
+	uint32_t val;
+
+	val = ( value & 0xc0000000 );
+	val >>= 30;
+	for( i = 0; i < 11; i += 1 ){
+
+		if( i == 10 || val != 0 || chars_stored ) {
+			chars_stored = 1;
+			val &= 0x7;
+			*bp++ = val + '0';
+		}
+		value <<= 3;
+		val = ( value & 0xe0000000 );
+		val >>= 29;
+	}
+	*bp = '\0';
+
+	return bp - buf;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/cvtuns.c b/lib/cvtuns.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0a686a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cvtuns.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/**
+** @file	cvtuns.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef CVTUNS_SRC_INC
+#define CVTUNS_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** cvtuns(buf,value)
+**
+** Convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Result buffer
+** @param value  Value to be converted
+**
+** @return Length of the resulting buffer
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+int cvtuns( char *buf, uint32_t value ) {
+	char    *bp = buf;
+
+	bp = cvtuns0( bp, value );
+	*bp = '\0';
+
+	return bp - buf;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/cvtuns0.c b/lib/cvtuns0.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a63573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/cvtuns0.c
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/**
+** @file	cvtuns0.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef CVTUNS0_SRC_INC
+#define CVTUNS0_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** cvtuns0(buf,value) - local support routine for cvtuns()
+**
+** Convert a 32-bit unsigned value into a NUL-terminated character string
+**
+** @param buf    Result buffer
+** @param value  Value to be converted
+**
+** @return Pointer to the first unused byte in the buffer
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes buf is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+char *cvtuns0( char *buf, uint32_t value ) {
+	uint32_t quotient;
+
+	quotient = value / 10;
+	if( quotient != 0 ){
+		buf = cvtdec0( buf, quotient );
+	}
+	*buf++ = value % 10 + '0';
+	return buf;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/entry.S b/lib/entry.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87ad9c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/entry.S
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// user-level startup routine
+//
+	.text
+	.globl _start
+	.globl	main
+	.globl	exit
+
+// entry point - this is where the kernel starts us running
+_start:
+	// we immediately call main()
+	call main
+
+	// if we come back from that, it means the user
+	// program didn't call exit(), in which case the
+	// value returned from main() is the exit status
+
+	// push that value onto the stack and call exit()
+	subl	$12, %esp
+	pushl	%eax
+	call	exit
+
+	// if we come back from that, something bad has
+	// happened, so we just lock up
+1:	jmp 1b
diff --git a/lib/klibc.c b/lib/klibc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ded0c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/klibc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/*
+** @file klibc.c
+**
+** @author  Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Additional support functions for the kernel.
+**
+*/
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <klib.h>
+#include <cio.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+#include <support.h>
+
+/**
+** Name:    put_char_or_code( ch )
+**
+** Description: Prints a character on the console, unless it
+** is a non-printing character, in which case its hex code
+** is printed
+**
+** @param ch    The character to be printed
+*/
+void put_char_or_code( int ch ) {
+
+	if( ch >= ' ' && ch < 0x7f ) {
+		cio_putchar( ch );
+	} else {
+		cio_printf( "\\x%02x", ch );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:    backtrace
+**
+** Perform a stack backtrace
+**
+** @param ebp   Initial EBP to use
+** @param args  Number of function argument values to print
+*/
+void backtrace( uint32_t *ebp, uint_t args ) {
+
+	cio_puts( "Trace:  " );
+	if( ebp == NULL ) {
+		cio_puts( "NULL ebp, no trace possible\n" );
+		return;
+	} else {
+		cio_putchar( '\n' );
+	}
+
+	while( ebp != NULL ){
+
+		// get return address and report it and EBP
+		uint32_t ret = ebp[1];
+		cio_printf( " ebp %08x ret %08x args", (uint32_t) ebp, ret );
+
+		// print the requested number of function arguments
+		for( uint_t i = 0; i < args; ++i ) {
+			cio_printf( " [%u] %08x", i+1, ebp[2+i] );
+		}
+		cio_putchar( '\n' );
+
+		// follow the chain
+		ebp = (uint32_t *) *ebp;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** kpanic - kernel-level panic routine
+**
+** usage:  kpanic( msg )
+**
+** Prefix routine for panic() - can be expanded to do other things
+** (e.g., printing a stack traceback)
+**
+** @param msg[in]  String containing a relevant message to be printed,
+**				   or NULL
+*/
+void kpanic( const char *msg ) {
+
+	cio_puts( "\n\n***** KERNEL PANIC *****\n\n" );
+
+	if( msg ) {
+		cio_printf( "%s\n", msg );
+	}
+
+	delay( DELAY_5_SEC );   // approximately
+
+	// dump a bunch of potentially useful information
+
+	// dump the contents of the current PCB
+	pcb_dump( "Current", current, true );
+
+	// dump the basic info about what's in the process table
+	ptable_dump_counts();
+
+	// dump information about the queues
+	pcb_queue_dump( "R", ready, true );
+	pcb_queue_dump( "W", waiting, true );
+	pcb_queue_dump( "S", sleeping, true );
+	pcb_queue_dump( "Z", zombie, true );
+	pcb_queue_dump( "I", sioread, true );
+
+	// perform a stack backtrace
+	backtrace( (uint32_t *) r_ebp(), 3 );
+
+	// could dump other stuff here, too
+
+	panic( "KERNEL PANIC" );
+}
diff --git a/lib/memclr.c b/lib/memclr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..490fc6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/memclr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/**
+** @file	memclr.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef MEMCLR_SRC_INC
+#define MEMCLR_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** memclr(buf,len)
+**
+** Initialize all bytes of a block of memory to zero
+**
+** @param buf    The buffer to initialize
+** @param len    Buffer size (in bytes)
+*/
+void memclr( void *buf, register uint32_t len ) {
+	register uint8_t *dest = buf;
+
+	/*
+	** We could speed this up by unrolling it and clearing
+	** words at a time (instead of bytes).
+	*/
+
+	while( len-- ) {
+			*dest++ = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/memcpy.c b/lib/memcpy.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5add26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/memcpy.c
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+** @file	memcpy.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef MEMCPY_SRC_INC
+#define MEMCPY_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** memcpy(dst,src,len)
+**
+** Copy a block from one place to another
+**
+** May not correctly deal with overlapping buffers
+**
+** @param dst   Destination buffer
+** @param src   Source buffer
+** @param len   Buffer size (in bytes)
+*/
+void memcpy( void *dst, register const void *src, register uint32_t len ) {
+	register uint8_t *dest = dst;
+	register const uint8_t *source = src;
+
+	/*
+	** We could speed this up by unrolling it and copying
+	** words at a time (instead of bytes).
+	*/
+
+	while( len-- ) {
+		*dest++ = *source++;
+	}
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/memset.c b/lib/memset.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a93815c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/memset.c
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+** @file	memset.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef MEMSET_SRC_INC
+#define MEMSET_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** memset(buf,len,value)
+**
+** initialize all bytes of a block of memory to a specific value
+**
+** @param buf    The buffer to initialize
+** @param len    Buffer size (in bytes)
+** @param value  Initialization value
+*/
+void memset( void *buf, register uint32_t len, register uint32_t value ) {
+	register uint8_t *bp = buf;
+
+	/*
+	** We could speed this up by unrolling it and copying
+	** words at a time (instead of bytes).
+	*/
+
+	while( len-- ) {
+		*bp++ = value;
+	}
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/pad.c b/lib/pad.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5220c99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/pad.c
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/**
+** @file	pad.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef PAD_SRC_INC
+#define PAD_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** pad(dst,extra,padchar) - generate a padding string
+**
+** @param dst     Pointer to where the padding should begin
+** @param extra   How many padding bytes to add
+** @param padchar What character to pad with
+**
+** @return Pointer to the first byte after the padding
+**
+** NOTE: does NOT NUL-terminate the buffer
+*/
+char *pad( char *dst, int extra, int padchar ) {
+	while( extra > 0 ){
+		*dst++ = (char) padchar;
+		extra -= 1;
+	}
+	return dst;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/padstr.c b/lib/padstr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b83229f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/padstr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/**
+** @file	padstr.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef PADSTR_SRC_INC
+#define PADSTR_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** padstr(dst,str,len,width,leftadjust,padchar - add padding characters
+**                                               to a string
+**
+** @param dst        The destination buffer
+** @param str        The string to be padded
+** @param len        The string length, or -1
+** @param width      The desired final length of the string
+** @param leftadjust Should the string be left-justified?
+** @param padchar    What character to pad with
+**
+** @return Pointer to the first byte after the padded string
+**
+** NOTE: does NOT NUL-terminate the buffer
+*/
+char *padstr( char *dst, char *str, int len, int width,
+				int leftadjust, int padchar ) {
+	int extra;
+
+	// determine the length of the string if we need to
+	if( len < 0 ){
+		len = strlen( str );
+	}
+
+	// how much filler must we add?
+	extra = width - len;
+
+	// add filler on the left if we're not left-justifying
+	if( extra > 0 && !leftadjust ){
+		dst = pad( dst, extra, padchar );
+	}
+
+	// copy the string itself
+	for( int i = 0; i < len; ++i ) {
+		*dst++ = str[i];
+	}
+
+	// add filler on the right if we are left-justifying
+	if( extra > 0 && leftadjust ){
+		dst = pad( dst, extra, padchar );
+	}
+
+	return dst;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/sprint.c b/lib/sprint.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2e0a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/sprint.c
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/**
+** @file	sprint.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef SPRINT_SRC_INC
+#define SPRINT_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** sprint(dst,fmt,...) - formatted output into a string buffer
+**
+** @param dst The string buffer
+** @param fmt Format string
+**
+** The format string parameter is followed by zero or more additional
+** parameters which are interpreted according to the format string.
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes the buffer is large enough to hold the result string
+**
+** NOTE:  relies heavily on the x86 parameter passing convention
+** (parameters are pushed onto the stack in reverse order as
+** 32-bit values).
+*/
+void sprint( char *dst, char *fmt, ... ) {
+	int32_t *ap;
+	char buf[ 12 ];
+	char ch;
+	char *str;
+	int leftadjust;
+	int width;
+	int len;
+	int padchar;
+
+	/*
+	** Get characters from the format string and process them
+	**
+	** We use the "old-school" method of handling variable numbers
+	** of parameters.  We assume that parameters are passed on the
+	** runtime stack in consecutive longwords; thus, if the first
+	** parameter is at location 'x', the second is at 'x+4', the
+	** third at 'x+8', etc.  We use a pointer to a 32-bit thing
+	** to point to the next "thing", and interpret it according
+	** to the format string.
+	*/
+	
+	// get the pointer to the first "value" parameter
+	ap = (int *)(&fmt) + 1;
+
+	// iterate through the format string
+	while( (ch = *fmt++) != '\0' ){
+		/*
+		** Is it the start of a format code?
+		*/
+		if( ch == '%' ){
+			/*
+			** Yes, get the padding and width options (if there).
+			** Alignment must come at the beginning, then fill,
+			** then width.
+			*/
+			leftadjust = 0;
+			padchar = ' ';
+			width = 0;
+			ch = *fmt++;
+			if( ch == '-' ){
+				leftadjust = 1;
+				ch = *fmt++;
+			}
+			if( ch == '0' ){
+				padchar = '0';
+				ch = *fmt++;
+			}
+			while( ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' ){
+				width *= 10;
+				width += ch - '0';
+				ch = *fmt++;
+			}
+
+			/*
+			** What data type do we have?
+			*/
+			switch( ch ) {
+
+			case 'c':  // characters are passed as 32-bit values
+				ch = *ap++;
+				buf[ 0 ] = ch;
+				buf[ 1 ] = '\0';
+				dst = padstr( dst, buf, 1, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'd':
+				len = cvtdec( buf, *ap++ );
+				dst = padstr( dst, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 's':
+				str = (char *) (*ap++);
+				dst = padstr( dst, str, -1, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'x':
+				len = cvthex( buf, *ap++ );
+				dst = padstr( dst, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'o':
+				len = cvtoct( buf, *ap++ );
+				dst = padstr( dst, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			case 'u':
+				len = cvtuns( buf, *ap++ );
+				dst = padstr( dst, buf, len, width, leftadjust, padchar );
+				break;
+
+			}
+		} else {
+			// no, it's just an ordinary character
+			*dst++ = ch;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// NUL-terminate the result
+	*dst = '\0';
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/str2int.c b/lib/str2int.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f777d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/str2int.c
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+** @file	str2int.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef STR2INT_SRC_INC
+#define STR2INT_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** str2int(str,base) - convert a string to a number in the specified base
+**
+** @param str   The string to examine
+** @param base  The radix to use in the conversion
+**
+** @return The converted integer
+*/
+int str2int( register const char *str, register int base ) {
+	register int num = 0;
+	register char bchar = '9';
+	int sign = 1;
+
+	// check for leading '-'
+	if( *str == '-' ) {
+		sign = -1;
+		++str;
+	}
+
+	if( base != 10 ) {
+		bchar = '0' + base - 1;
+	}
+
+	// iterate through the characters
+	while( *str ) {
+		if( *str < '0' || *str > bchar )
+			break;
+		num = num * base + *str - '0';
+		++str;
+	}
+
+	// return the converted value
+	return( num * sign );
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/strcat.c b/lib/strcat.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0a8726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/strcat.c
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+** @file	strcat.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef STRCAT_SRC_INC
+#define STRCAT_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** strcat(dst,src) - append one string to another
+**
+** @param dst The destination buffer
+** @param src The source buffer
+**
+** @return The dst parameter
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes dst is large enough to hold the resulting string
+*/
+char *strcat( register char *dst, register const char *src ) {
+	register char *tmp = dst;
+
+	while( *dst )  // find the NUL
+		++dst;
+
+	while( (*dst++ = *src++) )  // append the src string
+		;
+
+	return( tmp );
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/strcmp.c b/lib/strcmp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c59f4f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/strcmp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/**
+** @file	strcmp.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef STRCMP_SRC_INC
+#define STRCMP_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** strcmp(s1,s2) - compare two NUL-terminated strings
+**
+** @param s1 The first source string
+** @param s2 The second source string
+**
+** @return negative if s1 < s2, zero if equal, and positive if s1 > s2
+*/
+int strcmp( register const char *s1, register const char *s2 ) {
+
+	while( *s1 != 0 && (*s1 == *s2) )
+		++s1, ++s2;
+
+	return( *s1 - *s2 );
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/strcpy.c b/lib/strcpy.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..036e4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/strcpy.c
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/**
+** @file	strcpy.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef STRCPY_SRC_INC
+#define STRCPY_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** strcpy(dst,src) - copy a NUL-terminated string
+**
+** @param dst The destination buffer
+** @param src The source buffer
+**
+** @return The dst parameter
+**
+** NOTE:  assumes dst is large enough to hold the copied string
+*/
+char *strcpy( register char *dst, register const char *src ) {
+	register char *tmp = dst;
+
+	while( (*dst++ = *src++) )
+		;
+
+	return( tmp );
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/strlen.c b/lib/strlen.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b41fe69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/strlen.c
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/**
+** @file	strlen.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+*/
+
+#ifndef STRLEN_SRC_INC
+#define STRLEN_SRC_INC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/**
+** strlen(str) - return length of a NUL-terminated string
+**
+** @param str The string to examine
+**
+** @return The length of the string, or 0
+*/
+uint32_t strlen( register const char *str ) {
+	register uint32_t len = 0;
+
+	while( *str++ ) {
+		++len;
+	}
+
+	return( len );
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/ulibc.c b/lib/ulibc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3783a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/ulibc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/**
+** @file	ulibc.c
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of user-level library functions
+*/
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** PUBLIC FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+**********************************************
+** CONVENIENT "SHORTHAND" VERSIONS OF SYSCALLS
+**********************************************
+*/
+
+/**
+** wait - wait for any child to exit
+**
+** usage:   pid = wait(&status)
+**
+** Calls waitpid(0,status)
+**
+** @param status Pointer to int32_t into which the child's status is placed,
+**               or NULL
+**
+** @returns The PID of the terminated child, or an error code
+*/
+int wait( int32_t *status ) {
+	return( waitpid(0,status) );
+}
+
+/**
+** spawn - create a new process running a different program
+**
+** usage:   pid = spawn(what,args);
+**
+** Creates a new process and then execs 'what'
+**
+** @param what  The program table index of the program to spawn
+** @param args  The command-line argument vector for the new process
+**
+** @returns PID of the new process, or an error code
+*/
+int32_t spawn( uint_t what, char **args ) {
+	int32_t pid;
+	char buf[256];
+
+	pid = fork();
+	if( pid != 0 ) {
+		// failure, or we are the parent
+		return( pid );
+	}
+
+	// we are the child
+	pid = getpid();
+
+	// child inherits parent's priority level
+
+	exec( what, args );
+
+	// uh-oh....
+
+	sprint( buf, "Child %d exec() #%u failed\n", pid, what );
+	cwrites( buf );
+
+	exit( EXIT_FAILURE );
+	return( 0 );   // shut the compiler up
+}
+
+/**
+** cwritech(ch) - write a single character to the console
+**
+** @param ch The character to write
+**
+** @returns The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int cwritech( char ch ) {
+	return( write(CHAN_CIO,&ch,1) );
+}
+
+/**
+** cwrites(str) - write a NUL-terminated string to the console
+**
+** @param str The string to write
+**
+*/
+int cwrites( const char *str ) {
+	int len = strlen(str);
+	return( write(CHAN_CIO,str,len) );
+}
+
+/**
+** cwrite(buf,size) - write a sized buffer to the console
+**
+** @param buf  The buffer to write
+** @param size The number of bytes to write
+**
+** @returns The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int cwrite( const char *buf, uint32_t size ) {
+	return( write(CHAN_CIO,buf,size) );
+}
+
+/**
+** swritech(ch) - write a single character to the SIO
+**
+** @param ch The character to write
+**
+** @returns The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int swritech( char ch ) {
+	return( write(CHAN_SIO,&ch,1) );
+}
+
+/**
+** swrites(str) - write a NUL-terminated string to the SIO
+**
+** @param str The string to write
+**
+** @returns The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int swrites( const char *str ) {
+	int len = strlen(str);
+	return( write(CHAN_SIO,str,len) );
+}
+
+/**
+** swrite(buf,size) - write a sized buffer to the SIO
+**
+** @param buf  The buffer to write
+** @param size The number of bytes to write
+**
+** @returns The return value from calling write()
+*/
+int swrite( const char *buf, uint32_t size ) {
+	return( write(CHAN_SIO,buf,size) );
+}
diff --git a/lib/ulibs.S b/lib/ulibs.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46fcb89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/ulibs.S
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/**
+** @file	ulibs.S
+**
+** @author	CSCI-452 class of 20245
+**
+** @brief	assembly-language user-level library functions
+*/
+
+#define	ASM_SRC
+
+// get the system call codes
+
+#include <syscalls.h>
+
+/**
+** System call stubs
+**
+** All have the same structure:
+**
+**      move a code into EAX
+**      generate the interrupt
+**      return to the caller
+**
+** As these are simple "leaf" routines, we don't use
+** the standard enter/leave method to set up a stack
+** frame - that takes time, and we don't really need it.
+**
+** Could be modified to use the UNIX/Linux convention of
+** having the syscall code set the 'C' flag to indicate that
+** the value being returned in %EAX is an error code:
+**
+**	  ...
+**	int	$VEC_SYSCALL
+**	jc	set_errno
+**	ret
+**	  ...
+**
+**	.globl	errno
+** set_errno:
+**	movl	%eax, errno
+**	movl	$-1, %eax
+**	ret
+*/
+
+#define	SYSCALL(name) \
+	.globl	name			; \
+name:					; \
+	movl	$SYS_##name, %eax	; \
+	int	$VEC_SYSCALL	; \
+	ret
+
+/*
+** "real" system calls
+*/
+
+SYSCALL(exit)
+SYSCALL(waitpid)
+SYSCALL(fork)
+SYSCALL(exec)
+SYSCALL(read)
+SYSCALL(write)
+SYSCALL(getpid)
+SYSCALL(getppid)
+SYSCALL(gettime)
+SYSCALL(getprio)
+SYSCALL(setprio)
+SYSCALL(kill)
+SYSCALL(sleep)
+
+/*
+** This is a bogus system call; it's here so that we can test
+** our handling of out-of-range syscall codes in the syscall ISR.
+*/
+SYSCALL(bogus)
+
+/*
+** Other library functions
+*/
+
+/**
+** fake_exit()
+**
+** Dummy "startup" function
+**
+** calls exit(%eax) - serves as the "return to" code for
+** main() functions, in case they don't call exit() themselves
+*/
+
+	.globl	fake_exit
+fake_exit:
+	// alternate: could push a "fake exit" status
+	pushl	%eax	// termination status returned by main()
+	call	exit	// terminate this process
diff --git a/user/Make.mk b/user/Make.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..648de69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/Make.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#
+# Makefile fragment for the user components of the system.
+# 
+# THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE Makefile - run GNU make in the top-level
+# directory, and this will be pulled in automatically.
+#
+
+SUBDIRS += user
+
+###################
+#  FILES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+# order here must match the order of program names in the
+# 'user_e' enum defined in include/userids.h!!!
+USER_SRC := user/init.c user/idle.c user/shell.c \
+	user/progABC.c user/progDE.c user/progFG.c user/progH.c \
+	user/progI.c user/progJ.c user/progKL.c user/progMN.c \
+	user/progP.c user/progQ.c user/progR.c user/progS.c \
+	user/progTUV.c user/progW.c user/progX.c user/progY.c \
+	user/progZ.c
+
+USER_OBJ := $(patsubst %.c, $(BUILDDIR)/%.o, $(USER_SRC))
+
+USER_BIN := $(basename $(USER_SRC))
+USER_BIN := $(addprefix $(BUILDDIR)/, $(USER_BIN))
+
+ULDFLAGS := -T user/user.ld
+ULIBS := -luser -lcommon
+
+###################
+#  RULES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+userland: $(USER_BIN)
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/user/%.o: user/%.c $(BUILDDIR)/.vars.CFLAGS
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/user/%: $(BUILDDIR)/user/%.o
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(LD) $(ULDFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $@.o $(ULIBS)
+	$(OBJDUMP) -S $@ > $@.asm
+	$(NM) -n $@ > $@.sym
+	$(READELF) -a $@ > $@.info
+
+#
+# Remake the "user blob". When this happens, we also generate a new
+# version of the userids.h header file; we don't copy it over the
+# previous version if it is the same, to avoid triggering remakes
+# of the rest of the system.
+#
+user.img:	$(USR_BIN) mkblob
+	./mkblob $(USER_BIN)
+	@./listblob -e $@ > $(BUILDDIR)/new_userids.h
+	-@sh -c 'cmp -s include/userids.h $(BUILDDIR)/new_userids.h || \
+		(cp $(BUILDDIR)/new_userids.h include/userids.h; \
+		echo "\n*** NOTE - updated include/userids.h, rebuild\!" ; \
+		rm -f $(BUILDDIR)/new_userids.h)'
+
+# some debugging assist rules
+user.hex:	user.img
+	hexdump -C $< > $@
diff --git a/user/README b/user/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..548aac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/README
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+This directory contains the source code for all user-level processes,
+split out by main function.
+
+Naming convention:
+
+    idle()      classic 'idle' process; ensures there is always a
+                runnable process to dispatch (vs., for instance, having
+                dispatch() pause when there is nothing to dispatch).
+
+    init()      classic 'init' process; starts the idle process, and
+                starts (and restarts) the user shell program.
+
+    shell()     "user shell" process, for spawning individual tests
+
+    progN()     program source code for user process(es) 'N'
+
+All of these expect at least one command-line argument.  All are invoked
+with command lines of this form:
+
+    name  x  n
+
+Each of these is designed to be compiled and linked separately, with the
+resulting load modules bundled into a blob for automatic loading by the
+bootstrap. Each will typically use one or more library functions from the
+../lib directory.
diff --git a/user/idle.c b/user/idle.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbce885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/idle.c
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** Idle process:  write, getpid, gettime, exit
+**
+** Reports itself, then loops forever delaying and printing a character.
+** MUST NOT SLEEP, as it must always be available in the ready queue 
+** when there is no other process to dispatch.
+**
+** Invoked as:	idle
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	// this is the character we will repeatedly print
+	char ch = '.';
+
+	// ignore the command-line arguments
+	(void) argc;
+	(void) argv;
+
+	// get some current information
+	uint_t pid = getpid();
+	uint32_t now = gettime();
+	enum priority_e prio = getprio();
+
+	char buf[128];
+	sprint( buf, "Idle [%d], started @ %u\n", pid, prio, now );
+	cwrites( buf );
+	
+	// report our presence on the console
+	cwrites( "Idle started\n" );
+
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	// idle() should never block - it must always be available
+	// for dispatching when we need to pick a new current process
+
+	for(;;) {
+		DELAY(LONG);
+		write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+	}
+
+	// we should never reach this point!
+	now = gettime();
+	sprint( buf, "Idle [%d] EXITING @ %u!?!?!\n", pid, now );
+	cwrites( buf );
+
+	exit( 1 );
+
+	return( 42 );
+}
diff --git a/user/init.c b/user/init.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56330b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/init.c
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** Initial process; it starts the other top-level user processes.
+**
+** Prints a message at startup, '+' after each user process is spawned,
+** and '!' before transitioning to wait() mode to the SIO, and
+** startup and transition messages to the console. It also reports
+** each child process it collects via wait() to the console along
+** with that child's exit status.
+*/
+
+/*
+** "Spawn table" process entry. Similar to the one in shell.c, but
+** this version has a field to hold the PID of the spawned process
+** to allow 'init' to respawn it when it terminates.
+*/
+typedef struct proc_s {
+	uint_t index;           // process table index
+	uint_t pid;             // its PID (when spawned)
+	uint8_t e_prio;         // process priority
+	char select[3];         // identifying character, NUL, extra
+	char *args[MAX_ARGS];   // argument vector strings
+} proc_t;
+
+/*
+** Create a spawn table entry for a process with a string literal
+** as its argument buffer.	We rely on the fact that the C standard
+** ensures our array of pointers will be filled out with NULLs
+*/
+#define PROCENT(e,p,s,...) { e, 0, p, s, { __VA_ARGS__ , NULL } }
+
+// sentinel value for the end of the table - must be updated
+// if you have more than 90,210 user programs in the table
+#define	TBLEND	90210
+
+/*
+** This table contains one entry for each process that should be
+** started by 'init'. Typically, this includes the 'idle' process
+** and a 'shell' process.
+*/
+static proc_t spawn_table[] = {
+
+	// the idle process; it runs at Deferred priority,
+	// so it will only be dispatched when there is
+	// nothing else available to be dispatched
+	PROCENT( Idle, PRIO_DEFERRED, "!", "idle", "." ),
+
+	// the user shell
+	PROCENT( Shell, PRIO_STD, "@", "shell" ),
+
+	// PROCENT( 0, 0, 0, 0 )
+	{ TBLEND }
+};
+
+// character to be printed by init when it spawns a process
+static char ch = '+';
+
+/**
+** process - spawn all user processes listed in the supplied table
+**
+** @param proc  pointer to the spawn table entry to be used
+*/
+
+static void process( proc_t *proc )
+{
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// kick off the process
+	int32_t p = fork();
+	if( p < 0 ) {
+
+		// error!
+		sprint( buf, "INIT: fork for #%d failed\n",
+				(uint32_t) (proc->index) );
+		cwrites( buf );
+
+	} else if( p == 0 ) {
+
+		// change child's priority
+		(void) setprio( proc->e_prio );
+
+		// now, send it on its way
+		exec( proc->index, proc->args );
+
+		// uh-oh - should never get here!
+		sprint( buf, "INIT: exec(0x%08x) failed\n",
+				(uint32_t) (proc->index) );
+		cwrites( buf );
+
+	} else {
+
+		// parent just reports that another one was started
+		swritech( ch );
+
+		proc->pid = p;
+
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** The initial user process. Should be invoked with zero or one
+** argument; if provided, the first argument should be the ASCII
+** character 'init' will print to indicate the spawning of a process.
+*/
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// check to see if we got a non-standard "spawn" character
+	if( argc > 1 ) {
+		// maybe - check it to be sure it's printable
+		uint_t i = argv[1][0];
+		if( i > ' ' && i < 0x7f ) {
+			ch = argv[1][0];
+		}
+	}
+
+	cwrites( "Init started\n" );
+
+	// home up, clear on a TVI 925
+	swritech( '\x1a' );
+
+	// wait a bit
+	DELAY(SHORT);
+
+	// a bit of Dante to set the mood :-)
+	swrites( "\n\nSpem relinquunt qui huc intrasti!\n\n\r" );
+
+	/*
+	** Start all the user processes
+	*/
+
+	cwrites( "INIT: starting user processes\n" );
+
+	proc_t *next;
+	for( next = spawn_table; next->index != TBLEND; ++next ) {
+		process( next );
+	}
+
+	swrites( " !!!\r\n\n" );
+
+	/*
+	** At this point, we go into an infinite loop waiting
+	** for our children (direct, or inherited) to exit.
+	*/
+
+	cwrites( "INIT: transitioning to wait() mode\n" );
+
+	for(;;) {
+		int32_t status;
+		int whom = waitpid( 0, &status );
+
+		// PIDs must be positive numbers!
+		if( whom <= 0 ) {
+			sprint( buf, "INIT: waitpid() returned %d???\n", whom );
+			cwrites( buf );
+		} else {
+
+			// got one; report it
+			sprint( buf, "INIT: pid %d exit(%d)\n", whom, status );
+			cwrites( buf );
+
+			// figure out if this is one of ours
+			for( next = spawn_table; next->index != TBLEND; ++next ) {
+				if( next->pid == whom ) {
+					// one of ours - reset the PID field
+					// (in case the spawn attempt fails)
+					next->pid = 0;
+					// and restart it
+					process( next );
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** SHOULD NEVER REACH HERE
+	*/
+
+	cwrites( "*** INIT IS EXITING???\n" );
+	exit( 1 );
+
+	return( 1 );  // shut the compiler up
+}
diff --git a/user/progABC.c b/user/progABC.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f7b6e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progABC.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function main #1:  exit, write
+**
+** Prints its ID, then loops N times delaying and printing, then exits.
+** Verifies the return byte count from each call to write().
+**
+** Invoked as:  main1  x  n
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 30; // default iteration count
+	char ch = '1';	// default character to print
+	char buf[128];	// local char buffer
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "%s: argc %d, args: ", argv[0], argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	int n = swritech( ch );
+	if( n != 1 ) {
+		sprint( buf, "== %c, write #1 returned %d\n", ch, n );
+		cwrites( buf );
+	}
+
+	// iterate and print the required number of other characters
+	for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+		DELAY(STD);
+		n = swritech( ch );
+		if( n != 1 ) {
+			sprint( buf, "== %c, write #2 returned %d\n", ch, n );
+			cwrites( buf );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// all done!
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	// should never reach this code; if we do, something is
+	// wrong with exit(), so we'll report it
+
+	char msg[] = "*1*";
+	msg[1] = ch;
+	n = write( CHAN_SIO, msg, 3 );	  /* shouldn't happen! */
+	if( n != 3 ) {
+		sprint( buf, "User %c, write #3 returned %d\n", ch, n );
+		cwrites( buf );
+	}
+
+	// this should really get us out of here
+	return( 42 );
+}
diff --git a/user/progDE.c b/user/progDE.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1aa0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progDE.c
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function main #2:  write
+**
+** Prints its ID, then loops N times delaying and printing, then returns
+** without calling exit(). Verifies the return byte count from each call
+** to write().
+**
+** Invoked as:  main2  x  n
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int n;
+	int count = 30;	  // default iteration count
+	char ch = '2';	  // default character to print
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "main2: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	n = swritech( ch );
+	if( n != 1 ) {
+		sprint( buf, "== %c, write #1 returned %d\n", ch, n );
+		cwrites( buf );
+	}
+
+	// iterate and print the required number of other characters
+	for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+		DELAY(STD);
+		n = swritech( ch );
+		if( n != 1 ) {
+			sprint( buf, "== %c, write #2 returned %d\n", ch, n );
+			cwrites( buf );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// all done!
+	return( 0 );
+}
diff --git a/user/progFG.c b/user/progFG.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a43ca67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progFG.c
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function main #3:  exit, sleep, write
+**
+** Prints its ID, then loops N times sleeping and printing, then exits.
+**
+** Invoked as:  main3  x  n  s
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count
+**		   s is the sleep time in seconds
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	char ch = '3';	// default character to print
+	int nap = 10;	// default sleep time
+	int count = 30;	// iteration count
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 4:	nap = str2int( argv[3], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "main3: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	int n = swritech( ch );
+	if( n != 1 ) {
+		sprint( buf, "=== %c, write #1 returned %d\n", ch, n );
+		cwrites( buf );
+	}
+
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count ; ++i ) {
+		sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+		write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progH.c b/user/progH.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..386144d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progH.c
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function H:  exit, fork, exec, sleep, write
+**
+** Prints its ID, then spawns 'n' children; exits before they terminate.
+**
+** Invoked as:  userH  x  n
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the number of children to spawn
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int32_t ret = 0;  // return value
+	int count = 5;	  // child count
+	char ch = 'h';	  // default character to print
+	char buf[128];
+	int whom;
+
+	// process the argument(s)
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userH: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	swritech( ch );
+
+	// we spawn user Z and then exit before it can terminate
+	// userZ 'Z' 10
+
+	char *argsz[] = { "userZ", "Z", "10", NULL };
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+
+		// spawn a child
+		whom = spawn( ProgZ, argsz );
+
+		// our exit status is the number of failed spawn() calls
+		if( whom < 0 ) {
+			sprint( buf, "!! %c spawn() failed, returned %d\n", ch, whom );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			ret += 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// yield the CPU so that our child(ren) can run
+	sleep( 0 );
+
+	// announce our departure
+	swritech( ch );
+
+	exit( ret );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progI.c b/user/progI.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c37eddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progI.c
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+#ifndef MAX_CHILDREN
+#define MAX_CHILDREN	50
+#endif
+
+/**
+** User function I:  exit, fork, exec, kill, sleep, waitpid, write
+**
+** Reports, then loops spawing userW, sleeps, kills two children, then
+** loops checking the status of all its children
+**
+** Invoked as:  userI [ x [ n ] ]
+**	 where x is the ID character (defaults to 'i')
+**		   n is the number of children to spawn (defaults to 5)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 5;	  // default child count
+	char ch = 'i';	  // default character to print
+	int nap = 5;	  // nap time
+	char buf[128];
+	char ch2[] = "*?*";
+	uint_t children[MAX_CHILDREN];
+	int nkids = 0;
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	case 1:	// just use the defaults
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userI: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// secondary output (for indicating errors)
+	ch2[1] = ch;
+
+	// announce our presence
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	// set up the argument vector
+	// we run:	userW 10 5
+
+	char *argsw[] = { "userW", "W", "10", "5", NULL };
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+		int whom = spawn( ProgW, argsw );
+		if( whom < 0 ) {
+			swrites( ch2 );
+		} else {
+			swritech( ch );
+			children[nkids++] = whom;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// let the children start
+	sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+
+	// kill two of them
+	int32_t status = kill( children[1] );
+	if( status ) {
+		sprint( buf, "!! %c: kill(%d) status %d\n", ch, children[1], status );
+		cwrites( buf );
+		children[1] = -42;
+	}
+	status = kill( children[3] );
+	if( status ) {
+		sprint( buf, "!! %c: kill(%d) status %d\n", ch, children[3], status );
+		cwrites( buf );
+		children[3] = -42;
+	}
+
+	// collect child information
+	while( 1 ) {
+		int n = waitpid( 0, NULL );
+		if( n == E_NO_CHILDREN ) {
+			// all done!
+			break;
+		}
+		for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+			if( children[i] == n ) {
+				sprint( buf, "== %c: child %d (%d)\n", ch, i, children[i] );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+		}
+		sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+	};
+
+	// let init() clean up after us!
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progJ.c b/user/progJ.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eb4464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progJ.c
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function J:   exit, fork, exec, write
+**
+** Reports, tries to spawn lots of children, then exits
+**
+** Invoked as:  userJ  x  [ n ]
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the number of children to spawn (defaults to 2 * N_PROCS)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 2 * N_PROCS;	// number of children to spawn
+	char ch = 'j';				// default character to print
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userJ: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	// set up the command-line arguments
+	char *argsy[] = { "userY", "Y", "10", NULL };
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count ; ++i ) {
+		int whom = spawn( ProgY, argsy );
+		if( whom < 0 ) {
+			write( CHAN_SIO, "!j!", 3 );
+		} else {
+			write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progKL.c b/user/progKL.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bfb987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progKL.c
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function main #4:  exit, fork, exec, sleep, write
+**
+** Loops, spawning N copies of userX and sleeping between spawns.
+**
+** Invoked as:  main4  x  n
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count (defaults to 5)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 5;			// default iteration count
+	char ch = '4';			// default character to print
+	int nap = 30;			// nap time
+	char msg2[] = "*4*";	// "error" message to print
+	char buf[32];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "main4: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	// argument vector for the processes we will spawn
+	char *arglist[] = { "userX", "X", buf, NULL };
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count ; ++i ) {
+
+		write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+		// second argument to X is 100 plus the iteration number
+		sprint( buf, "%d", 100 + i );
+		int whom = spawn( ProgX, arglist );
+		if( whom < 0 ) {
+			swrites( msg2 );
+		} else {
+			write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+		}
+
+		sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progMN.c b/user/progMN.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38ccd31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progMN.c
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function main #5:  exit, fork, exec, write
+**
+** Iterates spawning copies of userW (and possibly userZ), reporting
+** their PIDs as it goes.
+**
+** Invoked as:  main5  x  n  b
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count
+**		   b is the w&z boolean
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 5;	// default iteration count
+	char ch = '5';	// default character to print
+	int alsoZ = 0;	// also do userZ?
+	char msgw[] = "*5w*";
+	char msgz[] = "*5z*";
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 4:	alsoZ = argv[3][0] == 't';
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "main5: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// update the extra message strings
+	msgw[1] = msgz[1] = ch;
+
+	// announce our presence
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	// set up the argument vector(s)
+
+	// W:  15 iterations, 5-second sleep
+	char *argsw[] = { "userW", "W", "15", "5", NULL };
+
+	// Z:  15 iterations
+	char *argsz[] = { "userZ", "Z", "15", NULL };
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+		write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+		int whom = spawn( ProgW, argsw	);
+		if( whom < 1 ) {
+			swrites( msgw );
+		}
+		if( alsoZ ) {
+			whom = spawn( ProgZ, argsz );
+			if( whom < 1 ) {
+				swrites( msgz );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progP.c b/user/progP.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a264a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progP.c
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#include "common.h"
+
+/**
+** User function P:   exit, sleep, write, gettime
+**
+** Reports itself, then loops reporting itself
+**
+** Invoked as:  userP  x  [ n  [ t ] ]
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count (defaults to 3)
+**		   t is the sleep time (defaults to 2 seconds)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 3;	  // default iteration count
+	char ch = 'p';	  // default character to print
+	int nap = 2;	  // nap time
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 4:	nap = str2int( argv[3], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userP: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	uint32_t now = gettime();
+	sprint( buf, " P@%u", now );
+	swrites( buf );
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+		sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+		write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progQ.c b/user/progQ.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecfcffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progQ.c
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function Q:   exit, write, bogus
+**
+** Reports itself, then tries to execute a bogus system call
+**
+** Invoked as:  userQ  x
+**	 where x is the ID character
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	char ch = 'q';	  // default character to print
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userQ: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	// try something weird
+	bogus();
+
+	// should not have come back here!
+	sprint( buf, "!!!!! %c returned from bogus syscall!?!?!\n", ch );
+	cwrites( buf );
+
+	exit( 1 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progR.c b/user/progR.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d47f6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progR.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function R:   exit, sleep, write, fork, getpid, getppid,
+**
+** Reports itself and its sequence number, along with its PID and
+** its parent's PID. It then delays, forks, delays, reports again,
+** and exits.
+**
+** Invoked as:  userR  x  n  [ s ]
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the sequence number of the initial incarnation
+**		   s is the initial delay time (defaults to 10)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	char ch = 'r';	// default character to print
+	int delay = 10;	// initial delay count
+	int seq = 99;	// my sequence number
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 4:	delay = str2int( argv[3], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 3:	seq = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userR: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** C oddity: a label cannot immediately precede a declaration.
+	**
+	** Declarations are not considered "statements" in C. Prior to
+	** C99, all declarations had to precede any statements inside a
+	** block. Labels can only appear before statements.  C99 allowed
+	** the mixing of declarations and statements, but did not relax
+	** the requirement that labels precede only statements.
+	**
+	** That's why the declarations of these variables occur before the
+	** label, but their initializations occur after the label.
+	**
+	** As the PSA says on TV, "The more you know..." :-)
+	*/
+
+	int32_t pid;
+	int32_t ppid;
+
+ restart:
+
+	// announce our presence
+	pid = getpid();
+	ppid = getppid();
+
+	sprint( buf, " %c[%d,%d,%d]", ch, seq, pid, ppid );
+	swrites( buf );
+
+	sleep( SEC_TO_MS(delay) );
+
+	// create the next child in sequence
+	if( seq < 5 ) {
+		++seq;
+		int32_t n = fork();
+		switch( n ) {
+		case -1:
+			// failure?
+			sprint( buf, "** R[%d] fork code %d\n", pid, n );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			break;
+		case 0:
+			// child
+			goto restart;
+		default:
+			// parent
+			--seq;
+			sleep( SEC_TO_MS(delay) );
+		}
+	}
+
+	// final report - PPID may change, but PID and seq shouldn't
+	pid = getpid();
+	ppid = getppid();
+	sprint( buf, " %c[%d,%d,%d]", ch, seq, pid, ppid );
+	swrites( buf );
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+
+}
diff --git a/user/progS.c b/user/progS.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d220955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progS.c
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function S:   exit, sleep, write
+**
+** Reports itself, then loops forever, sleeping on each iteration
+**
+** Invoked as:  userS  x  [ s ]
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   s is the sleep time (defaults to 20)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	char ch = 's';	  // default character to print
+	int nap = 20;	  // nap time
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	nap = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userS: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	sprint( buf, "userS sleeping %d(%d)\n", nap, SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+	cwrites( buf );
+
+	for(;;) {
+		sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+		write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+	}
+
+	sprint( buf, "!! %c exiting!?!?!?\n", ch );
+	cwrites( buf );
+	exit( 1 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progTUV.c b/user/progTUV.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d5ed49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progTUV.c
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function main #6:  exit, fork, exec, kill, waitpid, sleep, write
+**
+** Reports, then loops spawing userW, sleeps, then waits for or kills
+** all its children.
+**
+** Invoked as:  main6  x  c  b
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   c is the child count
+**		   b is wait/kill indicator ('w', 'W', or 'k')
+*/
+
+#ifndef MAX_CHILDREN
+#define MAX_CHILDREN	50
+#endif
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 3;			// default child count
+	char ch = '6';			// default character to print
+	int nap = 8;			// nap time
+	bool_t waiting = true;	// default is waiting by PID
+	bool_t bypid = true;
+	char buf[128];
+	uint_t children[MAX_CHILDREN];
+	int nkids = 0;
+	char ch2[] = "*?*";
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 4:	waiting = argv[3][0] != 'k';	// 'w'/'W' -> wait, else -> kill
+			bypid   = argv[3][0] != 'w';	// 'W'/'k' -> by PID
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "main6: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// fix the secondary output message (for indicating errors)
+	ch2[1] = ch;
+
+	// announce our presence
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	// set up the argument vector
+	char *argsw[] = { "userW", "W", "10", "5", NULL };
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+		int whom = spawn( ProgW, argsw );
+		if( whom < 0 ) {
+			swrites( ch2 );
+		} else {
+			children[nkids++] = whom;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// let the children start
+	sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+
+	// collect exit status information
+
+	// current child index
+	int n = 0;
+
+	do {
+		int this;
+		int32_t status;
+
+		// are we waiting for or killing it?
+		if( waiting ) {
+			this = waitpid( bypid ? children[n] : 0, &status );
+		} else {
+			// always by PID
+			this = kill( children[n] );
+		}
+
+		// what was the result?
+		if( this < SUCCESS ) {
+
+			// uh-oh - something went wrong
+
+			// "no children" means we're all done
+			if( this != E_NO_CHILDREN ) {
+				if( waiting ) {
+					sprint( buf, "!! %c: waitpid(%d) status %d\n",
+							ch, bypid ? children[n] : 0, this );
+				} else {
+					sprint( buf, "!! %c: kill(%d) status %d\n",
+							ch, children[n], this );
+				}
+			} else {
+				sprint( buf, "!! %c: no children\n", ch );
+			}
+
+			// regardless, we're outta here
+			break;
+
+		} else {
+
+			// locate the child
+			int ix = -1;
+
+			// were we looking by PID?
+			if( bypid ) {
+				// we should have just gotten the one we were looking for
+				if( this != children[n] ) {
+					// uh-oh
+					sprint( buf, "** %c: wait/kill PID %d, got %d\n",
+							ch, children[n], this );
+					cwrites( buf );
+				} else {
+					ix = n;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// either not looking by PID, or the lookup failed somehow
+			if( ix < 0 ) {
+				int i;
+				for( i = 0; i < nkids; ++i ) {
+					if( children[i] == this ) {
+						ix = i;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// if ix == -1, the PID we received isn't in our list of children
+
+			if( ix < 0 ) {
+
+				// didn't find an entry for this PID???
+				sprint( buf, "!! %c: child PID %d term, NOT FOUND\n",
+						ch, this );
+
+			} else {
+
+				// found this PID in our list of children
+				if( ix != n ) {
+					// ... but it's out of sequence
+					sprint( buf, "== %c: child %d (%d,%d) status %d\n",
+							ch, ix, n, this, status );
+				} else {
+					sprint( buf, "== %c: child %d (%d) status %d\n",
+							ch, ix, this, status );
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		cwrites( buf );
+
+		++n;
+
+	} while( n < nkids );
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progW.c b/user/progW.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5903663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progW.c
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function W:   exit, sleep, write, getpid, gettime
+**
+** Reports its presence, then iterates 'n' times printing identifying
+** information and sleeping, before exiting.
+**
+** Invoked as:  userW  x  [ n  [ s ] ]
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count (defaults to 20)
+**		   s is the sleep time (defaults to 3 seconds)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 20;	  // default iteration count
+	char ch = 'w';	  // default character to print
+	int nap = 3;	  // nap length
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 4:	nap = str2int( argv[3], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userW: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	int pid = getpid();
+	uint32_t now = gettime();
+	sprint( buf, " %c[%d,%u]", ch, pid, now );
+	swrites( buf );
+
+	write( CHAN_SIO, &ch, 1 );
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count ; ++i ) {
+		now = gettime();
+		sprint( buf, " %c[%d,%u] ", ch, pid, now );
+		swrites( buf );
+		sleep( SEC_TO_MS(nap) );
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progX.c b/user/progX.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed356b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progX.c
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function X:   exit, write, getpid
+**
+** Prints its PID at start and exit, iterates printing its character
+** N times, and exits with a status of 12.
+**
+** Invoked as:  userX  x  n
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 20;	  // iteration count
+	char ch = 'x';	  // default character to print
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "userX: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	int pid = getpid();
+	sprint( buf, " %c[%d]", ch, pid );
+	swrites( buf );
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count ; ++i ) {
+		swrites( buf );
+		DELAY(STD);
+	}
+
+	exit( 12 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progY.c b/user/progY.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..194f188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progY.c
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function Y:	 exit, sleep, write, getpid
+**
+** Reports its PID, then iterates N times printing 'Yx' and
+** sleeping for one second, then exits.
+**
+** Invoked as:	userY  x  [ n ]
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count (defaults to 10)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 10;	  // default iteration count
+	char ch = 'y';	  // default character to print
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "?: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// report our presence
+	int pid = getpid();
+	sprint( buf, " %c[%d]", ch, pid );
+	swrites( buf );
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < count ; ++i ) {
+		swrites( buf );
+		DELAY(STD);
+		sleep( SEC_TO_MS(1) );
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/progZ.c b/user/progZ.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc394c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/progZ.c
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+/**
+** User function Z:	 exit, sleep, write, getpid
+**
+** Prints its ID, then records PID and PPID, loops printing its ID,
+** and finally re-gets PPID for comparison.  Yields after every second
+** ID print in the loop.
+**
+** This code is used as a handy "spawn me" test routine; it is spawned
+** by several of the standard test processes.
+**
+** Invoked as:	userZ  x  [ n ]
+**	 where x is the ID character
+**		   n is the iteration count (defaults to 10)
+*/
+
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+	int count = 10;	  // default iteration count
+	char ch = 'z';	  // default character to print
+	char buf[128];
+
+	// process the command-line arguments
+	switch( argc ) {
+	case 3:	count = str2int( argv[2], 10 );
+			// FALL THROUGH
+	case 2:	ch = argv[1][0];
+			break;
+	default:
+			sprint( buf, "?: argc %d, args: ", argc );
+			cwrites( buf );
+			for( int i = 0; i <= argc; ++i ) {
+				sprint( buf, " %s", argv[argc] ? argv[argc] : "(null)" );
+				cwrites( buf );
+			}
+			cwrites( "\n" );
+	}
+
+	// announce our presence
+	int pid = getpid();
+	sprint( buf, " %c[%d]", ch, pid );
+	swrites( buf );
+
+	// iterate for a while; occasionally yield the CPU
+	for( int i = 0; i < count ; ++i ) {
+		sprint( buf, " %c[%d]", ch, i );
+		swrites( buf );
+		DELAY(STD);
+		if( i & 1 ) {
+			sleep( 0 );
+		}
+	}
+
+	exit( 0 );
+
+	return( 42 );  // shut the compiler up!
+}
diff --git a/user/shell.c b/user/shell.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5412033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/shell.c
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+#include <common.h>
+
+// should we keep going?
+static bool_t time_to_stop = false;
+
+// number of spawned but uncollected children
+static int children = 0;
+
+/*
+** For the test programs in the baseline system, command-line arguments
+** follow these rules. The first two entries are as follows:
+**
+**	argv[0] the name used to "invoke" this process
+**	argv[1] the "character to print" (identifies the process)
+**
+** Most user programs have one or more additional arguments.
+**
+** See the comment at the beginning of each user-code source file for
+** information on the argument list that code expects.
+*/
+
+/*
+** "Spawn table" process entry. Similar to that in init.c,
+** except this one has no place to store the PID of the child.
+*/
+typedef struct proc_s {
+	uint_t index;           // process table index
+	int8_t prio;            // process priority
+	char select[3];         // identifying character, NUL, extra
+	char *args[MAX_ARGS];   // argument vector strings
+} proc_t;
+
+/*
+** Create a spawn table entry for a process with a string literal
+** as its argument buffer.	We rely on the fact that the C standard
+** ensures our array of pointers will be filled out with NULLs
+*/
+#define PROCENT(e, p, s, ...) { e, p, s, { __VA_ARGS__ , NULL } }
+
+// sentinel value for the end of the table - must be updated
+// if you have more than 90,210 user programs in the table
+#define	TBLEND	90210
+
+/*
+** The spawn table contains entries for processes that are started
+** by the shell.
+*/
+static proc_t spawn_table[] = {
+
+	// Users A-C each run ProgABC, which loops printing its character
+#if defined(SPAWN_A)
+	PROCENT( ProgABC, PRIO_STD, "A", "userA", "A", "30" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_B)
+	PROCENT( ProgABC, PRIO_STD, "B", "userB", "B", "30" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_C)
+	PROCENT( ProgABC, PRIO_STD, "C", "userC", "C", "30" ),
+#endif
+
+	// Users D and E run ProgDE, which is like ProgABC but doesn't exit()
+#if defined(SPAWN_D)
+	PROCENT( ProgDE, PRIO_STD, "D", "userD", "D", "20" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_E)
+	PROCENT( ProgDE, PRIO_STD, "E", "userE", "E", "20" ),
+#endif
+
+	// Users F and G run ProgFG, which sleeps between write() calls
+#if defined(SPAWN_F)
+	PROCENT( ProgFG, PRIO_STD, "F", "userF", "F", "20" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_G)
+	PROCENT( ProgFG, PRIO_STD, "G", "userG", "G", "10" ),
+#endif
+
+	// User H tests reparenting of orphaned children
+#if defined(SPAWN_H)
+	PROCENT( ProgH, PRIO_STD, "H", "userH", "H", "4" ),
+#endif
+
+	// User I spawns several children, kills one, and waits for all
+#if defined(SPAWN_I)
+	PROCENT( ProgI, PRIO_STD, "I", "userI", "I" ),
+#endif
+
+	// User J tries to spawn 2 * N_PROCS children
+#if defined(SPAWN_J)
+	PROCENT( ProgJ, PRIO_STD, "J", "userJ", "J" ),
+#endif
+
+	// Users K and L iterate spawning userX and sleeping
+#if defined(SPAWN_K)
+	PROCENT( ProgKL, PRIO_STD, "K", "userK", "K", "8" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_L)
+	PROCENT( ProgKL, PRIO_STD, "L", "userL", "L", "5" ),
+#endif
+
+	// Users M and N spawn copies of userW and userZ via ProgMN
+#if defined(SPAWN_M)
+	PROCENT( ProgMN, PRIO_STD, "M", "userM", "M", "5", "f" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_N)
+	PROCENT( ProgMN, PRIO_STD, "N", "userN", "N", "5", "t" ),
+#endif
+
+	// There is no user O
+
+	// User P iterates, reporting system time and stats, and sleeping
+#if defined(SPAWN_P)
+	PROCENT( ProgP, PRIO_STD, "P", "userP", "P", "3", "2" ),
+#endif
+
+	// User Q tries to execute a bad system call
+#if defined(SPAWN_Q)
+	PROCENT( ProgQ, PRIO_STD, "Q", "userQ", "Q" ),
+#endif
+
+	// User R reports its PID, PPID, and sequence number; it
+	// calls fork() but not exec(), with each child getting the
+	// next sequence number, to a total of five copies
+#if defined(SPAWN_R)
+	PROCENT( ProgR, PRIO_STD, "R", "userR", "R", "20", "1" ),
+#endif
+
+	// User S loops forever, sleeping 13 sec. on each iteration
+#if defined(SPAWN_S)
+	PROCENT( ProgS, PRIO_STD, "S", "userS", "S", "13" ),
+#endif
+
+	// Users T-V run ProgTUV(); they spawn copies of userW
+	//	 User T waits for any child
+	//	 User U waits for each child by PID
+	//	 User V kills each child
+#if defined(SPAWN_T)
+	PROCENT( ProgTUV, PRIO_STD, "T", "userT", "T", "6", "w" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_U)
+	PROCENT( ProgTUV, PRIO_STD, "U", "userU", "U", "6", "W" ),
+#endif
+#if defined(SPAWN_V)
+	PROCENT( ProgTUV, PRIO_STD, "V", "userV", "V", "6", "k" ),
+#endif
+	
+	// a dummy entry to use as a sentinel
+	{ TBLEND }
+
+	// these processes are spawned by the ones above, and are never
+	// spawned directly.
+
+	// PROCENT( ProgW, PRIO_STD, "?", "userW", "W", "20", "3" ),
+	// PROCENT( ProgX, PRIO_STD, "?", "userX", "X", "20" ),
+	// PROCENT( ProgY, PRIO_STD, "?", "userY", "Y", "10" ),
+	// PROCENT( ProgZ, PRIO_STD, "?", "userZ", "Z", "10" )
+};
+
+/*
+** usage function
+*/
+static void usage( void ) {
+	swrites( "\nTests - run with '@x', where 'x' is one or more of:\n " );
+	proc_t *p = spawn_table;
+	while( p->index != TBLEND ) {
+		swritech( ' ' );
+		swritech( p->select[0] );
+	}
+	swrites( "\nOther commands: @* (all), @h (help), @x (exit)\n" );
+}
+
+/*
+** run a program from the program table, or a builtin command
+*/
+static int run( char which ) {
+	char buf[128];
+	register proc_t *p;
+
+	if( which == 'h' ) {
+
+		// builtin "help" command
+		usage();
+
+	} else if( which == 'x' ) {
+
+		// builtin "exit" command
+		time_to_stop = true;
+
+	} else if( which == '*' ) {
+
+		// torture test! run everything!
+		for( p = spawn_table; p->index != TBLEND; ++p ) {
+			int status = spawn( p->index, p->args );
+			if( status > 0 ) {
+				++children;
+			}
+		}
+
+	} else {
+
+		// must be a single test; find and run it
+		for( p = spawn_table; p->index != TBLEND; ++p ) {
+			if( p->select[0] == which ) {
+				// found it!
+				int status = spawn( p->index, p->args );
+				if( status > 0 ) {
+					++children;
+				}
+				return status;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// uh-oh, made it through the table without finding the program
+		sprint( buf, "shell: unknown cmd '%c'\n", which );
+		swrites( buf );
+		usage();
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+** edit - perform any command-line editing we need to do
+**
+** @param line   Input line buffer
+** @param n      Number of valid bytes in the buffer
+*/
+static int edit( char line[], int n ) {
+	char *ptr = line + n - 1;	// last char in buffer
+
+	// strip the EOLN sequence
+	while( n > 0 ) {
+		if( *ptr == '\n' || *ptr == '\r' ) {
+			--n;
+		} else {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// add a trailing NUL byte
+	if( n > 0 ) {
+		line[n] = '\0';
+	}
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+/**
+** shell - extremely simple shell for spawning test programs
+**
+** Scheduled by _kshell() when the character 'u' is typed on
+** the console keyboard.
+*/
+USERMAIN( main ) {
+
+	// keep the compiler happy
+	(void) argc;
+	(void) argv;
+
+	// report that we're up and running
+	swrites( "Shell is ready\n" );
+
+	// print a summary of the commands we'll accept
+	usage();
+
+	// loop forever
+	while( !time_to_stop ) {
+		char line[128];
+		char *ptr;
+
+		// the shell reads one line from the keyboard, parses it,
+		// and performs whatever command it requests.
+
+		swrites( "\n> " );
+		int n = read( CHAN_SIO, line, sizeof(line) );
+		
+		// shortest valid command is "@?", so must have 3+ chars here
+		if( n < 3 ) {
+			// ignore it
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		// edit it as needed; new shortest command is 2+ chars
+		if( (n=edit(line,n)) < 2 ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		// find the '@'
+		int i = 0;
+		for( ptr = line; i < n; ++i, ++ptr ) {
+			if( *ptr == '@' ) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// did we find an '@'?
+		if( i < n ) {
+
+			// yes; process any commands that follow it
+			++ptr;
+
+			for( ; *ptr != '\0'; ++ptr ) {
+				char buf[128];
+				int pid = run( *ptr );
+
+				if( pid < 0 ) {
+					// spawn() failed
+					sprint( buf, "+++ Shell spawn %c failed, code %d\n",
+							*ptr, pid );
+					cwrites( buf );
+				}
+
+				// should we end it all?
+				if( time_to_stop ) {
+					break;
+				}
+			} // for
+
+			// now, wait for all the spawned children
+			while( children > 0 ) {
+				// wait for the child
+				int32_t status;
+				char buf[128];
+				int whom = waitpid( 0, &status );
+
+				// figure out the result
+				if( whom == E_NO_CHILDREN ) {
+					break;
+				} else if( whom < 1 ) {
+					sprint( buf, "shell: waitpid() returned %d\n", whom );
+				} else {
+					--children;
+					sprint( buf, "shell: PID %d exit status %d\n",
+							whom, status );
+				}
+				// report it
+				swrites( buf );
+			}
+		}  // if i < n
+	}  // while
+
+	cwrites( "!!! shell exited loop???\n" );
+	exit( 1 );
+}
diff --git a/user/user.ld b/user/user.ld
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e31dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/user.ld
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+** Simple linker script for user-level programs.
+*/
+
+OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386", "elf32-i386")
+OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
+ENTRY(_start)
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+	/* user text begins at the second page of the address space */
+	. = 0x1000;
+
+	.text : {
+		KEEP(*(.text .stub .text.* .gnu.linkonce.t.*))
+	}
+
+	/* define some standard symbols */
+	PROVIDE(etext = .);
+	PROVIDE(_etext = .);
+
+	/* read-only data will go at the end of the text section */
+	.rodata : {
+		KEEP(*(.rodata .rodata.* .gnu.linkonce.r.*))
+	}
+
+	/* Align the data segment at the next page boundary */
+	. = ALIGN(0x1000);
+
+	.data : {
+		KEEP(*(.data))
+	}
+
+	PROVIDE(edata = .);
+	PROVIDE(_edata = .);
+
+	/* Page-align the BSS segment */
+	. = ALIGN(0x1000);
+
+	PROVIDE(__bss_start = .);
+
+	.bss : {
+		KEEP(*(.bss))
+	}
+
+	PROVIDE(_end = .);
+
+	/DISCARD/ : {
+		*(.stab .stab_info .stabstr .eh_frame .note.GNU-stack .note.gnu.property .comment)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/util/BuildImage.c b/util/BuildImage.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2124c9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/BuildImage.c
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+/**
+** SCCS ID:	@(#)BuildImage.c	2.2	1/16/25
+**
+** @file	BuildImage.c
+**
+** @author	K. Reek
+** @author	Jon Coles
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+** @author	Garrett C. Smith
+**
+** Modify the bootstrap image to include the information
+** on the programs to be loaded, and produce the file
+** that contains the concatenation of these programs.
+**
+*/
+
+#define	_POSIX_C_SOURCE	200809L
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#define	TRUE	1
+#define	FALSE	0
+
+#define	DRIVE_FLOPPY	0x00
+#define	DRIVE_USB		0x80
+
+#define	SECT_SIZE	512
+
+char *progname;				/* invocation name of this program */
+char *bootstrap_filename;	/* path of file holding bootstrap program */
+char *output_filename;		/* path of disk image file */
+FILE *out;					/* output stream for disk image file */
+short drive = DRIVE_USB;	/* boot drive */
+
+/*
+** Array into which program information will be stored, starting at the
+** end and moving back toward the front.  The array is the same size as
+** a sector, which is guaranteed to be larger than the maximum possible
+** space available for this stuff in the bootstrap image.  Thus, the
+** bootstrap image itself (and the amount of space available on the
+** device) are the only limiting factors on how many program sections
+** can be loaded.
+*/
+
+#define	N_INFO	( SECT_SIZE / sizeof( short ) )
+
+short info[ N_INFO ];
+int n_info = N_INFO;
+
+/**
+** quit with an appropriate message
+**
+** @param msg   NULL, or a message to be printed to stderr
+** @param call_perror  non-zero if perror() should be used; else,
+**                     fprintf() will be used
+**
+** does not return
+*/
+void quit( char *msg, int call_perror ) {
+	if( msg != NULL ){
+		// preserve the error code in case we need it
+		int err_num = errno;
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: ", progname );
+		errno = err_num;
+		if( call_perror ){
+			perror( msg );
+		} else {
+			fprintf( stderr, "%s\n", msg );
+		}
+	}
+	if( output_filename != NULL ){
+		unlink( output_filename );
+	}
+	exit( EXIT_FAILURE );
+	// NOTREACHED
+}
+
+const char	usage_error_msg[] =
+  "\nUsage: %s [ -d drive ] -b bootfile -o outfile { progfile loadpt } ...\n\n"
+  "\t'drive' is either 'floppy' or 'usb' (default 'usb')\n\n"
+  "\tThere must be at least one program file and load point.\n\n"
+  "\tLoad points may be specified either as 32-bit quantities in hex,\n"
+  "\tdecimal or octal (e.g. 0x10c00, 68608, 0206000 are all equivalent),\n"
+  "\tor as an explicit segment:offset pair whose digits are always\n"
+  "\tinterpreted as hexadecimal values (e.g. 10c0:0000, 1000:0c00 are\n"
+  "\tboth equivalent to the previous examples).\n\n";
+
+/**
+** print a usage message and then call quit()
+**
+** does not return
+*/
+void usage_error( void ){
+	fprintf( stderr, usage_error_msg, progname );
+	quit( NULL, FALSE );
+	// NOTREACHED
+}
+
+/**
+** copy the contents of a binary file into the output file, padding the
+** last sector with NUL bytes
+**
+** @param in   open FILE to be read
+** @return the number of sectors copied from the file
+*/
+int copy_file( FILE *in ){
+	int n_sectors = 0;
+	char buf[ SECT_SIZE ];
+	int n_bytes;
+	int i;
+
+	/*
+	** Copy the file to the output, being careful that the
+	** last sector is padded with null bytes out to the
+	** sector size.
+	*/
+	n_sectors = 0;
+	while( (n_bytes = fread( buf, 1, sizeof( buf ), in )) > 0 ){
+		// pad this sector out to block size
+		if( n_bytes < sizeof( buf ) ){
+			int i;
+
+			for( i = n_bytes; i < sizeof( buf ); i += 1 ){
+				buf[ i ] = '\0';
+			}
+		}
+		if( fwrite( buf, 1, sizeof( buf ), out ) != sizeof( buf ) ){
+			quit( "Write failed or was wrong size", FALSE );
+		}
+		n_sectors += 1;
+	}
+	return n_sectors;
+}
+
+/**
+** process a file whose contents should be at a specific'
+** address in memory when the program is loaded
+**
+** @param name  path to the file to be copied
+** @param addr  string containing the load address
+*/
+void process_file( char *name, char *addr ){
+	long address;
+	short segment, offset;
+	int n_bytes;
+
+	/*
+	** Open the input file.
+	*/
+	FILE *in = fopen( name, "rb" );
+	if( in == NULL ){
+		quit( name, TRUE );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Copy the file to the output, being careful that the
+	** last block is padded with null bytes.
+	*/
+	int n_sectors = copy_file( in );
+	fclose( in );
+
+	/*
+	** Decode the address they gave us. We'll accept two forms:
+	** "nnnn:nnnn" for a segment:offset value (assumed to be hex),
+	** "nnnnnnn" for a decimal, hex, or octal value
+	*/
+	int valid_address = FALSE;
+	char *cp = strchr( addr, ':' );
+	if( cp != NULL ){
+		// must be in nnnn:nnnn form exactly
+		if( strlen( addr ) == 9 && cp == addr + 4 ){
+			char *ep1, *ep2;
+			int a1, a2;
+
+			segment = strtol( addr, &ep1, 16 );
+			offset = strtol( addr + 5, &ep2, 16 );
+			address = ( segment << 4 ) + offset;
+			valid_address = *ep1 == '\0' && *ep2 == '\0';
+		} else {
+			fprintf( stderr, "Bad address format - '%s'\n", addr );
+			quit( NULL, FALSE );
+		}
+	} else {
+		// just a number, possibly hex or octal
+		char *ep;
+
+		address = strtol( addr, &ep, 0 );
+		segment = (short)( address >> 4 );
+		offset = (short)( address & 0xf );
+		valid_address = *ep == '\0' && address <= 0x0009ffff;
+	}
+
+	if( !valid_address ){
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: Invalid address: %s\n", progname, addr );
+		quit( NULL, FALSE );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Make sure the program will fit!
+	*/
+	if( address + n_sectors * SECT_SIZE > 0x0009ffff ){
+		fprintf( stderr, "Program %s too large to start at 0x%08x\n",
+		    name, (unsigned int) address );
+		quit( NULL, FALSE );
+	}
+
+	if( n_info < 3 ){
+		quit( "Too many programs!", FALSE );
+	}
+
+
+	/*
+	** Looks good: report and store the information.
+	*/
+	fprintf( stderr, "  %s: %d sectors, loaded at 0x%x\n",
+	    name, n_sectors, (unsigned int) address );
+
+	info[ --n_info ] = n_sectors;
+	info[ --n_info ] = segment;
+	info[ --n_info ] = offset;
+}
+
+/*
+** Global variables set by getopt()
+*/
+
+extern int optind, optopt;
+extern char *optarg;
+
+/**
+** process the command-line arguments
+**
+** @param ac  the count of entries in av
+** @param av  the argument vector
+*/
+void process_args( int ac, char **av ) {
+	int c;
+	
+	while( (c=getopt(ac,av,":d:o:b:")) != EOF ) {
+
+		switch( c ) {
+
+		case ':':	/* missing arg value */
+			fprintf( stderr, "missing operand after -%c\n", optopt );
+			/* FALL THROUGH */
+
+		case '?':	/* error */
+			usage_error();
+			/* NOTREACHED */
+
+		case 'b':	/* -b bootstrap_file */
+			bootstrap_filename = optarg;
+			break;
+
+		case 'd':	/* -d drive */
+			switch( *optarg ) {
+			case 'f':	drive = DRIVE_FLOPPY; break;
+			case 'u':	drive = DRIVE_USB; break;
+			default:	usage_error();
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case 'o':	/* -o output_file */
+			output_filename = optarg;
+			break;
+		
+		default:
+			usage_error();
+		
+		}
+	
+	}
+
+	if( !bootstrap_filename ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: no bootstrap file specified\n", progname );
+		exit( 2 );
+	}
+
+	if( !output_filename ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: no disk image file specified\n", progname );
+		exit( 2 );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Must have at least two remaining arguments (file to load, 
+	** address at which it should be loaded), and must have an
+	** even number of remaining arguments.
+	*/
+	int remain = ac - optind;
+	if( remain < 2 || (remain & 1) != 0 ) {
+		usage_error();
+	}
+
+}
+
+/**
+** build a bootable image file from one or more binary files
+**
+** usage:
+**   BuildImage [ -d drive ] -b bootfile -o outfile { binfile1 loadpt1 } ... ]
+**
+** @param ac   command-line argument count
+** @param av   command-line argument vector
+** @return EXIT_SUCCESS or EXIT_FAILURE
+*/
+int main( int ac, char **av ) {
+	FILE	*bootimage;
+	int	bootimage_size;
+	int	n_bytes, n_words;
+	short	existing_data[ N_INFO ];
+	int	i;
+	
+	/*
+	** Save the program name for error messages
+	*/
+	progname = strrchr( av[ 0 ], '/' );
+	if( progname != NULL ){
+		progname++;
+	} else {
+		progname = av[ 0 ];
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Process arguments
+	*/
+	process_args( ac, av );
+
+	/*
+	** Open the output file
+	*/
+
+	out = fopen( output_filename, "wb+" );
+	if( out == NULL ){
+		quit( output_filename, TRUE );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Open the bootstrap file and copy it to the output image.
+	*/
+	bootimage = fopen( bootstrap_filename, "rb" );
+	if( bootimage == NULL ){
+		quit( bootstrap_filename, TRUE );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Remember the size of the bootstrap for later, as we
+	** need to patch some things into it
+	*/
+	int n_sectors = copy_file( bootimage );
+	fclose( bootimage );
+
+	bootimage_size = n_sectors * SECT_SIZE;
+	fprintf( stderr, "  %s: %d sectors\n", bootstrap_filename, n_sectors );
+
+	/*
+	** Process the programs one by one
+	*/
+	ac -= optind;
+	av += optind;
+	while( ac >= 2 ){
+		process_file( av[ 0 ], av[ 1 ] );
+		ac -= 2; av += 2;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Check for oddball leftover argument
+	*/
+	if( ac > 0 ){
+		usage_error();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Seek to where the array of module data  must begin and read
+	** what's already there.
+	*/
+	n_words = ( N_INFO - n_info );
+	n_bytes = n_words * sizeof( info[ 0 ] );
+	fseek( out, bootimage_size - n_bytes, SEEK_SET );
+	if( fread( existing_data, sizeof(info[0]), n_words, out ) != n_words ){
+		quit( "Read from boot image failed or was too short", FALSE );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** If that space is non-zero, we have a problem
+	*/
+	for( i = 0; i < n_words; i += 1 ){
+		if( existing_data[ i ] != 0 ){
+			quit( "Too many programs to load!", FALSE );
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** We know that we're only overwriting zeros at the end of
+	** the bootstrap image, so it is ok to go ahead and do it.
+	*/
+	fseek( out, bootimage_size - n_bytes, SEEK_SET );
+	if( fwrite( info + n_info, sizeof( info[ 0 ] ), n_words, out ) != n_words ){
+		quit( "Write to boot image failed or was too short", FALSE );
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Write the drive index to the image.
+	*/
+	fseek( out, 508, SEEK_SET );
+	fwrite( (void *)&drive, sizeof(drive), 1, out );
+
+	fclose( out );
+
+	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+}
diff --git a/util/Make.mk b/util/Make.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f45625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/Make.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#
+# Makefile fragment for the utility programs
+# 
+# THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE Makefile - run GNU make in the top-level
+# directory, and this will be pulled in automatically.
+#
+
+###################
+#  FILES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+UTIL_BIN :=	BuildImage Offsets mkblob listblob
+
+###################
+#  RULES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+# how to make everything
+util:	$(UTIL_BIN)
+
+#
+# Special rules for creating the utility programs.  These are required
+# because we don't want to use the same options as for the standalone
+# binaries - we want these to be compiled as "normal" programs.
+#
+
+BuildImage:     util/BuildImage.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -std=c99 -ggdb -o BuildImage util/BuildImage.c
+
+mkblob:     util/mkblob.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -std=c99 -ggdb -o mkblob util/mkblob.c
+
+listblob:     util/listblob.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -std=c99 -ggdb -o listblob util/listblob.c
+
+#
+# Offsets is compiled using -mx32 to force a 32-bit execution environment
+# for a program that runs under a 64-bit operating system.  This ensures
+# that pointers and long ints are 32 bits rather than 64 bits, which is
+# critical to correctly determining the size of types and byte offsets for
+# fields in structs. We also compile with "-fno-builtin" to avoid signature
+# clashes between declarations in our system and function declarations
+# built into the C compiler.
+#
+# If compiled with the CPP macro CREATE_HEADER_FILE defined, Offsets
+# accepts a command-line argument "-h". This causes it to write its
+# output as a standard C header file into a file named "include/offsets.h"
+# where it can be included into other source files (e.g., to provide
+# sizes of structs in C and assembly, or to provide byte offsets into
+# structures for use in assembly code).
+#
+
+Offsets:        util/Offsets.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -mx32 -std=c99 $(INCLUDES) -fno-builtin \
+		-o Offsets util/Offsets.c
diff --git a/util/Offsets.c b/util/Offsets.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cf5a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/Offsets.c
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+/*
+** SCCS ID:	@(#)Offsets.c	2.2	1/23/25
+**
+** @file	Offsets.c
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Print byte offsets for fields in various structures.
+**
+** This program exists to simplify life.  If/when fields in a structure
+** are changed, this can be modified, recompiled and executed to come up with
+** byte offsets for use in accessing structure fields from assembly language.
+** It makes use of the C 'offsetof' macro (defined since C89).
+**
+** IMPORTANT NOTE:  compiling this on a 64-bit architecture will yield
+** incorrect results by default, as 64-bit GCC versions most often use
+** the LP64 model (longs and pointers are 64 bits).  Add the "-mx32"
+** option to the compiler (compile for x86_64, but use 32-bit sizes),
+** and make sure you have the 'libc6-dev-i386' package installed (for
+** Ubuntu systems).
+**
+** WATCH FOR clashes with standard system functions; compile with the
+** "-fno-builtin" option to avoid warnings about clashes with builtin
+** function declarations.
+**
+** Writes to stdout. Output contains information about type sizes and
+** byte offsets for fields within structures.  If invoked with the -h
+** option, the output takes the form of a standard C header file; 
+** otherwise, the information is printed in ordinary text form.
+**
+** If compiled with the CREATE_HEADER_FILE macro defined, when invoked
+** with the -h option, writes the data directly into a file named
+** "offsets.h".
+*/
+
+// make sure we get all the kernel stuff
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+// include any of our headers that define data structures to be described
+#include <common.h>
+#include <procs.h>
+
+// avoid complaints about NULL from stdio.h
+#ifdef NULL
+#undef NULL
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+/*
+** We don't include <time.h> because of conflicts with a time_t data
+** type we may be defining; instead, we provide our own prototypes for
+** ctime() and time().
+*/
+
+extern char *ctime( const __time_t *timep );
+extern __time_t time( __time_t *tloc );
+
+/*
+** Header comment, including header guard
+**
+** No newline on the "Creation date" line, because ctime()
+** puts a newline at the end of the string it produces.
+*/
+char h_prefix[] = "/**\n"
+"** @file\toffsets.h\n"
+"**\n"
+"** GENERATED AUTOMATICALLY - DO NOT EDIT\n"
+"**\n"
+"** Creation date: %s"
+"**\n"
+"** This header file contains C Preprocessor macros which expand\n"
+"** into the byte offsets needed to reach fields within structs\n"
+"** used in the baseline system.  Should those struct declarations\n"
+"** change, the Offsets program should be modified (if needed),\n"
+"** recompiled, and re-run to recreate this file.\n"
+"*/\n"
+"\n"
+"#ifndef OFFSETS_H_\n"
+"#define OFFSETS_H_\n";
+
+/*
+** Header guard suffix
+*/
+char h_suffix[] = "\n"
+"#endif\n";
+
+// are we generating the .h file?
+int genheader = 0;
+
+// header file stream
+FILE *hfile;
+
+// prefix for header file lines
+
+// produce a report line
+void process( const char *sname, const char *field, size_t bytes ) {
+	if( genheader ) {
+		char name[64];
+		sprintf( name, "%s_%s", sname, field );
+		fprintf( hfile, "#define\t%-23s\t%u\n", name, bytes );
+	} else {
+		printf( "  %-10s  %u\n", field, bytes );
+	}
+}
+
+#ifdef CREATE_HEADER_FILE
+// dump out the header
+void setheader( void ) {
+	// trigger output into the header file
+	genheader = 1;
+
+	hfile = fopen( "offsets.h", "w" );
+	if( hfile == NULL ) {
+		perror( "offsets.h" );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	__time_t t;
+	(void) time( &t );
+
+	fprintf( hfile, h_prefix, ctime(&t) );
+}
+#endif  /* CREATE_HEADER_FILE */
+
+// introduce an "offsets" section for structs
+void hsection( const char *name, const char *typename, size_t size ) {
+	if( genheader ) {
+		fprintf( hfile, "\n// %s structure\n\n", typename );
+		process( "SZ", name, size );
+		fputc( '\n', hfile );
+	} else {
+		printf( "Offsets into %s (%u bytes):\n", typename, size );
+	}
+}
+
+// introduce a "sizes" section for types
+void tsection( const char *name, const char *typename ) {
+	if( genheader ) {
+		fprintf( hfile, "\n// Sizes of %s types\n\n", typename );
+	} else {
+		printf( "Sizes of %s types:\n", typename );
+	}
+}
+
+int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) {
+
+	hfile = stdout;
+
+	if( argc > 1 ) {
+#ifdef CREATE_HEADER_FILE
+		// only accept one argument
+		if( argc == 2 ) {
+			// -h:  produce an offsets.h header file
+			if( argv[1][0] == '-' && argv[1][1] == '-h' ) {
+				setheader();
+			}
+		} else {
+			fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s [-h]\n", argv[0] );
+			exit( 1 );
+		}
+#else
+		// we accept no arguments
+		fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s\n", argv[0] );
+		exit( 1 );
+#endif  /* CREATE_HEADER_FILE */
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Basic and simple/opaque types
+	*/
+
+	tsection( "SZ", "basic" );
+	process( "SZ", "char", sizeof(char) );
+	process( "SZ", "short", sizeof(short) );
+	process( "SZ", "int", sizeof(int) );
+	process( "SZ", "long", sizeof(long) );
+	process( "SZ", "long_long", sizeof(long long) );
+	process( "SZ", "pointer", sizeof(void *) );
+	fputc( '\n', hfile );
+
+	tsection( "SZ", "our" );
+	process( "SZ", "int8_t", sizeof(int8_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "uint8_t", sizeof(uint8_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "int16_t", sizeof(int16_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "uint16_t", sizeof(uint16_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "int32_t", sizeof(int32_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "uint32_t", sizeof(uint32_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "int64_t", sizeof(int64_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "uint64_t", sizeof(uint64_t) );
+	process( "SZ", "bool_t", sizeof(bool_t) );
+	fputc( '\n', hfile );
+
+	/*
+	** Structured types whose fields we are describing
+	*/
+
+	// add entries for each type here, as needed
+
+	hsection( "CTX", "context_t", sizeof(context_t) );
+	process( "CTX", "ss", offsetof(context_t,ss) );
+	process( "CTX", "gs", offsetof(context_t,gs) );
+	process( "CTX", "fs", offsetof(context_t,fs) );
+	process( "CTX", "es", offsetof(context_t,es) );
+	process( "CTX", "ds", offsetof(context_t,ds) );
+	process( "CTX", "edi", offsetof(context_t,edi) );
+	process( "CTX", "esi", offsetof(context_t,esi) );
+	process( "CTX", "ebp", offsetof(context_t,ebp) );
+	process( "CTX", "esp", offsetof(context_t,esp) );
+	process( "CTX", "ebx", offsetof(context_t,ebx) );
+	process( "CTX", "edx", offsetof(context_t,edx) );
+	process( "CTX", "ecx", offsetof(context_t,ecx) );
+	process( "CTX", "eax", offsetof(context_t,eax) );
+	process( "CTX", "vector", offsetof(context_t,vector) );
+	process( "CTX", "code", offsetof(context_t,code) );
+	process( "CTX", "eip", offsetof(context_t,eip) );
+	process( "CTX", "cs", offsetof(context_t,cs) );
+	process( "CTX", "eflags", offsetof(context_t,eflags) );
+	fputc( '\n', hfile );
+
+	hsection( "SCT", "section_t", sizeof(section_t) );
+	process( "SCT", "length", offsetof(section_t,length) );
+	process( "SCT", "addr", offsetof(section_t,addr) );
+	fputc( '\n', hfile );
+
+	hsection( "PCB", "pcb_t", sizeof(pcb_t) );
+	process( "PCB", "context", offsetof(pcb_t,context) );
+	process( "PCB", "next", offsetof(pcb_t,next) );
+	process( "PCB", "parent", offsetof(pcb_t,parent) );
+	process( "PCB", "wakeup", offsetof(pcb_t,wakeup) );
+	process( "PCB", "exit_status", offsetof(pcb_t,exit_status) );
+	process( "PCB", "pdir", offsetof(pcb_t,pdir) );
+	process( "PCB", "sects", offsetof(pcb_t,sects) );
+	process( "PCB", "pid", offsetof(pcb_t,pid) );
+	process( "PCB", "state", offsetof(pcb_t,state) );
+	process( "PCB", "priority", offsetof(pcb_t,priority) );
+	process( "PCB", "ticks", offsetof(pcb_t,ticks) );
+	fputc( '\n', hfile );
+
+	// finish up the offsets.h file if we need to
+	if( genheader ) {
+		fputs( h_suffix, hfile );
+		fclose( hfile );
+	}
+
+	return( 0 );
+}
diff --git a/util/alternatives/Make.mk b/util/alternatives/Make.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5703e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/alternatives/Make.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#
+# Makefile fragment for the utility programs
+# 
+# THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE Makefile - run GNU make in the top-level
+# directory, and this will be pulled in automatically.
+#
+
+SUBDIRS += util
+
+###################
+#  RULES SECTION  #
+###################
+
+# how to make everything
+util:	$(BUILDDIR)/util/BuildImage $(BUILDDIR)/util/Offsets \
+	$(BUILDDIR)/util/mkblob $(BUILDDIR)/util/listblob
+
+#
+# Special rules for creating the utility programs.  These are required
+# because we don't want to use the same options as for the standalone
+# binaries - we want these to be compiled as "normal" programs.
+#
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/util/BuildImage:     util/BuildImage.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -std=c99 -o $(BUILDDIR)/util/BuildImage util/BuildImage.c
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/util/mkblob:     util/mkblob.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -std=c99 -o $(BUILDDIR)/util/mkblob util/mkblob.c
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/util/listblob:     util/listblob.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -std=c99 -o $(BUILDDIR)/util/listblob util/listblob.c
+
+#
+# Offsets is compiled using -mx32 to force a 32-bit execution environment
+# for a program that runs under a 64-bit operating system.  This ensures
+# that pointers and long ints are 32 bits rather than 64 bits, which is
+# critical to correctly determining the size of types and byte offsets for
+# fields in structs. We also compile with "-fno-builtin" to avoid signature
+# clashes between declarations in our system and function declarations
+# built into the C compiler.
+#
+# If compiled with the CPP macro CREATE_HEADER_FILE defined, Offsets
+# accepts a command-line argument "-h". This causes it to write its
+# output as a standard C header file into a file named "include/offsets.h"
+# where it can be included into other source files (e.g., to provide
+# sizes of structs in C and assembly, or to provide byte offsets into
+# structures for use in assembly code).
+#
+
+$(BUILDDIR)/util/Offsets:        util/Offsets.c
+	@mkdir -p $(@D)
+	$(CC) -mx32 -std=c99 $(INCLUDES) -fno-builtin \
+		-o $(BUILDDIR)/util/Offsets util/Offsets.c
diff --git a/util/alternatives/README b/util/alternatives/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae4dfbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/alternatives/README
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+This directory contains "alternative" versions of some pieces of the system. 
+
+Things included here:
+
+    Make.mk
+        This version of the Makefile fragment puts the utility programs
+        in build/util instead of in the top-level directory.
+
+    kmem.c
+        A version of the memory allocator that works with blocks of memory
+        that aren't exactly one page in length. During initialilzation, it
+        just adds each memory region identified during the boot process by
+        calls to the BIOS; as pages are requested, they are carved out of
+        these large blocks. The freelist is ordered by starting block
+        address, and allocation uses a first-fit strateby.
+
+        The allocation function has this prototype:
+
+            void *km_page_alloc( unsigned int count );
+
+        This allows the allocation of multiple contiguous pages. As pages
+        are freed, they are merged back into the freelist, and adjacent
+        free pages are coalesced into single, larger blocks.
+
+    lib.c
+        This file pulls in all the individual .c files for the common
+        library functions in the lib/ directory. It is intended as an
+        alternative to having the libk.a archive file for the kernel;
+        instead of linking against that library, the lib.o file can
+        just be provided to the linker when the kernel is created,
+        and all the common library functions will be available.
diff --git a/util/alternatives/kmem.c b/util/alternatives/kmem.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1abf02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/alternatives/kmem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,749 @@
+/**
+** @file kmem.c
+**
+** @author Warren R. Carithers
+** @author Kenneth Reek
+** @author 4003-506 class of 20013
+**
+** @brief	Functions to perform dynamic memory allocation in the OS.
+**
+** NOTE: these should NOT be called by user processes!
+**
+** This allocator functions as a simple "slab" allocator; it allows
+** allocation of either 4096-byte ("page") or 1024-byte ("slice")
+** chunks of memory from the free pool.  The free pool is initialized
+** using the memory map provided by the BIOS during the boot sequence,
+** and contains a series of blocks which are multiples of 4K bytes and
+** which are aligned at 4K boundaries; they are held in the free list
+** in order by base address.
+**
+** The "page" allocator allows allocation of one or more 4K blocks
+** at a time.  Requests are made for a specific number of 4K pages;
+** the allocator locates the first free list entry that contains at
+** least the requested amount of space.  If that entry is the exact
+** size requested, it is unlinked and returned; otherwise, the entry
+** is split into a chunk of the requested size and the remainder.
+** The chunk is returned, and the remainder replaces the original
+** block in the free list.  On deallocation, the block is inserted
+** at the appropriate place in the free list, and physically adjacent
+** blocks are coalesced into single, larger blocks.  If a multi-page
+** block is allocated, it should be deallocated one page at a time,
+** because there is no record of the size of the original allocation -
+** all we know is that it is N*4K bytes in length, so it's up to the
+** requesting code to figure this out.
+**
+** The "slice" allocator operates by taking blocks from the "page"
+** allocator and splitting them into four 1K slices, which it then
+** manages.  Requests are made for slices one at a time.  If the free
+** list contains an available slice, it is unlinked and returned;
+** otherwise, a page is requested from the page allocator, split into
+** slices, and the slices are added to the free list, after which the
+** first one is returned.  The slice free list is a simple linked list
+** of these 1K blocks; because they are all the same size, no ordering
+** is done on the free list, and no coalescing is performed.
+**
+*/
+
+#define KERNEL_SRC
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+// all other framework includes are next
+#include <lib.h>
+
+#include <x86/arch.h>
+#include <x86/bios.h>
+#include <bootstrap.h>
+#include <cio.h>
+
+#include <kmem.h>
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DEFINITIONS
+*/
+
+// parameters related to word and block sizes
+
+#define WORD_SIZE           sizeof(int)
+#define LOG2_OF_WORD_SIZE   2
+
+#define LOG2_OF_PAGE_SIZE   12
+
+#define LOG2_OF_SLICE_SIZE  10
+
+// converters:  pages to bytes, bytes to pages
+
+#define P2B(x)   ((x) << LOG2_OF_PAGE_SIZE)
+#define B2P(x)   ((x) >> LOG2_OF_PAGE_SIZE)
+
+/*
+** Name:    adjacent
+**
+** Arguments:   addresses of two blocks
+**
+** Description: Determines whether the second block immediately
+**      follows the first one.
+*/
+#define adjacent(first,second)  \
+	( (void *) (first) + P2B((first)->pages) == (void *) (second) )
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE DATA TYPES
+*/
+
+/*
+** This structure keeps track of a single block of memory.  All blocks
+** are multiples of the base size (currently, 4KB).
+*/
+
+typedef struct block_s {
+	uint32_t pages;			// length of this block, in pages
+	struct   block_s *next;	// pointer to the next free block
+} block_t;
+
+/*
+** Memory region information returned by the BIOS
+**
+** This data consists of a 32-bit integer followed
+** by an array of region descriptor structures.
+*/
+
+// a handy union for playing with 64-bit addresses
+typedef union b64_u {
+	uint32_t part[2];
+	uint64_t all;
+} b64_t;
+
+// the halves of a 64-bit address
+#define LOW		part[0]
+#define HIGH	part[1]
+
+// memory region descriptor
+typedef struct memregion_s {
+	b64_t	 base;		// base address
+	b64_t	 length;	// region length
+	uint32_t type;		// type of region
+	uint32_t acpi;		// ACPI 3.0 info
+} __attribute__((packed)) region_t;
+
+/*
+** Region types
+*/
+
+#define REGION_USABLE		1
+#define REGION_RESERVED		2
+#define REGION_ACPI_RECL	3
+#define REGION_ACPI_NVS		4
+#define REGION_BAD			5
+
+/*
+** ACPI 3.0 bit fields
+*/
+
+#define REGION_IGNORE		0x01
+#define REGION_NONVOL		0x02
+
+/*
+** 32-bit and 64-bit address values as 64-bit literals
+*/
+
+#define ADDR_BIT_32		0x0000000100000000LL
+#define ADDR_LOW_HALF	0x00000000ffffffffLL
+#define ADDR_HIGH_HALR	0xffffffff00000000LL
+
+#define ADDR_32_MAX		ADDR_LOW_HALF
+#define ADDR_64_FIRST	ADDR_BIT_32
+
+/*
+** PRIVATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+// freespace pools
+static block_t *free_pages;
+static block_t *free_slices;
+
+// initialization status
+static int km_initialized = 0;
+
+/*
+** IMPORTED GLOBAL VARIABLES
+*/
+
+extern int _end;	// end of the BSS section - provided by the linker
+
+/*
+** FUNCTIONS
+*/
+
+/*
+** FREE LIST MANAGEMENT
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	add_block
+**
+** Add a block to the free list. The contents of the block
+** will be modified.
+**
+** @param[in] base   Base address of the block
+** @param[in] length Block length, in bytes
+*/
+static void add_block( uint32_t base, uint32_t length ) {
+	block_t *block;
+
+	// don't add it if it isn't at least 4K
+	if( length < SZ_PAGE ) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// only want to add multiples of 4K; check the lower bits
+	if( (length & 0xfff) != 0 ) {
+		// round it down to 4K
+		length &= 0xfffff000;
+	}
+
+	// create the "block"
+
+	block = (block_t *) base;
+	block->pages = B2P(length);
+	block->next = NULL;
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+	cio_printf( "KM: add(%08x,%u): addr %08x len %u\n",
+				base, length, (uint32_t)block, block->length );
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	** We maintain the free list in order by address, to simplify
+	** coalescing adjacent free blocks.
+	**
+	** Handle the easiest case first.
+	*/
+
+	if( free_pages == NULL ) {
+		free_pages = block;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Unfortunately, it's not always that easy....
+	**
+	** Find the correct insertion spot.
+	*/
+
+	block_t *prev, *curr;
+
+	prev = NULL;
+	curr = free_pages;
+
+	while( curr && curr < block ) {
+		prev = curr;
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	// the new block always points to its successor
+	block->next = curr;
+
+	/*
+	** If prev is NULL, we're adding at the front; otherwise,
+	** we're adding after some other entry (middle or end).
+	*/
+
+	if( prev == NULL ) {
+		// sanity check - both pointers can't be NULL
+		assert( curr );
+		// add at the beginning
+		free_pages = block;
+	} else {
+		// inserting in the middle or at the end
+		prev->next = block;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_init
+**
+** Find what memory is present on the system and
+** construct the list of free memory blocks.
+**
+** Dependencies:
+**	Must be called before any other init routine that uses
+**	dynamic storage is called.
+*/
+void km_init( void ) {
+	int32_t entries;
+	region_t *region;
+	uint64_t cutoff;
+
+#if TRACING_INIT
+	// announce that we're starting initialization
+	cio_puts( " Kmem" );
+#endif
+
+	// initially, nothing in the free lists
+	free_slices = NULL;
+	free_pages = NULL;
+
+	/*
+	** We ignore all memory below the end of our OS.  In theory,
+	** we should be able to re-use much of that space; in practice,
+	** this is safer.
+	*/
+
+	// set our cutoff point as the end of the BSS section
+	cutoff = (uint32_t) &_end;
+
+	// round it up to the next multiple of 4K (0x1000)
+	if( cutoff & 0xfffLL ) {
+		cutoff &= 0xfffff000LL;
+		cutoff += 0x1000LL;
+	}
+
+	// get the list length
+	entries = *((int32_t *) MMAP_ADDRESS);
+
+#if TRACING_KEMEM
+	cio_printf( "\nKmem: %d regions\n", entries );
+#endif
+
+	// if there are no entries, we have nothing to do!
+	if( entries < 1 ) {  // note: entries == -1 could occur!
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// iterate through the entries, adding things to the freelist
+
+	region = ((region_t *) (MMAP_ADDRESS + 4));
+
+	for( int i = 0; i < entries; ++i, ++region ) {
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM
+		// report this region
+		cio_printf( "%3d: ", i );
+		cio_printf( " base %08x%08x",
+				region->base.HIGH, region->base.LOW );
+		cio_printf( " len %08x%08x",
+				region->length.HIGH, region->length.LOW );
+		cio_printf( " type %08x acpi %08x",
+				region->type, region->acpi );
+#endif
+
+		/*
+		** Determine whether or not we should ignore this region.
+		**
+		** We ignore regions for several reasons:
+		**
+		**  ACPI indicates it should be ignored
+		**  ACPI indicates it's non-volatile memory
+		**  Region type isn't "usable"
+		**  Region is above the 4GB address limit
+		**
+		** Currently, only "normal" (type 1) regions are considered
+		** "usable" for our purposes.  We could potentially expand
+		** this to include ACPI "reclaimable" memory.
+		*/
+
+		// first, check the ACPI one-bit flags
+
+		if( ((region->acpi) & REGION_IGNORE) == 0 ) {
+			cio_puts( " IGN\n" );
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if( ((region->acpi) & REGION_NONVOL) != 0 ) {
+			cio_puts( " NVOL\n" );
+			continue;  // we'll ignore this, too
+		}
+
+		// next, the region type
+
+		if( (region->type) != REGION_USABLE ) {
+			cio_puts( " RCLM\n" );
+			continue;  // we won't attempt to reclaim ACPI memory (yet)
+		}
+
+		// OK, we have a "normal" memory region - verify that it's usable
+
+		// ignore it if it's above 4GB
+		if( region->base.HIGH != 0 ) {
+			cio_puts( " 4GB+\n" );
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		// grab the two 64-bit values to simplify things
+		uint64_t base   = region->base.all;
+		uint64_t length = region->length.all;
+
+		// see if it's below our arbitrary cutoff point
+		if( base < cutoff ) {
+
+			// is the whole thing too low, or just part?
+			if( (base + length) < cutoff ) {
+				// it's all below the cutoff!
+				cio_puts( " LOW\n" );
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// recalculate the length, starting at our cutoff point
+			uint64_t loss = cutoff - base;
+
+			// reset the length and the base address
+			length -= loss;
+			base = cutoff;
+		}
+
+		// see if it extends beyond the 4GB boundary
+
+		if( (base + length) > ADDR_32_MAX ) {
+
+			// OK, it extends beyond the 32-bit limit; figure out
+			// how far over it goes, and lop off that portion
+
+			uint64_t loss = (base + length) - ADDR_64_FIRST;
+			length -= loss;
+		}
+
+		// we survived the gauntlet - add the new block
+
+		cio_puts( " OK\n" );
+
+		uint32_t b32 = base   & ADDR_LOW_HALF;
+		uint32_t l32 = length & ADDR_LOW_HALF;
+
+		add_block( b32, l32 );
+	}
+
+	// record the initialization
+	km_initialized = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_dump
+**
+** Dump the current contents of the free list to the console
+*/
+void km_dump( void ) {
+	block_t *block;
+
+	cio_printf( "&_free_pages=%08x\n", &_free_pages );
+
+	for( block = _free_pages; block != NULL; block = block->next ) {
+		cio_printf(
+			"block @ 0x%08x 0x%08x pages (ends at 0x%08x) next @ 0x%08x\n",
+				block, block->pages, P2B(block->pages) + (uint32_t) block,
+				block->next );
+	}
+
+}
+
+/*
+** PAGE MANAGEMENT
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_page_alloc
+**
+** Allocate a page of memory from the free list.
+**
+** @param[in] count  Number of contiguous pages desired
+**
+** @return a pointer to the beginning of the first allocated page,
+**		   or NULL if no memory is available
+*/
+void *km_page_alloc( unsigned int count ) {
+
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+	// make sure we actually need to do something!
+	if( count < 1 ) {
+		return( NULL );
+	}
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+	cio_printf( "KM: pg_alloc(%u)", count );
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	** Look for the first entry that is large enough.
+	*/
+
+	// pointer to the current block
+	block_t *block = free_pages;
+
+	// pointer to where the pointer to the current block is
+	block_t **pointer = &free_pages;
+
+	while( block != NULL && block->pages < count ){
+		pointer = &block->next;
+		block = *pointer;
+	}
+
+	// did we find a big enough block?
+	if( block == NULL ){
+		// nope!
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+		cio_puts( " FAIL\n" );
+#endif
+		return( NULL );
+	}
+
+	// found one!  check the length
+
+	if( block->pages == count ) {
+
+		// exactly the right size - unlink it from the list
+
+		*pointer = block->next;
+
+	} else {
+
+		// bigger than we need - carve the amount we need off
+		// the beginning of this block
+
+		// remember where this chunk begins
+		block_t *chunk = block;
+
+		// how much space will be left over?
+		int excess = block->pages - count;
+
+		// find the start of the new fragment
+		block_t *fragment = (block_t *) ( (uint8_t *) block + P2B(count) );
+
+		// set the length and link for the new fragment
+		fragment->pages = excess;
+		fragment->next  = block->next;
+
+		// replace this chunk with the fragment
+		*pointer = fragment;
+
+		// return this chunk
+		block = chunk;
+	}
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+	cio_printf( " -> %08x\n", (uint32_t) block );
+#endif
+
+	return( block );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_page_free
+**
+** Returns a memory block to the list of available blocks,
+** combining it with adjacent blocks if they're present.
+**
+** CRITICAL ASSUMPTION:  multi-page blocks will be freed one page
+** at a time!
+**
+** @param[in] block   Pointer to the page to be returned to the free list
+*/
+void km_page_free( void *block ){
+	block_t *used;
+	block_t *prev;
+	block_t *curr;
+
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+	/*
+	** Don't do anything if the address is NULL.
+	*/
+	if( block == NULL ){
+		return;
+	}
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+	cio_printf( "KM: pg_free(%08x)", (uint32_t) block );
+#endif
+
+	used = (block_t *) block;
+
+	/*
+	** CRITICAL ASSUMPTION
+	**
+	** We assume that any multi-page block that is being freed will
+	** be freed one page at a time.  We make this assumption because we
+	** don't track allocation sizes.  We can't use the simple "allocate
+	** four extra bytes before the returned pointer" scheme to do this
+	** because we're managing pages, and the pointers we return must point
+	** to page boundaries, so we would wind up allocating an extra page
+	** for each allocation.
+	**
+	** Alternatively, we could keep an array of addresses and block
+	** sizes ourselves, but that feels clunky, and would risk running out
+	** of table entries if there are lots of allocations (assuming we use
+	** a 4KB page to hold the table, at eight bytes per entry we would have
+	** 512 entries per page).
+	**
+	** IF THIS ASSUMPTION CHANGES, THIS CODE MUST BE FIXED!!!
+	*/
+
+	used->pages = 1;
+
+	/*
+	** Advance through the list until current and previous
+	** straddle the place where the new block should be inserted.
+	*/
+	prev = NULL;
+	curr = free_pages;
+
+	while( curr != NULL && curr < used ){
+		prev = curr;
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** At this point, we have the following list structure:
+	**
+	**   ....	BLOCK		BLOCK		....
+	**			(*prev)  ^  (*curr)
+	**					 |
+	**				"used" goes here
+	**
+	** We may need to merge the inserted block with either its
+	** predecessor or its successor (or both).
+	*/
+
+	/*
+	** If this is not the first block in the resulting list,
+	** we may need to merge it with its predecessor.
+	*/
+	if( prev != NULL ){
+
+		// There is a predecessor.  Check to see if we need to merge.
+		if( adjacent( prev, used ) ){
+
+			// yes - merge them
+			prev->pages += used->pages;
+
+			// the predecessor becomes the "newly inserted" block,
+			// because we still need to check to see if we should
+			// merge with the successor
+			used = prev;
+
+		} else {
+
+			// Not adjacent - just insert the new block
+			// between the predecessor and the successor.
+			used->next = prev->next;
+			prev->next = used;
+
+		}
+
+	} else {
+
+		// Yes, it is first.  Update the list pointer to insert it.
+		used->next = free_pages;
+		free_pages = used;
+
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** If this is not the last block in the resulting list,
+	** we may (also) need to merge it with its successor.
+	*/
+	if( curr != NULL ){
+
+		// No.  Check to see if it should be merged with the successor.
+		if( adjacent( used, curr ) ){
+
+			// Yes, combine them.
+			used->next = curr->next;
+			used->pages += curr->pages;
+
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** SLICE MANAGEMENT
+*/
+
+/*
+** Slices are 1024-byte fragments from pages.  We maintain a free list of
+** slices for those parts of the OS which don't need full 4096-byte chunks
+** of space (e.g., the QNode and Queue allocators).
+*/
+
+/**
+** Name:	carve_slices
+**
+** Allocate a page and split it into four slices;  If no
+** memory is available, we panic.
+*/
+static void carve_slices( void ) {
+	void *page;
+
+	// get a page
+	page = km_page_alloc( 1 );
+
+	// allocation failure is a show-stopping problem
+	assert( page );
+
+	// we have the page; create the four slices from it
+	uint8_t *ptr = (uint8_t *) page;
+	for( int i = 0; i < 4; ++i ) {
+		km_slice_free( (void *) ptr );
+		ptr += SZ_SLICE;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_slice_alloc
+**
+** Dynamically allocates a slice (1/4 of a page).  If no
+** memory is available, we panic.
+**
+** @return a pointer to the allocated slice
+*/
+void *km_slice_alloc( void ) {
+	block_t *slice;
+
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+	cio_printf( "KM: sl_alloc()\n" );
+#endif
+
+	// if we are out of slices, create a few more
+	if( free_slices == NULL ) {
+		carve_slices();
+	}
+
+	// take the first one from the free list
+	slice = free_slices;
+	assert( slice != NULL );
+
+	// unlink it
+	free_slices = slice->next;
+
+	// make it nice and shiny for the caller
+	memclr( (void *) slice, SZ_SLICE );
+
+	return( slice );
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	km_slice_free
+**
+** Returns a slice to the list of available slices.
+**
+** We make no attempt to merge slices, as they are independent
+** blocks of memory (unlike pages).
+**
+** @param[in] block  Pointer to the slice (1/4 page) to be freed
+*/
+void km_slice_free( void *block ) {
+	block_t *slice = (block_t *) block;
+
+	assert( km_initialized );
+
+#if TRACING_KMEM_FREE
+	cio_printf( "KM: sl_free(%08x)\n", (uint32_t) block );
+#endif
+
+	// just add it to the front of the free list
+	slice->pages = SZ_SLICE;
+	slice->next = free_slices;
+	free_slices = slice;
+}
diff --git a/util/alternatives/lib.c b/util/alternatives/lib.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b7a9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/alternatives/lib.c
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/**
+** @file	lib.c
+**
+** @author	Numerous CSCI-452 classes
+**
+** @brief	C implementations of common library functions
+**
+** These are callable from either kernel or user code. Care should be taken
+** that user code is linked against these separately from kernel code, to
+** ensure separation of the address spaces.
+**
+** This file exists to pull them all in as a single object file.
+*/
+
+#include <common.h>
+
+#include <lib.h>
+
+/*
+**********************************************
+** MEMORY MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS
+**********************************************
+*/
+
+#include "common/memset.c"
+#include "common/memclr.c"
+#include "common/memcpy.c"
+
+/*
+**********************************************
+** STRING MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS
+**********************************************
+*/
+
+#include "common/str2int.c"
+#include "common/strlen.c"
+#include "common/strcmp.c"
+#include "common/strcpy.c"
+#include "common/strcat.c"
+#include "common/pad.c"
+#include "common/padstr.c"
+#include "common/sprint.c"
+
+/*
+**********************************************
+** CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
+**********************************************
+*/
+
+#include "common/cvtuns0.c"
+#include "common/cvtuns.c"
+#include "common/cvtdec0.c"
+#include "common/cvtdec.c"
+#include "common/cvthex.c"
+#include "common/cvtoct.c"
+#include "common/bound.c"
diff --git a/util/gdbinit.tmpl b/util/gdbinit.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9a981d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/gdbinit.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# adapted from the xv6 .gdbinit.tmpl file
+set $lastcs = -1
+
+define hook-stop
+  # There doesn't seem to be a good way to detect if we're in 16- or
+  # 32-bit mode, but we always run with CS == 8 in 32-bit mode.
+  if $cs == 8 || $cs == 27
+    if $lastcs != 8 && $lastcs != 27
+      set architecture i386
+    end
+    x/i $pc
+  else
+    if $lastcs == -1 || $lastcs == 8 || $lastcs == 27
+      set architecture i8086
+    end
+    # Translate the segment:offset into a physical address
+    printf "[%4x:%4x] ", $cs, $eip
+    x/i $cs*16+$eip
+  end
+  set $lastcs = $cs
+end
+
+echo + target remote localhost:1234\n
+target remote localhost:1234
+
+# If this fails, it's probably because your GDB doesn't support ELF.
+# Look at the tools page at
+#  http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2009/tools.html
+# for instructions on building GDB with ELF support.
+echo + symbol-file build/kernel/kernel\n
+symbol-file build/kernel/kernel
diff --git a/util/listblob.c b/util/listblob.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07523a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/listblob.c
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+/**
+** @file	listblob.c
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Examine a binary blob of ELF files.
+*/
+#define	_DEFAULT_SOURCE
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+/*
+** Blob file organization
+**
+** The file begins with a four-byte magic number and a four-byte integer
+** indicating the number of ELF files contained in the blob. This is
+** followed by an array of 32-byte file entries, and then the contents
+** of the ELF files in the order they appear in the program file table.
+**
+**		Bytes        Contents
+**		-----        ----------------------------
+**		0 - 3        File magic number ("BLB\0")
+**      4 - 7        Number of ELF files in blob ("n")
+**      8 - n*32+8   Program file table
+**      n*32+9 - ?   ELF file contents
+**
+** Each program file table entry contains the following information:
+**
+** 		name         File name (up to 19 characters long)
+**		offset       Byte offset to the ELF header for this file
+**		size         Size of this ELF file, in bytes
+**		flags        Flags related to this file
+*/
+
+// blob header: 8 bytes
+typedef struct header_s {
+	char magic[4];
+	uint32_t num;
+} header_t;
+
+// The program table entry is 32 bytes long. To accomplish this, the
+// name field is 20 bytes long, which allows file names of 19 characters
+// (followed by a trailing NUL byte).
+//
+// If that field is made longer, it should be incremented in multiples
+// of four to avoid the insertion of padding bytes.
+#define NAMELEN      20
+
+// program descriptor: 32 bytes
+typedef struct prog_s {
+	char name[NAMELEN];  // truncated name (19 chars plus NUL)
+	uint32_t offset;     // offset from the beginning of the blob
+	uint32_t size;       // size of this ELF module
+	uint32_t flags;      // miscellaneous flags
+} prog_t;
+
+// modules must be written as multiples of eight bytes
+#define FL_ROUNDUP     0x00000001
+
+// mask for mod 8 checking
+#define FSIZE_MASK     0x00000007
+
+// program list entry
+typedef struct node_s {
+	prog_t *data;
+	struct node_s *next;
+} node_t;
+
+node_t *progs, *last_prog;   // list pointers
+uint32_t n_progs;            // number of files being copied
+uint32_t offset;             // current file area offset
+bool defs  = false;          // print CPP #defines?
+bool enums = false;          // print C enums?
+
+// header string for the userids.h file
+const char header[] =
+"/**\n"
+"** @file	userids.h\n"
+"**\n"
+"** @author	Warren R. Carithers\n"
+"**\n"
+"** @brief	IDs for user-level programs\n"
+"**\n"
+"** NOTE: this file is automatically generated when the user.img file\n"
+"** is created. Do not edit this manually!\n"
+"*/\n"
+"\n"
+"#ifndef USERIDS_H_\n"
+"#define USERIDS_H_\n"
+"\n"
+"#ifndef ASM_SRC\n"
+"/*\n"
+"** These IDs are used to identify the various user programs.\n"
+"** Each call to exec() will provide one of these as the first\n"
+"** argument.\n"
+"**\n"
+"** This list should be updated if/when the collection of\n"
+"** user processes changes.\n"
+"*/\n"
+"enum users_e {"
+;
+
+// trailer string for the userids.h file
+const char trailer[] =
+"\n\t// sentinel\n\t, N_USERS\n"
+"};\n"
+"#endif  /* !ASM_SRC */\n"
+"\n"
+"#endif"
+;
+
+/**
+** Name:	process
+**
+** Process a program list entry
+**
+** @param num   Program list index
+** @param prog  Pointer to the program list entry
+*/
+void process( uint32_t num, prog_t *prog ) {
+
+	if( defs || enums ) {
+
+		char *slash = strrchr( prog->name, '/' );
+		if( slash == NULL ) {
+			slash = prog->name;
+		} else {
+			++slash;
+		}
+
+		slash[0] = toupper(slash[0]);
+
+		if( defs ) {
+
+			// just printing #define statements
+			printf( "#define %-15s %2d\n", prog->name, num );
+
+		} else {
+
+			// printing a new userids.h file
+			if( num == 0 ) {
+				// first one, so print the file header
+				puts( header );
+				putchar( '\t' );
+			} else {
+				// second or later entry; limit to 8 per line
+				fputs( ((num & 0x7) == 0 ) ?  ",\n\t" : ", ", stdout );
+			}
+			printf( "%s", prog->name );
+		}
+
+	} else {
+
+		// just printing information
+		printf( "Entry %2d:  ", num );
+		printf( "%-s,", prog->name );
+		printf( " offset 0x%x, size 0x%x, flags %08x\n",
+				prog->offset, prog->size, prog->flags );
+	}
+}
+
+void usage( char *name ) {
+	fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s [-d | -e] blob_name\n", name );
+}
+
+int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) {
+
+	if( argc < 2 || argc > 3) {
+		usage( argv[0] );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+	
+	int nameix = 1;
+
+	// could use getopt() for this, but this is easy enough
+	if( argc == 3 ) {
+		if( strcmp(argv[1],"-d") == 0 ) {
+			defs = true;
+		} else if( strcmp(argv[1],"-e") == 0 ) {
+			enums = true;
+		} else {
+			usage( argv[0] );
+			exit( 1 );
+		}
+		nameix = 2;
+	}
+
+	char *name = argv[nameix];
+
+	int fd = open( name, O_RDONLY );
+	if( fd < 0 ) {
+		perror( name );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	header_t hdr;
+
+	int n = read( fd, &hdr, sizeof(header_t) );
+	if( n != sizeof(header_t) ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: header read returned only %d bytes\n", name, n );
+		close( fd );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	if( strcmp(hdr.magic,"BLB") != 0 ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: bad magic number\n", name );
+		close( fd );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	if( hdr.num < 1 ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: no programs in blob?\n", name );
+		close( fd );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	prog_t progs[hdr.num];
+
+	n = read( fd, progs, hdr.num * sizeof(prog_t) );
+	if( n != (int) (hdr.num * sizeof(prog_t)) ) {
+
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: prog table only %d bytes, expected %lu\n",
+				name, n, hdr.num * sizeof(prog_t) );
+		close( fd );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	for( uint32_t i = 0; i < hdr.num; ++i ) {
+		process( i, &progs[i] );
+	}
+
+	if( enums ) {
+		// print the file trailer
+		puts( trailer );
+	}
+
+	close( fd );
+	return 0;
+
+}
diff --git a/util/mergedep.pl b/util/mergedep.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1730d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/mergedep.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+# Copyright 2003 Bryan Ford
+# Distributed under the GNU General Public License.
+#
+# Usage: mergedep <main-depfile> [<new-depfiles> ...]
+#
+# This script merges the contents of all <new-depfiles> specified
+# on the command line into the single file <main-depfile>,
+# which may or may not previously exist.
+# Dependencies in the <new-depfiles> will override
+# any existing dependencies for the same targets in <main-depfile>.
+# The <new-depfiles> are deleted after <main-depfile> is updated.
+#
+# The <new-depfiles> are typically generated by GCC with the -MD option,
+# and the <main-depfile> is typically included from a Makefile,
+# as shown here for GNU 'make':
+#
+#	.deps: $(wildcard *.d)
+#		perl mergedep $@ $^
+#	-include .deps
+#
+# This script properly handles multiple dependencies per <new-depfile>,
+# including dependencies having no target,
+# so it is compatible with GCC3's -MP option.
+#
+
+sub readdeps {
+	my $filename = shift;
+
+	open(DEPFILE, $filename) or return 0;
+	while (<DEPFILE>) {
+		if (/([^:]*):([^\\:]*)([\\]?)$/) {
+			my $target = $1;
+			my $deplines = $2;
+			my $slash = $3;
+			while ($slash ne '') {
+				$_ = <DEPFILE>;
+				defined($_) or die
+					"Unterminated dependency in $filename";
+				/(^[ \t][^\\]*)([\\]?)$/ or die
+					"Bad continuation line in $filename";
+				$deplines = "$deplines\\\n$1";
+				$slash = $2;
+			}
+			#print "DEPENDENCY [[$target]]: [[$deplines]]\n";
+			$dephash{$target} = $deplines;
+		} elsif (/^[#]?[ \t]*$/) {
+			# ignore blank lines and comments
+		} else {
+			die "Bad dependency line in $filename: $_";
+		}
+	}
+	close DEPFILE;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+if ($#ARGV < 0) {
+	print "Usage: mergedep <main-depfile> [<new-depfiles> ..]\n";
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+%dephash = ();
+
+# Read the main dependency file
+$maindeps = $ARGV[0];
+readdeps($maindeps);
+
+# Read and merge in the new dependency files
+foreach $i (1 .. $#ARGV) {
+	readdeps($ARGV[$i]) or die "Can't open $ARGV[$i]";
+}
+
+# Update the main dependency file
+open(DEPFILE, ">$maindeps.tmp") or die "Can't open output file $maindeps.tmp";
+foreach $target (keys %dephash) {
+	print DEPFILE "$target:$dephash{$target}";
+}
+close DEPFILE;
+rename("$maindeps.tmp", "$maindeps") or die "Can't overwrite $maindeps";
+
+# Finally, delete the new dependency files
+foreach $i (1 .. $#ARGV) {
+	unlink($ARGV[$i]) or print "Error removing $ARGV[$i]\n";
+}
+
diff --git a/util/mkblob.c b/util/mkblob.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32c67dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/mkblob.c
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+/**
+** @file	mkblob.c
+**
+** @author	Warren R. Carithers
+**
+** Create a binary blob from a collection of ELF files.
+*/
+#define	_DEFAULT_SOURCE
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <elf.h>
+
+/*
+** Blob file organization
+**
+** The file begins with a four-byte magic number and a four-byte integer
+** indicating the number of ELF files contained in the blob. This is
+** followed by an array of 32-byte file table entries, and then the contents
+** of the ELF files in the order they appear in the program file table.
+**
+**		Bytes        Contents
+**		-----        ----------------------------
+**		0 - 3        File magic number ("BLB\0")
+**      4 - 7        Number of ELF files in blob ("n")
+**      8 - n*32+8   Program file table
+**		n*32+9 - ?   ELF file contents
+**
+** Each program file table entry contains the following information:
+**
+**		name         File name (up to 19 characters long)
+**		offset       Byte offset to the ELF header for this file
+**		size         Size of this ELF file, in bytes
+**		flags        Flags related to this file
+*/
+
+// blob header
+typedef struct header_s {
+	char magic[4];
+	uint32_t num;
+} header_t;
+
+// length of the file name field
+#define NAMELEN      20
+
+// program descriptor
+typedef struct prog_s {
+	char name[NAMELEN];  // truncated name (15 chars)
+	uint32_t offset;     // offset from the beginning of the blob
+	uint32_t size;       // size of this ELF module
+	uint32_t flags;      // miscellaneous flags
+} prog_t;
+
+// modules must be written as multiples of eight bytes
+#define FL_ROUNDUP     0x00000001
+
+// mask for mod 8 checking
+#define FSIZE_MASK     0x00000007
+
+// program list entry
+typedef struct node_s {
+	prog_t *data;
+	char *fullname;
+	struct node_s *next;
+} node_t;
+
+node_t *progs, *last_prog;   // list pointers
+uint32_t n_progs;            // number of files being copied
+uint32_t offset;             // current file area offset
+
+/**
+** Name:	process
+**
+** Do the initial processing for an ELF file
+**
+** @param name  The name of the file
+*/
+void process( const char *name ) {
+	struct stat info;
+
+	// check the name length
+	if( strlen(name) >= NAMELEN ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: name exceeds length limit (%d)\n",
+				name, NAMELEN-1 );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// does it exist?
+	if( stat(name,&info) < 0 ) {
+		perror( name );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// is it a regular file?
+	if( !S_ISREG(info.st_mode) ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: not a regular file\n", name );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// open it and check the file header
+	int fd = open( name, O_RDONLY );
+	if( fd < 0 ) {
+		perror( name );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// read and check the ELF header
+	Elf32_Ehdr hdr;
+	int n = read( fd, &hdr, sizeof(Elf32_Ehdr) );
+	close( fd );
+
+	if( n != sizeof(Elf32_Ehdr) ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: header read was short - only %d\n", name, n );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if( hdr.e_ident[EI_MAG0] != ELFMAG0 ||
+		hdr.e_ident[EI_MAG1] != ELFMAG1 ||
+		hdr.e_ident[EI_MAG2] != ELFMAG2 ||
+		hdr.e_ident[EI_MAG3] != ELFMAG3   ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: bad ELF magic number\n", name );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// ok, it's a valid ELF file - create the prog list entry
+	prog_t *new = calloc( 1, sizeof(prog_t) );
+	if( new == NULL ) {
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: calloc prog returned NULL\n", name );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	node_t *node = calloc( 1, sizeof(node_t) );
+	if( node == NULL ) {
+		free( new );
+		fprintf( stderr, "%s: calloc node returned NULL\n", name );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	node->data = new;
+	node->fullname = strdup( name );
+
+	// copy in the name
+
+	// only want the last component
+	const char *slash = strrchr( name, '/' );
+	if( slash == NULL ) {
+		// only the file name
+		slash = name;
+	} else {
+		// skip the slash
+		++slash;
+	}
+
+	strncpy( new->name, slash, sizeof(new->name)-1 );
+	new->offset = offset;
+	new->size = info.st_size;
+
+	// bump our counters
+	++n_progs;
+	offset += info.st_size;
+
+	// make sure it's a multiple of eight bytes long
+	if( (info.st_size & FSIZE_MASK) != 0 ) {
+		// nope, so we must round it up when we write it out
+		new->flags |= FL_ROUNDUP;
+		// increases the offset to the next file
+		offset += 8 - (info.st_size & FSIZE_MASK);
+	}
+	
+	// add to the list
+	if( progs == NULL ) {
+		// first entry
+		progs = node;
+	} else {
+		// add to the end
+		if( last_prog == NULL ) {
+			fprintf( stderr, "%s: progs ! NULL, last_prog is NULL\n", name );
+			free( new );
+			free( node->fullname );
+			free( node );
+			return;
+		}
+		last_prog->next = node;
+	}
+	last_prog = node;
+}
+
+/**
+** Name:	copy
+**
+** Copy the contents of a program list entry into the blob
+**
+** @param ofd   The output FILE* to be written
+** @param prog  Pointer to the program list entry for the file
+*/
+void copy( FILE *ofd, node_t *node ) {
+
+	prog_t *prog = node->data;
+
+	// open it so we can copy it
+	int fd = open( node->fullname, O_RDONLY );
+	if( fd < 0 ) {
+		perror( node->fullname );
+		return;
+	}
+
+	uint8_t buf[512];
+
+	// copy it block-by-block
+	do {
+		int n = read( fd, buf, 512);
+		// no bytes --> we're done
+		if( n < 1 ) {
+			break;
+		}
+		// copy it, and verify the copy count
+		int k = fwrite( buf, 1, n, ofd );
+		if( k != n ) {
+			fprintf( stderr, "%s: write of %d returned %d\n", 
+					prog->name, n, k );
+		}
+	} while( 1 );
+
+	printf( "%s: copied %d", prog->name, prog->size );
+
+	// do we need to round up?
+	if( (prog->flags & FL_ROUNDUP) != 0 ) {
+
+		// we'll fill with NUL bytes
+		uint64_t filler = 0;
+
+		// how many filler bytes do we need?
+		int nbytes = 8 - (prog->size & FSIZE_MASK);
+
+		// do it, and check the transfer count to be sure
+		int n = fwrite( &filler, 1, nbytes, ofd );
+		if( n != nbytes ) {
+			fprintf( stderr, "%s: fill write of %d returned %d\n",
+					prog->name, nbytes, n );
+		}
+
+		// report that we added some filler bytes
+		printf( "(+%d)", n );
+	}
+	puts( " bytes" );
+
+	// all done!
+	close( fd );
+}
+
+int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) {
+
+	// construct program list
+	for( int i = 1; i < argc; ++i ) {
+		process( argv[i] );
+	}
+
+	if( n_progs < 1 ) {
+		fputs( "Nothing to do... exiting.", stderr );
+		exit( 0 );
+	}
+
+	// create the output file
+	FILE *ofd;
+	ofd = fopen( "user.img", "wb" );
+	if( ofd == NULL ) {
+		perror( "user.img" );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	printf( "Processing %d ELF files\n", n_progs );
+
+	// we need to adjust the offset values so they are relative to the
+	// start of the blob, not relative to the start of the file area.
+	// do this by adding the sum of the file header and program entries
+	// to each offset field.
+	
+	uint32_t hlen = sizeof(header_t) + n_progs * sizeof(prog_t);
+	node_t *curr = progs;
+	while( curr != NULL ) {
+		curr->data->offset += hlen;
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	// write out the blob header
+	header_t hdr = { "BLB", n_progs };
+	if( fwrite(&hdr,sizeof(header_t),1,ofd) != 1 ) {
+		perror( "blob header" );
+		fclose( ofd );
+		exit( 1 );
+	}
+
+	// next, the program entries
+	curr = progs;
+	while( curr != NULL ) {
+		if( fwrite(curr->data,sizeof(prog_t),1,ofd) != 1 ) {
+			perror( "blob prog entry write" );
+			fclose( ofd );
+			exit( 1 );
+		}
+		curr = curr->next;
+	}
+
+	// finally, copy the files
+	curr = progs;
+	while( curr != NULL ) {
+		prog_t *prog = curr->data;
+		copy( ofd, curr );
+		node_t *tmp = curr;
+		curr = curr->next;
+		free( tmp->data );
+		free( tmp->fullname );
+		free( tmp );
+	}
+
+	fclose( ofd );
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/vmtables.d b/vmtables.d
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fbb02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vmtables.d
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+vmtables.o: kernel/vmtables.c include/common.h include/types.h \
+ include/params.h include/defs.h include/kdefs.h include/debug.h \
+ include/cio.h include/support.h include/lib.h include/klib.h \
+ include/x86/ops.h include/kmem.h include/procs.h include/vm.h \
+ include/x86/arch.h